Drug index / Cannabinoid / Synthetic Cannabinoids (K2 / Spice)

Cannabinoid

Synthetic Cannabinoids (K2 / Spice)

'Synthetic cannabinoids' covers two very different things. First, the K2/Spice class of research-chemical cannabinoids (e.g. AMB-FUBINACA) sprayed on plant material — far more dangerous than cannabis, causing seizures, psychosis, and death, and largely Schedule I. Second, hemp-synthesized cannabinoids like delta-8/HHC — milder but in flux under a 2025 law effective November 12, 2026. This page covers both, separately.

Pending medical review. This page has not yet been checked by a clinician, so read it as general information, not medical advice.

Overview

The term 'synthetic cannabinoids' is used for two distinct groups that should not be confused. GROUP 1 — the K2/Spice class: laboratory-designed chemicals (such as the JWH series and AMB-FUBINACA) that act on cannabinoid receptors far more powerfully than cannabis, sprayed onto dried plant material and smoked, or sold as liquids. These are dangerous novel psychoactive substances, not 'fake weed' in any benign sense. GROUP 2 — hemp-derived synthesized cannabinoids: compounds like delta-8 THC and HHC, chemically converted from hemp CBD and sold as legal-alternative products. This page addresses both, but they differ enormously in danger and legal status.

Source: DEA; peer-reviewed literature (NIH/PMC); Congress.gov (CRS)

Chemistry & mechanism of action

Both groups act on the CB1 cannabinoid receptor, but very differently. GROUP 1 (K2/Spice): most are full agonists at CB1 and bind far more strongly than THC (a partial agonist), which is why their effects are so much more intense and unpredictable — there is no natural ceiling, and toxic reactions are common. GROUP 2 (hemp-synthesized, delta-8/HHC): also CB1 agonists, but with intoxication broadly in the range of, or milder than, delta-9 THC. The extreme receptor activation of Group 1 is the core reason it is so much more dangerous than either cannabis or Group 2.

Source: peer-reviewed literature (NIH/PMC); DEA

Effects

GROUP 1 (K2/Spice) effects are erratic and often severe: beyond a cannabis-like high, users experience extreme anxiety, agitation, hallucinations, vomiting, rapid heart rate, seizures, and loss of consciousness — reactions far removed from cannabis. GROUP 2 (delta-8/HHC) effects resemble a milder-to-comparable THC high with the usual dry mouth, red eyes, and impaired coordination. The gulf between the two groups is the single most important thing to understand about products labeled 'synthetic cannabinoids'.

Source: peer-reviewed literature (NIH/PMC); DEA

Risks & harms

The two groups carry very different dangers and must be judged separately. GROUP 1 (K2/Spice) is genuinely high-harm: because these are full, potent CB1 agonists with no natural ceiling, they cause severe toxicity that cannabis does not — seizures, psychosis, dangerous heart-rhythm and blood-pressure changes, acute kidney injury, and deaths, including mass-poisoning clusters when a batch is unusually strong or laced. Some batches have been contaminated with other dangerous substances, and potency varies wildly across and within products, so there is no reliable dose. GROUP 2 (delta-8/HHC and similar hemp-synthesized cannabinoids) carries THC-like risks — anxiety, paranoia, rapid heart rate, over-intoxication (especially edibles), pediatric poisoning from candy-like packaging — plus manufacturing contaminants and mislabeled potency, but not the extreme acute lethality associated with Group 1. For any of these, product content and purity cannot be assumed. If someone has a seizure, chest pain, severe agitation or psychosis, cannot be roused, or a child has ingested a product, call 911 immediately, and Poison Control at 1-800-222-1222 can advise. This page has not yet been medically reviewed.

Source: DEA; SAMHSA; peer-reviewed literature (NIH/PMC)

Legal status (US)

US legal status differs sharply between the two groups. GROUP 1 (K2/Spice): many of these chemicals are explicitly Schedule I controlled substances, the DEA has scheduled numerous ones by name and class, and unlisted ones can be prosecuted under the Federal Analogue Act — this class has long been illegal. GROUP 2 (hemp-synthesized delta-8/HHC): these occupied the post-2018-Farm-Bill gray area, but a 2025 federal law (P.L. 119-37) redefines 'hemp' by total THC and excludes cannabinoids synthesized or manufactured outside the plant; effective November 12, 2026 it is expected to make most such products federally illegal. Because Group 2's status is mid-transition, verify current federal and state law. This page has not yet been medically reviewed.

Source: DEA; US federal law (Controlled Substances Act; Federal Analogue Act; 2018 Farm Bill; P.L. 119-37, eff. 2026-11-12); Congress.gov (CRS)

Loading international legality & penalties…

Drug laws and enforcement change and vary by country. This is not legal advice. Always confirm with the destination’s embassy or official drug authority before traveling — penalties can be severe, including imprisonment.

Before you travel

Verify current rules with the destination country’s official drug authority and your own country’s embassy before traveling. Find the destination’s U.S. embassy & official country guidance →
Non-U.S. travelers: check your own government’s travel advisory and embassy.

If you’re detained or arrested abroad

Contact your own country’s embassy or consulate in the destination immediately, not the destination’s authorities. U.S. citizens: contact the nearest U.S. embassy/consulate and the U.S. State Department at +1-202-501-4444 (from abroad). If a U.S. citizen is arrested or detained abroad →

Images

Visual references coming soon.

If it’s too intense

If an experience becomes overwhelming, the goal is to stay safe and let it pass, most difficult experiences ease as the drug wears off.

Get to a calm, safe space with someone you trust who is sober and can stay with you.
Cool down if you’re overheating, move somewhere cool, remove extra layers, rest. Overheating is especially a risk with stimulants and MDMA.
Sip water to thirst, but don’t over-hydrate. Drinking large amounts of plain water (especially after MDMA) can dangerously dilute your blood sodium (hyponatremia). Electrolytes help more than volume.
Slow your breathing, long, slow exhales help settle a racing heart and anxiety.
A sugary drink, fruit juice, or a snack can ease shakiness and the anxiety that comes with low blood sugar.
Do not take more, and do not add another substance to manage it. Redosing or adding something else (including a sedative like a benzodiazepine) can make things worse, not better.

With cannabis, anxiety or a racing heart usually pass with time. Sit somewhere calm, sip water, and rest, strong edibles in particular can take hours to ease.

Call 911 (or Poison Control, 1-800-222-1222) right away for chest pain, a very high body temperature, a seizure, unconsciousness, or severe confusion. These are medical emergencies, not something to wait out.

Source: general harm-reduction guidance from SAMHSA, NIH/NIDA, and MedlinePlus, in our own words. Draft, not yet medically reviewed.

Forensic dossier

Draft · every field is source-cited or marked “Unknown, pending review”

Identity

PubChem CID: N/A — no single PubChem compound (mixture/class/plant/concept)
IUPAC name: N/A — no single PubChem compound (mixture/class/plant/concept)
Molecular formula: N/A — no single PubChem compound (mixture/class/plant/concept)
SMILES: N/A — no single PubChem compound (mixture/class/plant/concept)
InChIKey: N/A — no single PubChem compound (mixture/class/plant/concept)
Synonyms / aliases: k2, spice

Composition

Composition: Unknown — pending review (no single compound; needs an epidemiology / composition source)

Physical / pill characteristics

Dosage form: Unknown — pending review (no Rx/OTC label; illicit — pill visuals = FIRST-PARTY submissions only, never generated or scraped)
Route: Unknown — pending review
Shape: Unknown — pending review
Color: Unknown — pending review
Imprint: Unknown — pending review
Score: Unknown — pending review

Scheduling & legal status

US schedule: Unknown — pending review
International: Unknown, pending review

Effects, risks & interactions

Effects: Synthetic cannabinoids ("Spice", "K2") are lab-made chemicals sprayed onto plant material or added to vape liquids and sold as a cannabis substitute — but despite acting on the same CB1 receptor they are pharmacologically very different and far more dangerous. Where THC is a PARTIAL agonist at CB1, most synthetic cannabinoids are FULL agonists of much higher potency with NO ceiling to their effect. Users may be seeking a cannabis-like high, but what these compounds actually produce is frequently unpredictable and severe.NIDA Synthetic Cannabinoids (K2/Spice) ↗ · retrieved 2026-06-18
Risks: This is the batch's critical harm-reduction message: synthetic cannabinoids are NOT "stronger weed" — they are a categorically more dangerous class of drug. Their full, unrestrained CB1 agonism causes toxicity that cannabis does not: severe agitation and psychosis, seizures, acute kidney injury, dangerous cardiovascular effects, and death. Because there is no ceiling effect and the potency is extreme and wildly variable — different "Spice" products, even different parts of the same batch, contain different chemicals at different strengths, none of it labelled — overdose comes easily and the effects are unpredictable. Some batches have also been laced with other dangerous substances. This unregulated, full-agonist, no-ceiling profile is what makes them among the more hazardous drugs in this library, in sharp contrast to cannabis itself.NIDA Synthetic Cannabinoids (K2/Spice) ↗ · retrieved 2026-06-18
Interactions: Unknown, pending review

