Is Etizolam legal in South Africa?

Legal status

Controlled as a Schedule 7 substance under the Medicines and Related Substances Act 101 of 1965, as at the SAHPRA consolidation of 1 August 2025; it is not printed in the Drugs and Drug Trafficking Act 140 of 1992.

Consequences if caught

Schedule 7 prints it under its own name as "Etizolam" on page 194. So although it acts like the benzodiazepines of Schedule 5, it sits with the designer sedatives in Schedule 7, where possession of any amount without a permit is the offence. Section 22A (9) (a) (i) of the Medicines Act says no person shall "acquire, use, possess, manufacture or supply any Schedule 7 or Schedule 8 substance" unless the Director-General has issued a permit for it, and its proviso lets the Director-General authorise use only to provide a medical practitioner, analyst, researcher or veterinarian with the substance for a particular patient or for education, analysis or research. Section 29 (k) makes it an offence to contravene "any provision of section 22A", and section 30 (1) makes a person convicted of an offence referred to in section 29 "liable to a fine, or to imprisonment for a period not exceeding 10 years." Section 30 (2) lets the court declare the substance forfeited to the State, and section 30 (4) makes a magistrate's court competent to impose the penalty. Section 22A (11) (a) also forbids importing or exporting any Schedule 7 substance without a permit, and (11) (b) says such a permit "may be issued for any purpose other than the satisfaction or relief of a habit or craving". Under the Drugs Act the position is different. The comparison here is further away than for the rest of this class. Schedule 2 Part I prints "Flunitrazepam." which is a benzodiazepine, and this substance is a thienotriazolodiazepine: a thiophene ring stands where the benzene ring should be, and a triazole is fused on. It is therefore not a benzodiazepine at all, although it acts like one. That puts the weight of the row on the second half of the homologue definition, similar pharmacodynamic properties, rather than on a shared structural fragment. The Drugs Act limb that could still reach it is Part I paragraph 2 (c), "(c) all homologues of the listed substances (being any chemically related substances that incorporate a structural fragment into their structures that is similar to the structure of a listed substance or exhibit pharmacodynamic properties similar to the listed substances in this Part of the Schedule), unless listed separately in any Part of Schedule 2." Parts II and III carry the same words as paragraph 2 (e). Because the printed relative sits in Part I, the scale that would follow is the Part I scale: use or possession under section 4 (a), an offence under section 13 (c) punishable under section 17 (b) by a fine, imprisonment for a period not exceeding five years, or both, and dealing under section 5 (a), an offence under section 13 (e) punishable under section 17 (c) by a fine, imprisonment for a period not exceeding 10 years, or both. The heavier scale, section 4 (b) with section 17 (d) and section 5 (b) with section 17 (e), at up to 15 and 25 years, applies only where the relative relied on is printed in Part II or Part III. If the limb does not reach the substance, the Drugs Act does not reach it at all. The Act supplies no test for deciding a homologue case. Capital exposure: none, and life exposure: none. Section 30 (1) of the Medicines Act fixes the penalty for an offence under section 29 at a fine or imprisonment for a period not exceeding 10 years, and section 17 sets out the whole penalty scale of the Drugs Act, whose highest figure is 25 years for dealing; neither Act carries a death sentence or a sentence of life imprisonment.

If prescribed or medical

There is no prescription route. Section 22A (9) (a) (i) says no person shall "acquire, use, possess, manufacture or supply any Schedule 7 or Schedule 8 substance" unless the Director-General has issued a permit for it, and its proviso lets the Director-General authorise use only to provide a medical practitioner, analyst, researcher or veterinarian with the substance for a particular patient or for education, analysis or research. The Drugs Act's own exceptions in section 4, paragraphs (i) to (vi), run through a practitioner acting in accordance with the Medicines Act, and section 2 of the Drugs Act says it applies "in addition to, and not in substitution for" the Medicines Act.

Documentation

Medicines Act search record, 3 October 2026. Terms searched: etizolam, thienodiazepine and benzodiazepine. Etizolam returns one entry, in Schedule 7 on page 194; it is not in the Schedule 5 class entry, which covers benzodiazepines "unless listed in another Schedule". The consolidation is a text PDF of 199 pages and was searched as extracted text, every schedule from 0 to 8. The Medicines Act schedules are stated as at the SAHPRA Consolidated Schedules of 1 August 2025, which on a comparison of two of its changes, the inserted fluconazole entry in Schedule 2 and the reworded nicotine metered spray line, both read on pages 4 and 6 of the scanned notice, already carry Government Notice R6466 of 1 August 2025; the rest of that notice was not read. That consolidation is read with Government Notice 7446 in Government Gazette 54627 of 8 May 2026, whose only change is to insert a veterinary yohimbine entry in Schedule 4; both were read on 3 October 2026. SAHPRA now labels the 1 August 2025 file an archived version and offers its July 2026 consolidation only through a Microsoft sign in that refused an anonymous request, so that file was not read, and this does not rule out a later amendment. The text of the Medicines Act read is the consolidation published in Government Gazette 40869 of 26 May 2017, whose list of amending Acts ends at Act 14 of 2015; a search on 3 October 2026 found no later amending Act, which does not rule one out. Drugs Act search record carried from the earlier cell. Search record. The terms searched were etizolam, thienodiazepine, thieno, triazolo and diazepine. All return zero occurrences. The text read for this cell is the Juta consolidation of the Act downloaded on 29 May 2025, taken from the Department of Justice copy at justice.gov.za whose sha256 begins bc1216a3. It carries the substitution of Schedules 1 and 2 by section 2 of Act 14 of 2022 with effect from 14 December 2022, and it marks section 7 of the Cannabis for Private Purposes Act 7 of 2024, the provision that would amend Schedule 2 again, as not yet put into operation by proclamation. The schedules are stated as at that consolidation and this does not rule out a later amendment made or commenced since.

Drug laws and enforcement change and vary within a country. This is not legal advice. Always confirm with South Africa’s embassy or official drug authority before traveling; penalties can be severe, including imprisonment.