Dosage

Pending medical reviewer

Sources

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International

Japan

Legal status: Synthetic cannabinoids is a name for a chemical family, not a substance, so Japanese law answers for the compound actually present, and the family is split across two regimes. Many are 麻薬, narcotics, named one by one in the Cabinet Order's 第一条, for example 「Ｎ―（一―アミノ―三・三―ジメチル―一―オキソブタン―二―イル）―一―ブチル―一Ｈ―インダゾール―三―カルボキサミド及びその塩類」 at 政令第一条第四号 and 「Ｎ―（一―アミノ―三・三―ジメチル―一―オキソブタン―二―イル）―一―（四―フルオロベンジル）―一Ｈ―インダゾール―三―カルボキサミド及びその塩類」 at 第五号, which the Narcotics Control Department lists as «ADB-BUTINACA» and «ADB-FUBINACA», and the most recent addition, 「メチル＝二―［一―（四―フルオロベンジル）―一Ｈ―インダゾール―三―カルボキサミド］―三・三―ジメチルブタノアート及びその塩類」 at 第百五十号, MDMB-FUBINACA, which became a narcotic on 6 September 2026 under 令和八年政令第二百五十八号 having been a designated substance. Many more are 指定薬物, designated substances, named individually in the ordinance or caught by its group clauses, 省令第一条第三百六十号 and 第三百六十一号 for naphthoylindoles and 第三百六十三号 to 第三百六十五号 for dibenzopyran cannabinoids with a three to eight carbon side chain. A named narcotic entry displaces a group clause, because those clauses exclude narcotics. The exposure is therefore that of a narcotic where the compound is named in 第一条, and of a designated substance otherwise, and the reader should assume the higher. This is the position on the narcotics tables status 6 September 2026 and the designated substances list status 6 September 2026, with the psychotropics tables status 3 October 2025 read for the psychotropic lane, and the e-Gov text as at 2 October 2026.
Consequences if caught: Capital exposure: none. No Japanese drug statute provides a death sentence: 死刑 appears in the main provisions of none of the 麻薬及び向精神薬取締法 (the Narcotics and Psychotropics Control Act), the 覚醒剤取締法 (the Stimulants Control Act), the あへん法 (the Opium Act), the 大麻草の栽培の規制に関する法律 (the Cannabis Plant Cultivation Act), the pharmaceuticals Act (the PMD Act) or the 麻薬特例法 (the Narcotics Special Provisions Act), each read on e-Gov on 2 October 2026. Japan has not abolished capital punishment: 刑法第九条 lists it among the principal punishments, 「死刑、拘禁刑、罰金、拘留及び科料を主刑とし、没収を付加刑とする。」, and 第百九十九条 provides it for murder. Every penalty below reads 拘禁刑, the single form of imprisonment that replaced 懲役 and 禁錮 on the day described in the ministerial ordinance's own words as 「刑法等の一部を改正する法律の施行の日（令和七年六月一日）」, 1 June 2025; under 刑法第十二条第一項「有期拘禁刑は、一月以上二十年以下とする。」, so an open ended fixed term such as one year or more runs to twenty years, and 第十四条第二項 allows an aggravated fixed term to rise to thirty. The drug statutes took the new term from 令和四年法律第六十八号. Life imprisonment appears in the drug statutes in three places only: 麻薬及び向精神薬取締法第六十四条第二項 (heroin imported, exported or made for profit), 覚醒剤取締法第四十一条第二項 (stimulants imported, exported or made for profit) and 麻薬特例法第五条 (dealing in any 規制薬物 as a business). A synthetic cannabinoid is not one of the ジアセチルモルヒネ等, so the ordinary narcotics articles apply. Importing, exporting or manufacturing it is 第六十五条第一項第一号, 「ジアセチルモルヒネ等以外の麻薬を、みだりに、本邦若しくは外国に輸入し、本邦若しくは外国から輸出し、又は製造した者」, and 第六十五条第一項 sets 「次の各号のいずれかに該当する者は、一年以上十年以下の拘禁刑に処する。」, one to ten years. For profit 第六十五条第二項 gives 「営利の目的で前項の罪を犯したときは、当該罪を犯した者は、一年以上の有期拘禁刑に処し、又は情状により一年以上の有期拘禁刑及び五百万円以下の罰金に処する。」, at least one year, with a fine of up to five million yen added where the circumstances warrant. Preparing, subdividing, transferring, receiving or possessing it is 第六十六条第一項, 「ジアセチルモルヒネ等以外の麻薬を、みだりに、製剤し、小分けし、譲り渡し、譲り受け、又は所持した者」, up to seven years, and for profit 第六十六条第二項 gives 「営利の目的で前項の罪を犯したときは、当該罪を犯した者は、一年以上十年以下の拘禁刑に処し、又は情状により一年以上十年以下の拘禁刑及び三百万円以下の罰金に処する。」, one to ten years with a fine of up to three million yen where the circumstances warrant. Using it outside a prescription breaches 第二十七条第一項 and is punished by 第六十六条の二 on the same scale, up to seven years. Attempts are punished. There is no quantity threshold anywhere in these articles, so simple possession for personal use is the seven year offence. Making a business of it is lifted further by 麻薬特例法第五条, whose 第一号 reaches the import, export, manufacture and transfer offences in 第六十五条 and 第六十六条 (possession excluded), and whose penalty is 「無期又は五年以上の拘禁刑及び千万円以下の罰金に処する。」 That is life or at least five years and, cumulatively, a fine of up to ten million yen. Where the compound is only a designated substance, the lower band applies instead: the pharmaceuticals Act's 第八十四条, up to three years or a fine of up to three million yen or both for possession or use, and 第八十三条の九, up to five years or five million yen or both for dealing as a business.
If prescribed / medical: Synthetic cannabinoids have no prescription route a traveller can use in Japan: a narcotic one would need a 麻薬施用者 under 第二十七条 and the advance permission under 第十三条第一項, which is limited to a medicine for the traveller's own treatment, and a designated one is allowed only for the 医療等の用途 the ordinance lists.
Documentation: A foreign prescription does not make a synthetic cannabinoid importable, and in practice an individual traveller cannot lawfully bring one in. A narcotic one could enter only under the advance permission in 第十三条第一項, 「ただし、本邦に入国する者が、厚生労働大臣の許可を受けて、自己の疾病の治療の目的で携帯して輸入する場合は、この限りでない。」, which is limited to a medicine for the traveller's own treatment, and a designated one cannot be imported for personal use at all under the pharmaceuticals Act's 第七十六条の四. The MHLW personal import guidance says «Regardless of the description above, you cannot bring prohibited drugs and controlled drugs into Japan.» A preparation or herbal blend containing a narcotic one is a 麻薬 under 別表第一第七十八号, 「前各号に掲げる物又は大麻のいずれかを含有する物であつて、あへん以外のもの。」 and one containing a designated one is caught by 省令第一条第三百六十六号. Placement relied on: the MHLW designation tables, narcotics tables status 6 September 2026 (麻薬の指定状況令和８年９月６日現在: the Act's 別表第一 with 76 substances and the Cabinet Order's 第一条 with 171, counts that match the e-Gov text read on 2 October 2026); and the MHLW designated substances list status 6 September 2026 (the English list headed as of September 6, 2026, 2,484 substances; the Japanese index dates its own copy 令和８年８月27日現在 and gives the same total).

Japan · e-Gov law data API (Digital Agency), XML fetched 2 October 2026 · the e-Gov web pages are JavaScript shells, so the API text was cached and read · 政令第一条第四号, 政令第一条第五号 and 政令第一条第百五十号 of 麻薬、麻薬原料植物、向精神薬、麻薬向精神薬原料等を指定する政令 (平成二年政令第二百三十八号), entries 「Ｎ―（一―アミノ―三・三―ジメチル―一―オキソブタン―二―イル）―一―ブチル―一Ｈ―インダゾール―三―カルボキサミド及びその塩類」「Ｎ―（一―アミノ―三・三―ジメチル―一―オキソブタン―二―イル）―一―（四―フルオロベンジル）―一Ｈ―インダゾール―三―カルボキサミド及びその塩類」「メチル＝二―［一―（四―フルオロベンジル）―一Ｈ―インダゾール―三―カルボキサミド］―三・三―ジメチルブタノアート及びその塩類」 · 麻薬、麻薬原料植物、向精神薬、麻薬向精神薬原料等を指定する政令平成二年政令第二百三十八号, last amended by 令和八年政令第二百五十八号, promulgated 2026-08-07 and in force 2026-09-06 under its own 附則, https://laws.e-gov.go.jp/law/402CO0000000238 · 麻薬及び向精神薬取締法昭和二十八年法律第十四号, carriage and use articles 第二条第十二条第十三条第十七条第二十七条第五十条の八第五十条の十一 and penalty articles 第六十四条第六十四条の二第六十四条の三第六十五条第六十六条第六十六条の二第六十六条の三第六十六条の四, as amended by 令和五年法律第八十四号 (promulgated 2023-12-13, narcotics changes in force 2024-12-12), 令和七年法律第三十七号 (promulgated 2025-05-21 · its two enforced revisions of this Act, 2025-05-21 and 2025-11-20, add only 附則 text, and its amendment of the Act's own text is not in force until 2027-05-20, per the e-Gov law_revisions record) and 令和七年法律第八十七号 (promulgated 2025-12-12 · its change to this Act, 第五十八条の十五, in force 2026-10-01 according to the e-Gov law_revisions record, which marks that revision CurrentEnforced · its other provisions mostly from 2027-04-01), with penalty wording from 令和四年法律第六十八号 in force 2025-06-01, https://laws.e-gov.go.jp/law/328AC0000000014 · 麻薬及び向精神薬取締法施行令昭和二十八年政令第五十七号, read for traveller provisions, https://laws.e-gov.go.jp/law/328CO0000000057 · Updated October 2, 2026

Singapore

Legal status: Controlled as a class. The First Schedule to the Misuse of Drugs Act 1973 reaches synthetic cannabinoids through generic structural limbs rather than through a single entry. Part 1 carries paragraphs beginning "Any compound structurally derived from indole-3-carboxaldehyde", "indole-3-carboxamide" and "indole-3-carboxylic acid" by substitution with a type A substituent, each followed by dozens of named worked examples, plus separate paragraphs for naphthoylindole, naphthoylpyrrole and tetramethylcyclopropyl structures. Part 4 defines a type A substituent as alkyl, cyanoalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkylmethyl, cycloalkylethyl and four named heterocyclic groups. The class is controlled. Which limb catches any one named compound is a per compound chemistry question the schedule leaves to analysis.
Consequences if caught: Capital exposure: none. The Second Schedule carries 20 rows imposing death and they name exactly eight terms: opium, morphine, diamorphine, cocaine, cannabis, cannabis mixture, cannabis resin and methamphetamine. No synthetic cannabinoid is among the eight and none of the generic cannabinoid limbs is a capital term, so the capital tier does not reach this class. A herbal smoking blend can separately be a cannabis mixture only if it contains tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabinol in vegetable matter, which a purely synthetic product does not. Supply and trafficking carry imprisonment and caning.
If prescribed / medical: Not established here. Do not rely on a foreign prescription without checking with the Health Sciences Authority before travelling.
Documentation: Verified against the instrument. Read: Misuse of Drugs Act 1973, First Schedule Parts 1 to 4, Second Schedule, Third Schedule and Fifth Schedule, at https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/MDA1973, the version the page marks current as at 17 Sep 2026, its most recent amendment being S 321 of 2026 with effect from 1 June 2026. The First Schedule was searched for "type A substituent", "indole-3-carboxylate", "JWH" and "indazole" and returned over 100 matching entries, which is itself the finding that the class is reached generically rather than by name. Settled: the class is controlled, and the Second Schedule does not reach it. Open: which limb catches any one named compound.

Misuse of Drugs Act 1973 (Singapore), First Schedule, Second Schedule, Third Schedule and Fifth Schedule, on Singapore Statutes Online at https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/MDA1973, read as at the version the page marks current as at 17 Sep 2026 · Updated September 20, 2026

United Arab Emirates

Legal status: Synthetic cannabinoids is a chemical class label rather than the name of one substance in the schedules, and that is the settled treatment of the label here. The dossier records «القنب الصناعي؛ الكانابينويدات الاصطناعية» as not being one chemical entry, so the Emirati result follows each proved constituent, checked against the complete schedules of Decision No. 158 of 2025. The class is the largest and fastest moving in this table, since new compounds appear continually and a class label covers whatever was made most recently as readily as what was made years ago. This instrument enumerates by substance, as its other cannabinoid searches show, and an enumerated schedule reaches the compounds it names and answers nothing about the rest. The determination was made on 20 September 2026.
Consequences if caught: Capital exposure: not established. That is a property of the label: each proved constituent must be classified first, and the constituent's schedule then determines whether Article 57, Article 58 or no capital route applies, so no label wide capital quantity can be stated. The spread is real on this class, because the dossier's cannabinoid searches record hexahydrocannabinol as a Schedule 1 entry with a quantity free Article 57 route and record other cannabinoid names as returning nothing at all. So two products both describable as synthetic cannabinoids can sit at opposite ends of that range, and the class word cannot distinguish them.
If prescribed / medical: No prescription question attaches to a chemical class label, because there is no entry for a prescription or a permit to evidence. The dossier records at the modafinil row that a 268 entry ministry travellers list was checked and expressly not used as a schedule, which has no bearing here. Where a synthetic cannabinoid has a medicinal identity, the dossier's searches record dronabinol and nabilone as separately named substances, and any medical question belongs to the identified compound rather than to the class.
Documentation: There is nothing to document for a class label. Provenance: the constituent specific determination against the complete Decision No. 158 of 2025 schedules, recorded at «القنب الصناعي؛ الكانابينويدات الاصطناعية», was made on 20 September 2026. The practical point is that herbal material sprayed with one of these compounds carries no reliable indication of which one, and since the answer follows the compound, only an analysis produces a question that can be answered.

United Arab Emirates, Decision No. 158 of 2025, complete schedules · constituent specific determination for the chemical class label recorded at «القنب الصناعي؛ الكانابينويدات الاصطناعية», which the dossier records as not being one chemical entry · Updated September 21, 2026

China

Legal status: Controlled class-wide, the headline. On 11 May 2021 China's National Narcotics Control Commission placed the ENTIRE class of synthetic cannabinoids under national control via a generic class definition (built on seven core ring systems, indole, indazole, pyrrole, carbazole and others bonded to a carbonyl group), in force 1 July 2021, making China the first country in the world to schedule the whole class at once (18 further compounds were also individually listed). This intersects Criminal Law art. no synthetic-cannabinoid-specific capital quantity has been published, so the exact capital threshold is left to confirmation.
Consequences if caught: Capital exposure: not established for this substance. China retains the death penalty for drug offences, under Criminal Law article 347, for trafficking a large quantity, and that much is established here. What is not established is this substance's own position under it: the source read here gives neither the article that would carry it nor any quantity at which it would apply. No threshold is stated in this cell because none was established. Do not read the absence of a figure as a safe amount. The country level position is the one to act on, and the substance specific position has to be settled against the current instrument.
If prescribed / medical: These synthetic cannabinoids have no recognised medical use and no lawful prescription route in China.
Documentation: No lawful personal-import route for the class-wide-controlled synthetic cannabinoids; severe penalties, do not carry.

unodc.org · Updated September 20, 2026

Russia

Legal status: Not confirmed. The dossier's quotation for this row, «Синтетические каннабиноиды, названные индивидуально и охваченные производными», describes how the lists treat the class rather than reproducing a list entry, and the row names no member compound, so no member's placement or amount can be given. Search record from the dossier for this row: instruments checked, Decree 681 (list); Decree 1002 (amounts); Criminal Code arts 228, 228.1; text quoted, 681: «Синтетические каннабиноиды, названные индивидуально и охваченные производными»; 1002: «значительный размер / крупный размер / особо крупный размер» / “significant / large / especially large amount”; checked 18 Sep 2026; finding, “The class label is resolved member by member under the named and derivative cannabinoid entries.”
Consequences if caught: Not confirmed. Decree 1002 supplies no class-wide number, and the dossier names no identified compound to take one from. No penalty is stated here, because the substance's position under the drug lists is not settled from the dossier.
If prescribed / medical: Not confirmed. The dossier states no prescription route for synthetic cannabinoids.
Documentation: Not confirmed. The dossier states no traveller documentation rule for synthetic cannabinoids.

pravo.gov.ru · pravo.gov.ru · consultant.ru · consultant.ru · Updated October 3, 2026

Thailand

Legal status: Not applicable as a class status, and not because the notifications are silent. Synthetic cannabinoids is a class label covering many unrelated molecules rather than one entry: the dossier records it as a family or street-market label with every constituent to be checked against the Thai notifications separately. Thailand's model makes this decisive, because control is delegated to notifications that name substances individually and no generic analogue clause was identified in that model, so a synthetic cannabinoid is reached only if a notification names it. The cannabinoid molecules this table does answer are HHC, THC-P, delta-8-THC and cannabinol, and every one of them is an unresolved reach question that rejected the tetrahydrocannabinol entry as a different molecule. Those rows, not this one, carry what was and was not established, and no single terminal status can honestly be stated for the class.
Consequences if caught: Capital exposure: not established. No capital and no life exposure can be stated for the class and neither can be ruled out, because the class has no placement and the four cannabinoid rows this table answers are each open: the ceiling follows the placement, and with no proved category there is no section 145, 146, 148 or 149 figure to attach. A named entry in Category I would bring section 145 paragraph 3 into reach, where 5 years to life plus a fine, or death, is available only for an organised network leader or a state or public security impact, discretionary and never quantity triggered. A cannabis extract question runs instead to Category V and section 148, up to 5 years or 1 to 15 years aggravated, with no capital limb. Which of those a given product falls into is unresolved, so treat the exposure as unquantified.
If prescribed / medical: No prescription route exists for the class, and none of the molecules this table answers under it has a proved placement to attach one to. The cannabis prescription position is a different matter entirely, running through the licensed medical channel of the B.E. 2568 controlled herb notification, and it does not extend to a synthetic cannabinoid sold as a product. Thailand's country level traveller rule for personal medication was not established by this reading, so no permit route, quantity ceiling or certificate requirement can be stated for anything in this class.
Documentation: Carry the specific molecule name, because the class label cannot be searched against a Thai notification and the molecule can: this table answers HHC, THC-P, delta-8-THC and cannabinol individually, each as an unsettled reach question rather than a finding either way, and a JWH, AM or MDMB series compound was not swept here at all. Treat a herbal product sold as a cannabinoid blend as unidentified until analysed. The label finding was taken on 20 September 2026 against the Narcotics Code B.E. 2564 in the Royal Gazette, at https://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2564/A/073/T_0001.PDF. No express open reuse licence was located on the cited page, so only the wording needed for verification is reproduced, with attribution and a direct link.

Indonesia

Legal status: Narkotika Golongan I under Indonesia's Undang-Undang Nomor 35 Tahun 2009 tentang Narkotika: Narkotika Golongan I of the Lampiran to Permenkes No. 15 Tahun 2025, roughly a hundred named entries including item 73 「JWH-018」, the AB and ADB indazole carboxamides and the MDMB esters. The synthetic cannabinoids are the largest block in Golongan I and every one of them is a named entry. JWH-018 is item 73; the fubinaca, pinaca, chminaca and butinaca compounds each have their own lines; so do the MDMB and 5F series, and several carry the words 「termasuk campuran rasemat dan semua stereoisomernya」 on their own entry. The model: each Act carries its own list for the first time only, and every change since is a Ministerial regulation. Pasal 6(1) of Undang-Undang Nomor 35 Tahun 2009 tentang Narkotika divides narcotics into Golongan I, II and III. Pasal 6(2) then provides that 「Penggolongan Narkotika sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) untuk pertama kali ditetapkan sebagaimana tercantum dalam Lampiran I dan merupakan bagian yang tak terpisahkan dari Undang-Undang ini」, so the Act's own annex governs only the first classification. The empowering article is Pasal 6(3): 「Ketentuan mengenai perubahan penggolongan Narkotika sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (2) diatur dengan Peraturan Menteri」. The psychotropics Act is built the same way: Pasal 2(3) of Undang-Undang Nomor 5 Tahun 1997 tentang Psikotropika sets the four golongan 「untuk pertamakali」 in its annex and Pasal 2(4) provides that 「Ketentuan lebih lanjut untuk penetapan dan perubahan jenis-jenis psikotropika sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (3) diatur oleh Menteri」. So neither Act's annex is the operative list today. The narcotics list in force is the Lampiran to Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Nomor 15 Tahun 2025 tentang Perubahan Penggolongan Narkotika, ditetapkan 21 November 2025, diundangkan 28 November 2025, Berita Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 2025 Nomor 989, which revoked Permenkes Nomor 7 Tahun 2025. The psychotropics list in force is the Lampiran to Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Nomor 14 Tahun 2025 tentang Penetapan dan Perubahan Penggolongan Psikotropika, Berita Negara Tahun 2025 Nomor 988, which revoked Permenkes Nomor 6 Tahun 2025. The Act itself was last amended by Undang-Undang Nomor 6 Tahun 2023. One part of the scheme is still in the Act and not in any regulation: the Prekursor Narkotika in Lampiran II, Tabel I and Tabel II, which neither Permenkes restates.
Consequences if caught: Capital exposure: not established. [Certain] Re-derived in this pass: the article this row previously named is no longer in force. Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2026 tentang Penyesuaian Pidana, in force 2 January 2026, amended Pasal 622 of the KUHP Nasional so that it eliminates Pasal 112, Pasal 113, Pasal 117, Pasal 118, Pasal 122 and Pasal 123 of UU 35/2009. Pasal 113 is on that list. Pasal 114 survives and Lampiran II removed its minimum khusus, but whether pidana mati remains available under Pasal 114(2) after that adjustment was not settled in this pass, so no capital provision is asserted for this row and none is ruled out. The penalties recited below are the published entry's and were not re-derived. [Certain] Re-derived in this pass from Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2026 tentang Penyesuaian Pidana, read at jdih.kemenkoinfra.go.id on 21 September 2026: the narcotics penalty regime has moved into the KUHP Nasional and the repealed articles have replacements. KUHP Pasal 609 now carries possession, storage, control or provision, at a maximum of 12 years for a Golongan I non-plant narcotic, 10 years for Golongan II and 7 for Golongan III, rising above 5 grams to life or 20 years for Golongan I, 15 for Golongan II and 10 for Golongan III. KUHP Pasal 610 now carries production, import, export and distribution, at a maximum of 15 years for Golongan I, 12 for Golongan II and 10 for Golongan III, and at Pasal 610 ayat (2) huruf a, for Golongan I in plant form above 1 kilogram or more than 5 plants, or Golongan I not in plant form above 5 grams, «dipidana dengan pidana mati, pidana penjara seumur hidup, atau pidana penjara paling lama 20 tahun». Those are Indonesia's published narcotics penalties and they are not this row's exposure: which Golongan this substance sits in, and which limb reaches it, was not re-derived in this pass, so nothing above is asserted against this row and nothing is ruled out. The narcotics offences are built from the conduct and not from the quantity, and the quantity only raises the band. Pasal 111 covers growing, keeping, possessing, storing, controlling or providing a Golongan I narcotic in plant form; Pasal 112 the same conduct for a Golongan I narcotic not in plant form; Pasal 113 producing, importing, exporting or distributing; Pasal 114 offering for sale, selling, buying, receiving, brokering, exchanging or delivering; Pasal 115 carrying, sending, transporting or transiting; Pasal 116 using it on another person or giving it to another to use. Pasal 117 to 121 repeat that structure for Golongan II and Pasal 122 to 126 for Golongan III, at descending penalties. The raising quantity is more than 5 grammes for anything not in plant form, and more than 1 kilogramme or more than 5 plants for a Golongan I narcotic in plant form. Nothing in the Act applies a purity discount, so the weight charged is the weight of the material seized. Pasal 127 is separate and much lighter: a Penyalah Guna, a person using for himself, faces at most 4 years for Golongan I, 2 years for Golongan II and 1 year for Golongan III, and Pasal 127(3) requires medical and social rehabilitation where the person is proved to be a victim of abuse rather than a dealer. No class clause exists. There is no sentence anywhere in the Indonesian lists reaching a synthetic cannabinoid by structure, by resemblance or as an analogue, so a compound that is not on the list is not a narcotic here however closely it resembles one that is. The block has grown from nothing in 2009 to roughly a hundred entries by adding names one at a time, and it is always behind the market. Both reach this substance and the conduct decides which, not the quantity alone. Death is available in exactly two of the six Golongan I articles. Pasal 113(2) provides that where producing, importing, exporting or distributing a Golongan I narcotic exceeds the raising quantity, 「pelaku dipidana dengan pidana mati, pidana penjara seumur hidup, atau pidana penjara paling singkat 5 (lima) tahun dan paling lama 20 (dua puluh) tahun」, and Pasal 114(2) does the same for offering for sale, selling, buying, brokering, exchanging, delivering or receiving. Pasal 116(2) adds death where giving a Golongan I narcotic to another causes that person's death or permanent injury. The raising quantity is more than 5 grammes and it is measured on the material as seized, because no article in this Act applies a purity discount. It is not mandatory: the phrase is death, life, or a term of 5 to 20 years, which leaves the court all three. What does not carry death at all is possession. Pasal 112(2) tops out at life imprisonment or 5 to 20 years however much is held, Pasal 111(2) is the same for plant form, and Pasal 115(2) the same for carrying and transporting. So simple possession of any amount of this substance is not capital, while selling a gram over the line is. One point about enforcement rather than about the statute, and it is flagged as such because it is not sourced to any of the instruments cached for this cell: Indonesia is reported to have carried out no drug executions for several years while continuing to impose the sentence, and clemency has commuted some sentences to life. None of that changes the text above, and a pause in executions is not a change in the law. Treat the sentence as available and real. [Certain] Re-derived in this pass: Permenkes 15/2025 and 14/2025 were read and no entry for this substance was located under the names searched. That is an unresolved search and not a finding of absence: the lists print chemical names and a name not searched for is a name not found.

Saudi Arabia

Legal status: Controlled. Synthetic cannabinoids fall under Saudi Arabia's broad narcotics/psychotropics prohibition (Anti-Narcotics Law, Royal Decree M/39 of 2005), which incorporates the synthetic cannabinoids added to Schedule II of the 1971 Convention. synthetic-cannabinoid-specific reach is left to confirmation.
Consequences if caught: Capital exposure: not established for this substance. Saudi Arabia retains the death penalty for drug offences, under Royal Decree M/39 of 2005, article 37, for smuggling or trafficking with intent to promote, and that much is established here. What is not established is this substance's own position under it: the source read here gives neither the article that would carry it nor any quantity at which it would apply. No threshold is stated in this cell because none was established. Do not read the absence of a figure as a safe amount. The country level position is the one to act on, and the substance specific position has to be settled against the current instrument.
If prescribed / medical: These synthetic cannabinoids have no recognised medical use and no lawful prescription route in Saudi Arabia.
Documentation: No lawful personal-import route; zero-tolerance enforcement.

unodc.org · Updated September 20, 2026

Malaysia

Legal status: The synthetic cannabinoids are named compound by compound and they are split across both Acts, because Malaysia has no generic synthetic cannabinoid clause: the Dangerous Drugs Act 1952 contains no analogue provision at all. Part III of its First Schedule names about a dozen of them, among them the indazole carboxamides sold as ADB-CHMINACA, as ADB-FUBINACA, as AB-CHMINACA and as AB-PINACA, together with CUMYL-4CN-BINACA, with MDMB-4en-PINACA, with 5F-ADB, with FUB-AMB, with UR-144, with CUMYL-PEGACLONE and with 5F-PB-22. The Poisons Act 1952 Third Schedule names a different set, among them JWH-018, and AM-2201, and XLR-11, and MDMB-CHMICA, and 5F-APINACA, and 5F-AMB. So whether a given synthetic cannabinoid is capital-eligible depends on which one it is, and a new one that is in neither list is, on the text, in neither regime until the Minister adds it.
Consequences if caught: Section 39B(2) reaches the synthetic cannabinoids that Part III names, and only those. There is no class entry and the Dangerous Drugs Act contains no analogue provision at all, measured across the whole Act, so this cell cannot answer for a compound by family. Part III names about a dozen of them individually, among them the indazole carboxamide printed as «N-[(2S)-1-Amino-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl]-1-(cyclohexylmethyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide (ADB-CHMINACA, MAB-CHMINACA)», and the compounds sold as ADB-FUBINACA, as AB-CHMINACA, as AB-PINACA, as CUMYL-4CN-BINACA, as MDMB-4en-PINACA, as 5F-ADB, as FUB-AMB, as the «(1-Pentyl-1H-indol-3-yl)(2,2,3,3 tetramethylcyclopropyl) methanone (UR-144)» of that Part, as CUMYL-PEGACLONE and as 5F-PB-22. For any of those, the sentence is death or imprisonment for life. The chain is short and it passes through no weight at any point. Section 2 defines a «dangerous drug» as «any drug or substance which is for the time being comprised in the First Schedule», section 39B(1) prohibits trafficking in «a dangerous drug», whether on your own behalf or on behalf of any other person, and section 39B(2) sets the penalty. And the word «trafficking» is itself defined in section 2, far wider than selling: it «includes the doing of any of the following acts, that is to say, manufacturing, importing, exporting, keeping, concealing, buying, selling, giving, receiving, storing, administering, transporting, carrying, sending, delivering, procuring, supplying or distributing any dangerous drug otherwise than under the authority of this Act or the regulations made under the Act». Keeping, carrying and storing are on that list, so nothing commercial has to be shown. None of them carries a section 37(da) presumption weight, and none is in the fourteen-substance amphetamine block that subparagraph (xxv) aggregates. So there is no presumption to rebut and no threshold to stay under, and section 39B(2) applies in the same terms as it would to a weighed substance. The other presumption is still there. Section 37(d) provides that any person found to have had in his custody or under his control anything whatsoever containing a dangerous drug «shall, until the contrary is proved, be deemed to have been in possession of such drug and shall, until the contrary is proved, be deemed to have known the nature of such drug». The words «until the contrary is proved» put the defendant to proof on both limbs, on the possession and on the knowledge. Death is available and it is no longer mandatory, and the change has a date. Section 39B(2) once read simply «on conviction with death». The Dangerous Drugs (Amendment) Act 2017, Act A1558, in force 15 March 2018, opened a narrow gate out of that, a date carried forward from the earlier reading and not re-derived in this pass. The Abolition of Mandatory Death Penalty Act 2023, Act 846, came into operation on 4 July 2023, and section 54 of it is the whole of what it did to the Dangerous Drugs Act: it substituted «be punished with whipping of not less than twelve strokes» for fifteen strokes in subsection (2), and it deleted subsections (2A) and (2B), which were the mandatory death machinery. Section 39B(2) now reads, in full: «Any person who contravenes any of the provisions of subsection (1) shall be guilty of an offence against this Act and shall be punished on conviction with death or imprisonment for life and shall, if he is not sentenced to death, be punished with whipping of not less than twelve strokes.» So the court chooses between death and imprisonment for life with no precondition, and at least twelve strokes follow any sentence that is not death. Act 846 is widely described as replacing life with a term of thirty to forty years. It did that in the Penal Code, the Firearms (Increased Penalties) Act 1971, the Arms Act 1960, the Kidnapping Act 1961, the Strategic Trade Act 2010 and the Criminal Procedure Code. It did not do it here: the words «imprisonment for life» in section 39B(2) are untouched and no definition of that phrase appears anywhere in the Dangerous Drugs Act, so no year figure is stated in this cell. Section 55 of Act 846 applies the amended section to anyone sentenced after it came into operation even where the offence was committed before. Below trafficking, the possession offence is section 12. Section 11(1) provides that «This Part applies to dangerous drugs listed in Parts III, IV and V of the First Schedule», which is what brings a Part III substance inside Part IV of the Act. Section 12(2) then prohibits having such a drug in your possession, custody or control «unless he is authorized to be in possession, custody or control of such drug or is deemed to be so authorized under this Act or the regulations made thereunder», and section 12(3) punishes a contravention with «a fine not exceeding one hundred thousand ringgit or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding five years or both». Self-administration is section 15(1), at a fine not exceeding five thousand ringgit or imprisonment for a term not exceeding two years, and section 38B(1) then requires supervision for not less than two and not more than three years after the sentence has been served. Three procedural consequences follow automatically. Section 41(1) removes a section 39B charge from the Sessions Court and the Magistrates' Court, so it is tried in the High Court, and section 41A(3) has it tried by a judge sitting alone. Section 41B(1) provides that bail «shall not be granted» where the offence is punishable with death, and also where it is punishable with imprisonment for more than five years. Section 38A, which lets a court deal with a drug dependant under eighteen under the Drug Dependants (Treatment and Rehabilitation) Act 1983 rather than punish him, is expressly unavailable for a section 39B offence. Section 39C separately escalates a repeat offender under the consumption and possession provisions to not less than five and not more than seven years with not more than three strokes. For a compound that Part III does not name, this cell asserts nothing. A different set of synthetic cannabinoids sits in the Poisons Act 1952 Third Schedule, among them the ones sold as JWH-018, as AM-2201, as XLR-11, as MDMB-CHMICA, as 5F-APINACA and as 5F-AMB, a fact carried forward from the earlier reading of that Act and not re-derived here; those are psychotropic substances and not dangerous drugs, and section 39B does not reach them. A compound in neither list is, on the text, in neither regime until the Minister acts under section 45A. The list can move under all of this. Section 45A is headed «Power of the Minister to vary First Schedule» and it operates either on a decision of the Commission on Narcotic Drugs or of the United Nations Organization altering the Schedules to the Single Convention, or simply where the Minister «considers it expedient to add a substance to, or remove a substance from, or vary the First Schedule, he may by order make the requisite modifications». An order takes effect on gazetting and there is no notice period. He has used it twice since the text read here, by P.U. (A) 97 gazetted 2 April 2024 and P.U. (A) 416 gazetted 25 November 2025, both carried forward from the earlier reading and neither re-read in this pass. The text read for this cell is the Attorney General's Chambers updated text headed «As at 4 July 2023», and a later order is not ruled out.

South Korea

Legal status: Controlled as a class. South Korea controls synthetic cannabinoids under the Act on the Control of Narcotics, Etc. using its temporary-designation power to schedule new synthetic cannabinoids quickly and then permanently listing them as psychotropics, incorporating the synthetic cannabinoids added to Schedule II of the 1971 Convention.
Consequences if caught: Illegal; possession and supply carry imprisonment, with strict enforcement extending to citizens abroad. No death penalty for this substance class.
If prescribed / medical: These synthetic cannabinoids have no recognised medical use and no lawful prescription route in South Korea.
Documentation: No lawful personal-import route for controlled synthetic cannabinoids; do not carry.

unodc.org · Updated July 14, 2026

United Kingdom

Legal status: Synthetic cannabinoids is a label for many unrelated laboratory compounds sold as spice or similar, so the answer is given for the constituents: those within the generic definitions are Class B. Part II of Schedule 2 to the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 controls them by structure at paragraph 1(c), which lists the naphthoylindole, naphthoylpyrrole, naphthylmethylindene, phenylacetylindole, cyclohexylphenol, benzoylindole, adamantoylindole and tetramethylcyclopropyl families, a paragraph substituted in its present form on 26 February 2013 by S.I. 2013/239, and at paragraph 1(ca), inserted on 14 December 2016 by the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (Amendment) Order 2016, S.I. 2016/1109, which reaches any compound «structurally related to 1-pentyl-3-(1-naphthoyl)indole (JWH-018), in that the four sub-structures, that is to say the indole ring, the pentyl substituent, the methanone linking group and the naphthyl ring, are linked together in a similar manner,» within the listed modifications, which take in the indazole carboxamide compounds of the third generation. A named member is «Cumyl-PeGaClone.»; the same paragraph also names the cannabinoid medicine «Nabilone.», which is not a spice constituent. Section 2(1)(b) provides that «the expressions “Class A drug”, “Class B drug” and “Class C drug” mean any of the substances and products for the time being specified respectively in Part I, Part II and Part III of that Schedule». A product whose compound sits outside those definitions is not a controlled drug and falls to the Psychoactive Substances Act 2016, so the highest exposure is the Class B band. Schedule 2 was read as in force on 2 October 2026 in the legislation.gov.uk revised text, which records no known outstanding effects and incorporates S.I. 2024/1361, in force 15 January 2025; Schedule 2 moves by Order in Council under section 2(2), so this does not rule out a later amendment.
Consequences if caught: Capital exposure: none. No provision of the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971, of the Customs and Excise Management Act 1979 or of the Psychoactive Substances Act 2016 provides a death sentence; the highest punishment in Schedule 4 to the 1971 Act is imprisonment for life. For a product whose compound is outside the generic text, the 2016 Act applies instead, with supply, production and import punishable by up to 7 years and no possession offence outside custodial institutions. This row is Class B, so the Class B drug involved column of Schedule 4 to the 1971 Act governs. Possession, section 5(2), carries on indictment «5 years or a fine, or both.» Tried summarily, Class B possession carries «3 months or £2,500, or both.» Possession with intent to supply, section 5(3), supplying or offering to supply, section 4(3), and production, section 4(2), each carry on indictment «14 years or a fine, or both.» Part I of Schedule 2, paragraph 6, adds to Class A «Any preparation designed for administration by injection which includes a substance or product for the time being specified in any of paragraphs 1 to 3 of Part II of this Schedule.» As the text reads, a preparation of this row designed for administration by injection is therefore a Class A drug, and the Class A column applies to it: «7 years or a fine, or both.» for possession and «Life or a fine, or both.» for supply, production and possession with intent, on indictment. This cell makes no claim about which products are so designed. Sale has no offence of its own: selling is supplying under section 4(3), and trafficking is not a separate offence in the Act, being concerned in another person's supply falling under section 4(3)(b) and (c). Importation and exportation are prohibited by section 3(1) and prosecuted as customs offences under sections 50(3), 68(2) and 170(2) of the Customs and Excise Management Act 1979, which Schedule 1 to that Act punishes for this class «to a penalty of any amount, or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 14 years, or to both». Cultivation falls under production, because section 37(1) defines producing as «producing it by manufacture, cultivation or any other method». Use is not itself an offence: the Act reaches the user through possession, and its only offence of use is smoking or otherwise using prepared opium under section 9. An occupier who knowingly permits production or supply on premises commits the section 8 offence, also 14 years on indictment. The Act sets no quantity threshold and no statutory presumption of intent to supply; on indictment the fine has no stated maximum and runs with imprisonment or alone, because every band reads «or a fine, or both». No administrative disposal attaches by statute: the penalty notice table in section 1 of the Criminal Justice and Police Act 2001, which applies in England and Wales, lists possession only of cannabis, cannabinol and its derivatives, and khat. Section 28 gives a defence of lack of knowledge; under section 28(3) a belief that it was a different controlled drug is no defence unless, had it been that drug, no offence would have been committed. The Psychoactive Substances Act 2016 does not reach it: section 2(1) of that Act confines a psychoactive substance to one that «is not an exempted substance (see section 3).» and Schedule 1 exempts «Controlled drugs (within the meaning of the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971).» The 1971 Act is therefore read first and governs alone.

Canada

Legal status: Controlled as a class. Synthetic cannabinoids ('Spice'/'K2' products) are caught by the item in Schedule II of the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act that deems any 'similar synthetic preparation' of cannabis to be controlled, so compounds such as JWH-018 fall within Schedule II; after the 2018 Cannabis Act removed natural cannabis from Schedule II, that schedule now functions primarily to capture lab-made synthetic cannabinoids.
Consequences if caught: Illegal as a Schedule II controlled substance; possession and trafficking carry CDSA imprisonment penalties. No death penalty.
If prescribed / medical: These synthetic cannabinoids have no recognised medical use and no lawful prescription route in Canada.
Documentation: No lawful personal-import route for CDSA-controlled synthetic cannabinoids; do not carry.

laws-lois.justice.gc.ca · Updated July 14, 2026

Australia

Legal status: Controlled as a class; the label covers many compounds, so the answer is given by constituent and the exposure is the highest that applies to the compound actually held. Poisons Standard: F2026L01327 Schedule 9 carries the catch-all «SYNTHETIC CANNABINOMIMETICS except when separately specified in these Schedules.» beside structural class entries such as «NAPHTHOYLINDOLES except when separately specified in these Schedules.» and «DIBENZOPYRANS except when separately specified in these Schedules.», and named compounds including JWH-018, JWH-073, JWH-200, JWH-250 and CP 47,497. Criminal Code Regulations 2019: Schedule 2 names JWH-018 (item 175), JWH-122 (176), JWH-073 (159), JWH-200 (157), JWH-250 (129), AM-694 (92), CP 47,497 (104) and its C8 homologue (105), each at commercial 5.0 kg and marketable 2.0 g, and HU-210 at item 74; Schedule 1 names only HU-210 (item 95: 5.0 kg, 1,000.0 g, 5.0 g). Schedule 2 item 35 of the Criminal Code Regulations 2019 lists «Cannabinoids (other than a Cannabinoid of a kind that can be obtained from a plant that is not a Cannabis plant)» as a border controlled drug (commercial 2.0 kg, marketable 2.0 g). For a compound with no plant source the item 35 exclusion does not bite, so a synthetic cannabinoid is within «Cannabinoids» unless a court reads that word as confined to plant cannabinoids. Customs (Prohibited Imports) Regulations 1956 Schedule 4 lists «34 Cannabinoids», five structural families at items 49A to 49E (for example «49A Compounds structurally derived from 3-(1-naphthoyl)indole or 1H-indol-3-yl-(1-naphthyl)methane by substitution at the nitrogen atom of the indole ring») and named compounds such as AB-CHMINACA, 5F-MDMB-PINACA and MDMB-4en-PINACA. A compound outside every list falls to the Part 9.2 residual import offence. The Poisons Standard read is the Poisons Standard October 2026 (Federal Register of Legislation F2026L01327, made 28 September 2026, registered 30 September 2026, in force from 1 October 2026 under its s2, replacing the June 2026 issue; no later issue was registered when it was read). This cell states Commonwealth law only. The Poisons Standard has effect through adoption by each state and territory: its Reader's guide, which s5(1) of the instrument says is not part of it, states «The scheduling of poisons is implemented through relevant State and Territory legislation.» Most personal possession and use offences are state and territory law, which differs by jurisdiction, and Criminal Code s300.4 keeps those laws running concurrently with Part 9.1. Read as in force on 2 October 2026 against F2026L01327, the Criminal Code Act 1995 at Compilation No. 174 (compilation date 30 June 2026, C2026C00243), the Criminal Code Regulations 2019 at Compilation No. 6 (compilation date 13 December 2025, F2025C01260) and the Customs (Prohibited Imports) Regulations 1956 at Compilation No. 147 (compilation date 13 July 2026, F2026C00751). The Criminal Code Regulations schedules are made by the Governor-General and the Poisons Standard by a delegate of the Secretary under Therapeutic Goods Act 1989 s52D, so a later instrument can change any of this, and this reading does not rule out a later amendment.

Germany

Legal status: Synthetic cannabinoids is a class name covering many different molecules, and no single German result attaches to it. The dossier records that the new psychoactive substances statute meets the class with several separate core-structure groups at Anlage 1 Nr. 2, so a particular active substance has to be assigned to one printed group before anything can be said about it. That is a definite finding about the class rather than a deferral: the answer for a real sample exists, and it is found by matching the compound to a printed core structure, or to a named narcotics entry where one exists, and not by reasoning from the category. Two statutes are in play across the class and they are not interchangeable.
Consequences if caught: Capital exposure: none. Germany has no death penalty on any of the routes in this area. No penalty figure is stated for the class, and that is deliberate: the dossier's penalty column carries across the aggravated figure from the new psychoactive substances statute, which is a consequence of an offence under that Act and cannot attach to a category that no group has been shown to reach. Some compounds in this class are named in the narcotics schedules, which is a different statute again with a different ceiling, so quoting one figure for the class would be wrong in both directions. Identify the compound, find the group or the entry it answers, and take the consequence from there.
If prescribed / medical: No prescribing position can be given for a class. A compound reached through a new psychoactive substances group has no medical route at all, since that statute exempts recognised commercial, industrial and scientific uses rather than treatment, while a compound named in the narcotics schedules takes the position of the Anlage that holds it. The dossier records no German traveller rule, so this cell defers on the border question.
Documentation: For herbal material or a liquid sold under this description the only useful record is an analysis naming the active compound, because the product name carries no information about which German group or entry applies. The row was read on 20 September 2026.

Germany, no single entry exists for this class · a specific compound must be matched to one of the printed core-structure groups at Neue-psychoaktive-Stoffe-Gesetz Anlage 1 Nr. 2, read at https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/npsg/anlage_1.html on 20 September 2026, or to a named entry in Betäubungsmittelgesetz Anlagen I bis III at https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/btmg_1981/anlage_i.html · Updated September 21, 2026

France

Legal status: Not applicable as a class status, because France reaches these compounds partly by name and partly by family clause. The dossier records the entry point as « JWH-018; AB-CHMINACA; familles et molécules classées », named molecules together with classified families. A molecule that is neither named in the arrêtés du 22 février 1990 nor inside one of the classified families is not controlled merely because it acts on the same receptors, so a product sold as a synthetic cannabinoid can fall inside or outside the lists depending on the exact compound. One status would be true of part of the class and false of the rest, which is why none is stated here.
Consequences if caught: Capital exposure: none. France abolished the death penalty and no French drug provision carries one. Beyond that no single ceiling can be stated, because the exposure is member specific: a narcotic constituent can engage Penal Code article 222-34 and life imprisonment for directing or organising a group formed for illicit narcotics activity, while a constituent reaching only the psychotropics order has to be assessed separately. JWH-018 and AB-CHMINACA are named in the dossier's own entry, and a molecule reached by a classified family clause and one that is not reached at all sit at opposite ends of the same label. Until the constituent is identified the honest statement is that the exposure is unsettled and could sit anywhere from no drug offence at all to the article 222-34 ceiling. Article L. 3421-1 of the Code de la santé publique addresses illicit use and stands apart from organised trafficking.
If prescribed / medical: France's country level rule is that a Schengen traveller certificate or a medicines carriage list is evidential and administrative rather than the criminal schedule. Attached to this label: there is no single schedule placement to attach, because the row's entry is recorded as « JWH-018; AB-CHMINACA; familles et molécules classées » and the placement follows the constituent. No prescribing route exists for the family label, and the dossier records none for any member. What was not established for this cell is which member is present, and without that the certificate has nothing to name.
Documentation: Carry the analytical identification of the molecule present, because a product label reading synthetic cannabinoid identifies nothing the order can be searched for. Provenance: the row's own entry is « JWH-018; AB-CHMINACA; familles et molécules classées », recorded against the consolidated narcotics and psychotropics orders of 22 February 1990 and read on Légifrance at https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/loda/id/JORFTEXT000000533085 on 18 September 2026. The dossier classes this label among the five it marks not applicable for a single member independent answer, and that classification, not a failed search, is why this cell defers.

France, Arrêtés du 22 février 1990, narcotics and psychotropics lists, with synthetic cannabinoids recorded as « JWH-018 · Updated September 20, 2026

Netherlands

Legal status: Controlled twice over, by name for many members and as a group for the rest. The class name is not named in lijst I or lijst II, and it does not need to be.
Consequences if caught: Lijst I names individual members on their own rows, among them «JWH-018 | naphthaleen-1-yl(1-pentyl-1H-indol-3-yl)methanon», «UR-144», «XLR-11», «AM-2201», «5F-MDMB-PICA (5F-MDMB-2201)» and «CUMYL-PEGACLONE». Lijst IA carries four substance groups: substanties die zijn afgeleid van 2-fenethylamine, cannabimimetica en synthetische cannabinoïden, substanties afgeleid van 4-aminopiperidine, and benzimidazol opioïden, the nitazenen. The cannabimimetica group admits only five ring systems at structuurelement A, indol-1,3-diyl, 2-methylindol-1,3-diyl, indazol-1,3-diyl and the two benzimidazol-1,2-diyl isomers, each joined to structuurelement B by a defined bridge and carrying a side chain at a defined position. A member named in lijst I is prosecuted under article 2 and article 10; a member caught only by the group is prosecuted under article 2a and article 10b, and article 2a, second limb, subdivision j, takes lijst I and lijst II substances out of the group prohibition so that the two regimes do not overlap. Use is not itself made an offence by the Opiumwet, which is why the Dutch position is often misread: article 2 and article 3 reach import, export, cultivation, preparation, sale, supply, transport, manufacture and presence, and presence is what a traveller carrying the substance has. Article 10 carries the penalties for lijst I. Intentionally having the substance present, the limb at article 2 under C, carries imprisonment of up to 6 years. Intentionally cultivating, preparing, processing, selling, delivering, supplying, transporting or manufacturing it, article 2 under B and D, carries up to 8 years. Intentionally bringing it into or out of Netherlands territory, article 2 under A, carries up to 12 years, so the trafficking and import limbs run from 8 to 12 years. Where the presence, or the bringing into or out of the territory, concerns a small quantity intended for own use, article 10, sixth limb, lowers the ceiling to 1 year or a fine of the third category; it does not reach the article 2 under B and D acts. The fine on the serious limbs is the fifth category, which the Criminal Code prints at 67.000 euro with an editorial note recording 110.000 euro from 1 January 2026. Article 11 carries the penalties for lijst II. Acting intentionally against article 3 under B, C or D carries imprisonment of up to 2 years, and up to 6 years where the person acts in the exercise of a profession or business. Intentionally bringing it into or out of the territory, article 3 under A, carries up to 4 years. Where the offence concerns a large quantity the two year and the four year cases both rise to 6 years. Article 1 of the Opiumwetbesluit fixes that large quantity at 500 gram hennep, 200 hennepplanten or 500 units of another lijst II substance. The fine is the fifth category, printed at 67.000 euro with an editorial note recording 110.000 euro from 1 January 2026. Article 2a carries the lijst IA prohibition and article 10b its penalties. Acting intentionally against it carries imprisonment of up to 6 years. Acting without intent carries hechtenis of up to 3 months. Where intentional import, export or presence concerns a small quantity for own use the ceiling is 6 months. Article 10c adds up to 3 years for preparatory acts. The fine is the fifth category on the intentional offence and the third category on the others, printed at 67.000 euro and 6.700 euro with editorial notes recording 110.000 euro and 11.000 euro from 1 January 2026. They describe the offences that this row's placement brings into play. The Aanwijzing Opiumwet of the Openbaar Ministerie is prosecution policy and not a statute. For lijst I it treats as a small quantity for own use one bolletje, one ampul, one wikkel or one pill or tablet, in any event a quantity of at most 0,5 gram, and for GHB one consumption unit of 5 ml, with no targeted investigation and prosecution only in support of care. A tolerated quantity is not a lawful one. This is stated as at the Opiumwet consolidation in force from 17 September 2026, read at wetten.overheid.nl on 22 September 2026, and it does not rule out a later amendment. The live cell recorded that the best known members were scheduled by name after the 2019 transposition of Directive (EU) 2017/2103, and dated the group ban itself to 1 July 2025, and gave a ceiling of up to 3 years with a fifth category fine of about 82,000 euro sourced to a Library of Congress note. The 3 year figure is the article 10c preparatory ceiling and not the principal one, and all of these are carried forward from it and not verified here.

Spain

Legal status: Controlled in Spain member by member, and only the members a list names. Counted from Anexo 1 of Real Decreto 2829/1977, 23 entries in Lista II name the modern synthetic cannabinoids; Lista I also names two older synthetic THC analogues, DMHP (entry 5, printed «DMHP») and parahexyl (entry 20, printed «Parahexilo»). The Lista II run goes from entry 22 «naftalen-1-ilo(1-pentilo-1h-indol-3-ilo) metanona (JWH-018)» to entry 82 «MDMB-FUBINACA», the latter added by Orden SND/362/2026. There is no generic class clause: «cannabinoide sintético» returned 0 whole word hits in Anexo 1, 0 in Anexo 2 and 0 in the Yellow List; «cannabinoides sintéticos» returned 0 whole word hits in Anexo 1, 0 in Anexo 2 and 0 in the Yellow List. A product sold as a synthetic cannabinoid is controlled if its compound is one of the named entries, and not reached through a list if it is not. The lists are read as at the Real Decreto 2829/1977 consolidation published 21/04/2026 and in force from 22/04/2026. Narcotic absences are decided through Ley 17/1967 article 2 against the INCB Yellow List, 65th edition of July 2026; the INCB Green List, 36th edition updated December 2025, is a cross-check for psychotropics. Narcotics can also be designated nationally, «en el ámbito nacional por el procedimiento que reglamentariamente se establezca» (nationally, by the procedure set by regulation); Real Decreto 1194/2011 sets that procedure and so far names tapentadol and isotonitaceno, as consolidated to 8 June 2021. 1971 Convention decisions after December 2025 and 1961 Convention decisions after July 2026 were not read, and this does not rule out a later amendment.
Consequences if caught: Código Penal article 368 punishes «Los que ejecuten actos de cultivo, elaboración o tráfico, o de otro modo promuevan, favorezcan o faciliten el consumo ilegal de drogas tóxicas, estupefacientes o sustancias psicotrópicas, o las posean con aquellos fines» (those who cultivate, manufacture or traffic, or otherwise promote, favour or facilitate illegal consumption, or possess for those purposes). The penalty is «prisión de tres a seis años y multa del tanto al triplo del valor de la droga objeto del delito si se tratare de sustancias o productos que causen grave daño a la salud» (three to six years and a fine of one to three times the value of the drug, for substances causing grave harm to health) and «de prisión de uno a tres años y multa del tanto al duplo en los demás casos» (one to three years and a fine of one to two times the value, in other cases). Prison and fine are imposed together, not as alternatives. The article names no substance, so which branch applies is for the court; this cell does not assign one. Article 369 imposes the next higher degree and a fine «del tanto al cuádruplo» where an aggravating circumstance applies, among them «Fuere de notoria importancia la cantidad de las citadas sustancias» (the quantity is of notorious importance). No statute fixes that quantity. It is a sentencing aggravation the court assesses, not an amount anyone may lawfully hold. Membership of a criminal organisation under article 369 bis carries «prisión de nueve a doce años» for substances causing grave harm and «prisión de cuatro años y seis meses a diez años» otherwise. Article 368 itself allows a lower penalty: «los tribunales podrán imponer la pena inferior en grado a las señaladas en atención a la escasa entidad del hecho y a las circunstancias personales del culpable» (the courts may impose the penalty one degree lower in view of the minor scale of the act and the offender's personal circumstances), but not where article 369 bis or 370 applies: «No se podrá hacer uso de esta facultad si concurriere alguna de las circunstancias a que se hace referencia en los artículos 369 bis y 370.» (this power may not be used if any circumstance referred to in articles 369 bis and 370 is present). Article 370 goes the other way: «Se impondrá la pena superior en uno o dos grados a la señalada en el artículo 368 cuando» (the penalty one or two degrees above that of article 368 is imposed when), among other cases, the conduct is of extreme gravity, which includes where «la cantidad de las sustancias a que se refiere el artículo 368 excediere notablemente de la considerada como de notoria importancia» (the quantity notably exceeds that regarded as of notorious importance). Article 368 reaches possession only when it is «con aquellos fines», that is, for those trafficking purposes. No provision read for this cell makes possession for one's own use in private a crime; that is not a legalisation, because supply stays criminal under the same article. In public the matter is administrative, not criminal. Ley Orgánica 4/2015 article 36 lists among the serious infringements, at item 16, «El consumo o la tenencia ilícitos de drogas tóxicas, estupefacientes o sustancias psicotrópicas, aunque no estuvieran destinadas al tráfico, en lugares, vías, establecimientos públicos o transportes colectivos» (illicit consumption or possession, even when not meant for trafficking, in public places, roads, establishments or collective transport). Article 39.1 sets the fine for a serious infringement: «las graves, con multa de 601 a 30.000 euros», in a minimum grade «de 601 a 10.400» and higher grades «de 10.401 a 20.200 euros» and «de 20.201 a 30.000 euros»; article 33.2 starts at the minimum grade «La comisión de una infracción determinará la imposición de la multa correspondiente en grado mínimo.» These figures are a fine range, not a permitted quantity. Import or export without authority is also smuggling: Ley Orgánica 12/1995 article 2.3 a) applies whatever the value «Cuando el objeto del contrabando sean drogas tóxicas, estupefacientes, sustancias psicotrópicas», and article 3.1 sets «las penas de prisión de uno a cinco años y multa del tanto al séxtuplo del valor de los bienes, mercancías, géneros o efectos». Article 3.1 also directs that, outside three listed cases, «En los demás casos previstos en el artículo 2 las penas se impondrán en su mitad superior.» How a court combines that offence with article 368 in a given case is not settled in this cell. For the two Lista I members, DMHP and parahexyl: Real Decreto 2829/1977 article 2 adds, for List I substances, «Quedan prohibidos, incluso a los efectos de la Ley de Contrabando, el uso, la fabricación, importación, exportación, tránsito, comercio, distribución y tenencia, así como la inclusión en todo preparado de las sustancias incluidas en la Lista I.»

Italy

Legal status: Not applicable as a class status, because the class label is not the unit the Italian tables work in. The dossier's entry point is «JWH-018; AB-CHMINACA; singoli derivati e classi nominate», individual derivatives together with named classes. Article 14 of DPR 309/1990 names some compounds one at a time and defines others as a class, so some members sit inside the tables and others outside, and a compound that is neither named nor inside a named class is not caught by the family word alone. One status would be true of part of the class and false of the rest, which is why none is stated here.
Consequences if caught: Capital exposure: none. Italy has no death penalty, and the dossier's ceiling column puts the Italian maximum at a term of years rather than death or a life term. The ordinary ceiling of 30 years comes from articles 73 and 80 of DPR 309/1990 read with article 78 of the Penal Code, and article 75 handles personal use administratively, but neither track attaches to this label as a label. Exposure follows the compound identified, so a named derivative inside the tables carries the full trafficking route while one outside them carries none of it.
If prescribed / medical: Italy's country level rule, in the dossier's own terms, is that a traveller certificate list or a prescribing summary is not a substitute for the statutory tables, and that acquisition or possession for personal use runs under article 75 of DPR 309/1990 as an administrative matter rather than under the trafficking article. Attached to synthetic cannabinoids, that rule meets a set of placements rather than one, because the tables name individual compounds and expressly defined classes. Whether a prescription concept even applies depends on the member, and for the research compounds sold under this label it does not apply at all. The dossier sets out no Italian certificate list for travellers, so no route is stated here for any member of the class.
Documentation: Carry nothing sold as a synthetic cannabinoid blend, because the member decides the answer and the blend does not disclose its member. The instrument is DPR 309/1990, its enumerating provision is article 14, and the Ministry of Health compilation of the tables and its ministerial amendment index were searched on 18 September 2026 without producing a placement for this row. Classification changes by decree published in the Gazzetta Ufficiale rather than by a travel or prescribing summary, and the amendment horizon checked includes the 2026 update that added the nitazene class. The dossier's entry point for this row names JWH-018 and AB-CHMINACA alongside individually listed derivatives and expressly defined classes, which is what makes the label member specific.

DPR 309/1990 article 14 with the Ministry of Health compilation of the narcotics tables and its ministerial amendment index, read at https://www.salute.gov.it/new/it/tema/medicinali-stupefacenti-e-precursori-di-droghe/tabelle-delle-sostanze-stupefacenti-e on 18 September 2026 · Updated September 21, 2026

Mexico

Legal status: Controlled as a printed category. The first group of article 245 of the Ley General de Salud prints «CANABINOIDES SINTÉTICOS» and «K2», and any particular compound of the family is not named in the group. The first group prints the category itself as an entry, with a street name in the second column and the chemical name column left empty. Article 246 lets the Secretaria de Salud add further psychotropic substances by lists published in the Diario Oficial de la Federacion, and the consolidated text records one such addition with the note «Sustancia adicionada por Acuerdo DOF 24-12-2018». The text read for this cell was the Ley General de Salud as it stands after the decree published in the Diario Oficial de la Federacion on 15 January 2026, which reforms article 234 whole and article 245 fracciones I segundo parrafo, II and IV, read together with the Orden Juridico Nacional consolidated text to 7 June 2024 for the articles that decree does not touch, read as at 21 September 2026.
Consequences if caught: Where this row sits is settled by what is actually present rather than by the name. An entry with no chemical name cannot be matched against a particular compound the way every other entry in the group can, so which molecules it reaches is not settled by the printing. Article 479 gives this row no line: the table names eight narcotics and this is not one of them. Articles 475, 476, 477 and 478 all run on the narcotics listed in that table, and article 474 puts a narcotic outside it with the federal authorities, «El narcótico no esté contemplado en la tabla». The eight amounts recited below therefore belong to the eight narcotics the table names and not to this row. The two Ley General de Salud penalty articles that follow are printed here because the live cell printed them for every Mexican row. They run on the narcotics the table names, and whether any route into them exists for this row is part of what is open. Article 477 sets ten months to three years of prison, «Se aplicará pena de diez meses a tres años de prisión y hasta ochenta días multa al que posea alguno de los narcóticos señalados en la tabla». It applies to possession below one thousand times a table amount where the circumstances do not make it possession for supply. Its fine is up to eighty dias multa. Article 475 of the Ley General de Salud sets four to eight years of prison, in the words «Se impondrá prisión de cuatro a ocho años y de doscientos a cuatrocientos días multa». It applies to commerce or supply, even free of charge, below one thousand times a table amount. Its fine is two hundred to four hundred dias multa. Its second paragraph raises the prison term to seven to fifteen years where the person supplied is a minor or cannot resist, «se aplicará una pena de siete a quince años de prisión y de doscientos a cuatrocientos días multa», and the previous version of this cell called eight years the small-scale ceiling, so that figure is carried forward and corrected here rather than dropped. The federal code articles below are printed on the same carried-forward footing, and whether they reach this row is the question this cell leaves open rather than answers. Article 194 of the Codigo Penal Federal sets ten to twenty five years of prison, «Se impondrá prisión de diez a veinticinco años y de cien hasta quinientos días multa». It applies to production, transport, traffic, commerce, supply or prescription of a narcotic without the authorisation the Ley General de Salud requires. Its fine is one hundred to five hundred dias multa. Article 195 sets five to fifteen years of prison. It applies to possession with one of those purposes. Its fine is one hundred to three hundred fifty dias multa. Article 195 bis sets four years to seven years six months of prison. It applies where possession cannot be so considered. Its fine is fifty to one hundred fifty dias multa. Article 196 raises the article 194 penalties by one half in the listed cases. Article 193 of the same code defines narcoticos in its first paragraph as those the Ley General de Salud determines, and in its second names a narrower set, «son punibles las conductas que se relacionan con los estupefacientes, psicotrópicos y demás sustancias previstos en los artículos 237, 245, fracciones I, II, y III y 248 de la Ley General de Salud, que constituyen un problema grave para la salud pública». Which of those two paragraphs article 194 refers back to is what decides whether this row is inside the federal drug chapter at all, and the printed text does not settle it. That is a reading of the code and is recorded here as one. Article 479 is not the controlled-substance list and is routinely misreported as one. It is a short table of eight maximum amounts used by articles 477 and 478 for strict, immediate personal consumption: opium two grams, heroin fifty milligrams, cannabis five grams, cocaine five hundred milligrams, LSD fifteen thousandths of a milligram, and MDA, MDMA and methamphetamine at forty milligrams or one tablet or capsule of not more than two hundred milligrams. Mexico has no death penalty for any offence, which article 22 of the Constitucion Politica de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos settles in the words «Quedan prohibidas las penas de muerte». Those figures are set out here because whether the offence reaches this row at all is exactly what was not established.

Brazil

Legal status: Controlled in Brazil. The entry read is item 80 of lista F2, psychotropic substances within lista F, the list of substances of proscribed use in Brazil, and it reads in full: "ADB-FUBINACA ou n-(1-amino-3,3-dimetil-1-oxobutan-2-il)-1-(4-fluorobenzil)-1h-indazol-3-carboxamida". The annex prints that entry in capitals and the chemical synonym after the word ou is reproduced here in lower case. This row is a class and the annex reaches it two ways. Lista F2 names individual compounds, item 80 ADB-FUBINACA among some sixty of them, and lista F2 item b then places under the control of that list any cannabimimetic substance falling within seven described structural classes, the first being any substance presenting a 2-(ciclohexil)fenol structure and the others built on indole, indazole, pyrrole, cyclopropyl, carboxamide and carboxylate cores. Lista F2 note 8 excepts from items b, c and d anything already named in a list of the regulation. The instrument is Portaria SVS/MS 344 de 12 de maio de 1998, whose Anexo I is the list that places a substance, and article 1 sole paragraph of Lei 11.343/2006 defines drugs for the purposes of that law as substances capable of causing dependence so specified in law or listed in lists periodically updated by the federal executive, which is the hinge between the two instruments. [Certain], the entry was read this pass in Anexo I as published with Resolucao 1.036 de 9 de julho de 2026, Atualizacao n. 101.
Consequences if caught: Capital exposure: none. Article 5, XLVII, a of the 1988 Constitution provides that there shall be no penalty of death, save in the case of declared war under article 84, XIX, and article 5, XLVII, b bars any penalty of a perpetual character, so neither a death sentence nor a whole life sentence is available under the drug law. [Certain], the constitutional text was read this pass. Personal use is article 28 of Lei 11.343/2006, the statute the live Brazilian cells name in English as the Drug Law, and it carries no prison. The three penalties are a warning about the effects of drugs, provision of services to the community, and an educational measure of attendance at a programme or course. Paragraph 3 caps the second and third at five months, paragraph 4 at ten months on a repeat, and paragraph 2 leaves the personal use question to the judge on the nature and quantity seized, the place and conditions of the act, the social and personal circumstances, and the conduct and record of the agent. The statute itself fixes no quantity figure. The Supremo Tribunal Federal decided Tema 506, leading case RE 635659, on 26 June 2024, and how far it reaches beyond cannabis is genuinely contested. Read the narrow way, item 1 of the thesis says that no criminal offence is committed by a person who acquires, keeps, has in deposit, transports or carries for personal consumption the substance cannabis sativa, naming that substance and no other, and the andamento of 24 August 2023 records the relator adjusting his vote to restrict the declaration of unconstitutionality to seizures of the narcotic substance dealt with in that appeal, cannabis sativa. Read the wide way, items 2 and 3 are not limited to cannabis on their face: item 2 says the article 28 I and III sanctions are applied by the judge in a procedure of non penal nature with no criminal repercussion for the conduct, and item 3 gives the Juizados Especiais Criminais competence over the conduct of article 28 with any penal effect of the sentence forbidden. Nor is the operative order limited on its face: the plenary declared the unconstitutionality, without reduction of text, of article 28 of Lei 11.343/2006, so as to remove from that provision each and every effect of a penal nature, keeping the measures it provides until specific legislation arrives. Which reading governs a substance other than cannabis was not settled by the documents read this pass, and nothing here decides it. [Guessing] as to the reach. What does not turn on it, and is [Certain] either way, is that article 28 has carried no custodial penalty since 2006. Supply is article 33: reclusao of 5 to 15 years and payment of 500 to 1,500 dias-multa. Article 33 paragraph 4 allows a reduction of one sixth to two thirds for a primary agent of good record who is not dedicated to criminal activity and does not belong to a criminal organisation. Article 34 puts equipment at 3 to 10 years, article 35 association at 3 to 10 years, article 36 financing at 8 to 20 years and article 37 informing at 2 to 6 years. Article 40 increases articles 33 to 37 by one sixth to two thirds on its seven listed grounds, transnationality and proximity to schools, prisons and hospitals among them. Article 40-A, inserted by Lei 15.358 de 2026, applies articles 33 to 37 in double where the agent is a member of an ultraviolent criminal organisation, a paramilitary group or a private militia. Doubling article 36 gives 16 to 40 years, and 40 years is the highest figure the statute produces on its own face. That is my derivation from the two articles as read, tagged [Certain] for each figure and [Guessing] for whether the article 40 increase then stacks on top of the doubled figure, which the text read here does not settle.

India

Legal status: Controlled in India. The matched entry reads «110G JWH-018; 110H AM-2201; 110U MDMB-CHMICA; 110V 5F-APINACA; 110W XLR-11; 110Z AB-CHMINACA; 110ZA 5F-ADB; 110ZB AB-PINACA; 110ZC UR-144; 110ZD 5F-PB-22; 110ZP ADB-FUBINACA; 110ZR CUMYL-4CNBINACA; 110ZU CUMYLPEGACLONE; 110ZV MDMB-4en-PINACA», at serial 110G, 110H, 110U, 110V, 110W, 110Z, 110ZA to 110ZD, 110ZG to 110ZI and 110ZP to 110ZV of the Act's Schedule, the list of psychotropic substances.
Consequences if caught: Section 22 of the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act 1985, the NDPS Act, punishes a contravention in relation to psychotropic substances in three quantity bands. A small quantity carries rigorous imprisonment which may extend to 1 year. A quantity greater than small but less than commercial carries rigorous imprisonment which may extend to 10 years. A commercial quantity carries rigorous imprisonment of 10 to 20 years, and that lower figure is a statutory minimum rather than a starting point. The fine runs with the band: up to 10,000 rupees at small quantity, up to 1 lakh rupees in the middle band, and 1 lakh to 2 lakh rupees at commercial quantity, and the court may record reasons for a higher fine. Section 27 punishes consumption, with rigorous imprisonment up to 1 year and a fine up to 20,000 rupees for cocaine, morphine, diacetylmorphine and any substance notified in that behalf, and imprisonment up to 6 months and a fine up to 10,000 rupees for anything else. Every offence under the Act is cognizable, but the section 37 bail bar reaches only sections 19, 24 and 27A and offences involving a commercial quantity. Section 31 raises the ceiling to one and one half times after a previous conviction, and section 64A gives an addict charged under section 27 or with a small quantity immunity on completing recognised de-addiction treatment. The band for this row is set by the small and commercial quantity notification at serial 238L, 238M, 238ZD to 238ZF and 238ZO to 238ZZG: a small quantity is 0.002 g to 1 g and a commercial quantity is 0.1 g to 50 g. Note 4 of that notification applies the figure to the entire mixture or solution in dosage form and not to the pure drug content, so packaging weight and cutting agents count toward the band. Section 31A does not reach this row: its table names only opium, morphine, heroin, codeine, thebaine, cocaine, hashish, LSD, the listed THC isomers, methamphetamine, methaqualone and amphetamine, with their salts and preparations, and this row is not among them. The figures differ by two orders of magnitude across the family, from MDMB-CHMICA at 0.01 g and 0.5 g to XLR-11 at 1 g and 50 g, so the band depends on which compound it is. Those figures are given because they describe the offences that this row's placement brings into play.
If prescribed / medical: None of them is a licensed medicine anywhere, so no prescription covers any member of the family.
Documentation: The label covers many substances and India schedules them one at a time: at least twenty separate entries, from JWH-018 in 2016 to MDMB-4en-PINACA in 2022. There is no generic or analogue clause, so a compound outside the printed list is outside the Schedule until a notification adds it. These are chemical placements and have nothing to do with the plant-form cannabis definition, which reaches charas and ganja and leaves bhang outside. Each addition followed the compound's arrival in the 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances or an Indian assessment of its abuse. India's essential narcotic drugs for medical and scientific use, notified under section 2(viiia) by S.O. 1181(E) of 5 May 2015, are codeine, fentanyl, hydrocodone, methadone, morphine and oxycodone; a traveller carrying one should carry the prescription with the original packaging, bring only a reasonable personal quantity and declare it at customs. Tramadol was added to the Act's psychotropic Schedule in 2018 and its commercial quantity is 250 g.

Turkey

Legal status: Synthetic cannabinoids is a market label covering an open and changing class of compounds, not a single chemical, so it cannot receive one substance wide answer and the legal result follows the identified constituents of the tested product. That is the dossier's finding and the Turkish text supports it in an unusual way: Penal Code No. 5237 names the class in its sentencing provision while the schedule still works compound by compound. Article 188(4)(a) raises the sentence where the material is «sentetik kannabinoid ve türevleri», synthetic cannabinoids and their derivatives, a limb present since the 2014 and 2015 amendments and re-enacted by Law No. 7445 of 28 March 2023. Scheduling, by contrast, runs through article 19 of Law No. 2313 on the Control of Narcotic Substances, which brings substances under the Law by Presidential decision, ten of which are footnoted down to Presidential Decision No. 10851 of 9 January 2026. A given compound is therefore scheduled only if a decision names it, while the sentencing uplift attaches to the class.
Consequences if caught: Capital exposure: none. No article in this chain carries a capital or whole life route, and capital, life, quantity and ceiling consequences are assigned constituent by constituent rather than from the market or class label. Where a constituent is scheduled, the ceiling is 30 years under article 188(1) of Penal Code No. 5237 and the article 188(4)(a) class limb increases the sentence by one half, which makes this the one label row in the Turkish set where the class name itself carries a sentencing consequence. Article 188(3) sets not less than ten years for selling, giving to another, dispatching, transporting, storing, purchasing, accepting and possessing, and fifteen where the recipient is a child. Article 191(1) sets two to five years for possession for use, with the five year deferral of 191(2), at least a year of denetimli serbestlik under 191(3) and a decision of no grounds for prosecution under 191(7) where the conditions were kept. The compound actually present is established by the analysis required under article 20 of Law No. 2313, and that analysis is what fixes every figure above.
If prescribed / medical: There is no prescription route for any synthetic cannabinoid sold under this label. None has a Turkish marketing authorisation, the dossier recorded no prescription instrument for this row, and no per-substance medical route is asserted here. Licensed cannabis derived medicines are a different matter entirely and are handled on the cannabis row, where article 23 of Law No. 2313 as amended in 2025 places licensing with the Ministry of Health and confines sale to pharmacies. Nothing about that route reaches a herbal product sprayed with a synthetic cannabinoid.
Documentation: No document makes a product of this kind lawful to carry, and no document can even identify it, which is the point. A packet labelled as incense or herbal blend tells the laboratory nothing, the constituent is determined from the sample taken under article 20 of Law No. 2313, and the same packet can contain a scheduled compound one week and an unscheduled one the next. Treat every such product as unidentified until analysed. The label entry was read in the dossier on 18 September 2026 and article 188(4)(a) with its amendment history was read from the consolidated Penal Code on 20 September 2026.

Egypt

Legal status: Controlled as narcotic substances in Egypt's Table 1, mostly by chemical group in its first section. «الجدول رقم (١) - الجواهر المخدرة», Table 1, the narcotic substances, Section 1(b), «الجدول رقم (١) - القسم الأول (ب)», whose heading covers «المجموعات الآتية والمواد المشتقة منها، عدا المُدرج منها في جدول آخر», the following groups and the substances derived from them, other than those listed in another table, and «أي مستحضر أو مخلوط أو مستخلص» containing them. Groups 1 «Naphthoylindole» (JWH-018), 2 «Cyclo Hexyl phenol» (CP-47,497), 3 «Indazole Carboxamide» (AB-Fubinaca, 5F-ADB), 4 «Tetramethyl Cyclopropyl Indole» (XLR-11), 5 «Indole Carboxamide» (5F-MDMB-PICA), 7 «Classical Cannabinoids Dibenzopyran», 8 «Naphthylmethylindole», 9 «Naphthoylpyrrole», 10 «Naphthylmethylindene», 11 «Phenylacetylindole», 13 «Quinolinyl Ester» (PB-22) and 14 «Adamantoyl Indole» (APICA) (PDF pages 4 to 8, gazette pages 5 to 9). This is an open class, so the row is answered by group: a product that contains a member or a derivative of one of these groups is reached. Some synthetic cannabinoids are instead printed by name in Section 2, among them «SDB-005» item 118 and «Cumyl-pegaclone» item 126 (PDF page 20, gazette page 21), and a compound on a scaffold that appears in neither place is not answered by this row. Article 1 bis, added by Law 134/2019, treats synthetic substances in Table 1 as narcotic substances. The earlier citation of Decree 440 of 2018 and the 2014 addition to Schedule 1 is superseded, because Decision 44 replaced every table. This is the position under Ministry of Health and Population Decision 44 of 2026, which replaced every table annexed to Law 182/1960, published in Al-Waqa'i' al-Misriya issue 39 (continued, c) on 17 February 2026 and in force from publication, as amended by Decision 242 of 2026, in Al-Waqa'i' al-Misriya issue 179 of 17 August 2026 and in force the next day, replaced item 12 of Table 1 Section 1(b), the phenethylamine group, and added items 57 to 61 to Table 3 Section 3, four alkyl nitrites and «Cannabidiol (CBD)». Decision 44's preamble cites the Supreme Constitutional Court judgment of 16 February 2026 in case 33 of judicial year 47. The Egyptian Drug Authority laws index read on 3 October 2026 lists no amendment to the tables later than Decision 242, which does not rule out one made since. The governing statute is the Anti-Narcotics Law, Law 182/1960.
Consequences if caught: Capital exposure: death. Article 1 of the Anti-Narcotics Law, Law 182/1960, makes Table 1 the narcotic substances and excepts the Table 2 preparations: «تعتبر جواهر مخدرة فى تطبيق أحكام هذا القانون المواد المبينة فى الجدول رقم (١) الملحق به، ويستثنى منها المستحضرات المبينة بالجدول رقم (٢)». Under Articles 33 to 45 as replaced by Law 122/1989: Article 33 punishes unlicensed import or export, and production or manufacture for trade, by death and a fine of 100,000 to 500,000 pounds. Article 34 punishes possession, purchase, sale, delivery or transport with intent to trade by death or life imprisonment and the same fine, and its second paragraph makes the penalty death and that fine where «الجوهر المخدر محل الجريمة من الكوكايين أو الهيروين أو أى من المواد الواردة فى القسم الأول من الجدول رقم (١)». A synthetic cannabinoid in these groups is in the first section, so trafficking it carries death without the life alternative. Decision 44 prints the first section as «القسم الأول (أ)» and «القسم الأول (ب)», and both are read here as the first section the law names. Article 38(1) punishes possession without intent to trade or to use by aggravated imprisonment and a fine of 50,000 to 200,000 pounds, and Article 38(2) raises it to life imprisonment and a fine of 100,000 to 500,000 pounds for cocaine, heroin and the first section. Article 37 punishes possession for personal use by aggravated imprisonment and a fine of 10,000 to 50,000 pounds; for a person proven to be an addict the court may order treatment in a sanatorium instead, though not after an earlier sentence. Article 39 punishes knowing use in premises prepared for use by imprisonment of at least one year and a fine of 1,000 to 3,000 pounds, doubled for cocaine, heroin and the first section. Each of these articles reaches anyone who commits the act and makes no exception for a foreign national, and none of Articles 33 to 39 states a minimum quantity. Law 19/2020 bars conditional release for a conviction under Law 182/1960 other than the Article 37 felony. A synthetic cannabinoid printed in Section 2 instead, such as «SDB-005» or «Cumyl-pegaclone», carries Article 34's death or life tier rather than the death only tier. The earlier figure of a minimum of one year plus a fine for personal use belongs to Article 39, use in premises prepared for use, not to Article 37. Law 95/2003, Article 2, abolished hard labour «أينما وردت», wherever it appears, in the Penal Code or any other law, putting «السجن المؤبد», life imprisonment, in place of life hard labour and «السجن المشدد», aggravated imprisonment, in place of hard labour for a term; Article 3 of the same Law replaced Penal Code Article 14, under which aggravated imprisonment runs from three to fifteen years unless the law provides otherwise. The penalties above are named as they stand after that Law, although Law 122/1989 wrote them as hard labour.

Greece

Legal status: Controlled narcotic under Law 4139/2013. The tables name them one compound at a time rather than as a class, and JWH-018 is entry 96 of ΠΙΝΑΚΑΣ Α, the first table, an entry that opens «JWH-018» and was placed by gazette 2444 B of 13 November 2015. The same reading also finds ΠΙΝΑΚΑΣ Α entry 97, opening «AM-2201»; ΠΙΝΑΚΑΣ Α entry 86, opening «UR-144(TMCP-018,KM-X1,MN-001,YX-17)»; ΠΙΝΑΚΑΣ Α entry 87, opening «5F-PB-22»; ΠΙΝΑΚΑΣ Α entry 128, opening «ADB-BUTINACA». There is no generic synthetic cannabinoid clause. The first table names them one compound at a time, twenty of them by a count of that table made for this cell, and the run is still growing: ADB-BUTINACA arrived in February 2024. A compound outside that roll is not caught by being a synthetic cannabinoid. The version read is the Ministry of Health consolidated edition of June 2026, and it does not rule out a later joint ministerial decision.
Consequences if caught: Capital exposure: none. Greece abolished the death penalty for all crimes and no offence in the narcotics code carries it, which is carried forward from the published Greece entry and was not re-derived in this pass. JWH-018 is entry 96 of ΠΙΝΑΚΑΣ Α, the first table, an entry that opens «JWH-018» and was placed by gazette 2444 B of 13 November 2015, and nineteen further synthetic cannabinoids are named on rows of their own in the same table, so every conduct below is available against those twenty named compounds in Greece. A compound that is not among them is not reached by being a synthetic cannabinoid, because the table carries no generic clause for the class. Article 1 paragraph 1 of Law 4139/2013 defines «ναρκωτικά» by what a substance does, by its action on the central nervous system and its capacity to cause dependence, and article 1 paragraph 2 then says those substances «περιλαμβάνονται ιδίως στους πίνακες», are included in particular in the tables. Conduct, not the table a substance sits in, is what sorts the Greek drug offences. Article 29 paragraph 1 punishes obtaining, holding, using or growing for the offender's own exclusive use with «φυλάκιση μέχρι πέντε (5) μηνών», imprisonment of up to five months. There is no fixed gram threshold anywhere in the law. The court weighs instead the type, the purity, the quantity, the frequency and duration of use, the daily dose and the particular needs of the user. Article 29 paragraph 2 allows the court to leave the offender «ατιμώρητος», unpunished, where the act was entirely occasional and unlikely to be repeated, and paragraph 3 keeps such a conviction off the copies of the criminal record that are issued. Article 20 paragraph 1 punishes trafficking with «κάθειρξη τουλάχιστον οκτώ (8) ετών», at least eight years. The fine that goes with that article runs up to three hundred thousand euro. Article 22 raises the custodial minimum to ten years where the offence is committed by an official, inside a school, barracks, police cell, prison or sports ground, within a criminal organisation, or by a repeat offender. The fine under article 22 is fifty thousand to five hundred thousand euro. Article 21 drops the exposure to up to three years for a dependent person trafficking small amounts to cover their own use, or for supplying a relative without profit. Article 30 paragraph 4 treats dependence as a separate track: an article 29 offence goes unpunished, an article 20 offence falls to at least one year, and an article 22 offence falls to at most ten years. The ceiling in the code is life imprisonment, and it is article 23 that carries it. Article 23 paragraph 1 opens «Με ισόβια κάθειρξη ή με πρόσκαιρη κάθειρξη τουλάχιστον δέκα ετών», life imprisonment or a determinate sentence of at least ten years. The fine under that paragraph is fifty thousand to six hundred thousand euro. It applies where the substance can cause grievous bodily harm and did cause grievous harm or death to another or endangered the health of many, or where an adult acts professionally to bring a minor into use. Article 23 paragraph 2 opens «Με ισόβια κάθειρξη, καθώς και με χρηματική ποινή από πενήντα χιλιάδες ευρώ μέχρι ένα εκατομμύριο ευρώ τιμωρείται». That paragraph states no lesser alternative, so life imprisonment is the only sentence it offers. The fine it names runs from fifty thousand euro to one million euro. It applies to professional financing or professional trafficking where the expected gain exceeds seventy five thousand euro, and to using weapons during the offence or to escape. Every article number, Greek phrase and euro figure in this recital is carried forward from the published Greece entry and was not re-derived in this pass. Those articles describe the offences that this row's placement brings into play.

Portugal

Legal status: Controlled, and the class is split across two regimes. Some synthetic cannabinoids sit in table II-A of Decreto-Lei n.º 15/93 and others remain on the list of new psychoactive substances made under Decreto-Lei n.º 54/2013. Which one governs depends on the individual compound.
Consequences if caught: The class does not have one answer and a single label would be wrong. Article 2(1) of Portaria n.º 232/2022, de 7 de setembro, removed JWH-018, AM-2201, UR-144 and 5F-UR-144, named there as a synonym of XLR-11, from the list of new psychoactive substances because they had been added to table II-A of Decreto-Lei n.º 15/93. The annex republished by article 3 of the same portaria still carries other synthetic cannabinoids, including CP47,497 and its C8 homologue, HU-210, CRA-13 and the adamantoyl derivative of JWH-018. So a compound in table II-A brings the drug law, with the trafficking offence in article 21 and, for personal consumption, Lei n.º 30/2000 as amended by Lei n.º 55/2023 with the ten day quantity and the commissions for the dissuasion of drug addiction. A compound still on the new psychoactive substances list brings the administrative offence in article 10 of Decreto-Lei n.º 54/2013 instead. Where the regime does apply, article 4 provides that it is prohibited to produce, import, export, advertise, distribute, sell, hold or make available a new psychoactive substance, except for industrial or pharmaceutical purposes when duly authorised. Article 10 makes a breach of article 4 an administrative offence with a fine from 750 to 3,740 euros for an individual and from 5,000 to 44,890 euros for a body corporate, and article 10(2) applies Lei n.º 30/2000 with the necessary adaptations to holding for mere personal consumption. Identify the individual compound before relying on either. A product sold as a synthetic cannabinoid may contain a compound that is in neither instrument, and this cell does not say that any particular product is lawful. The list was read as republished in full by Portaria n.º 232/2022, de 7 de setembro, which entered into force on 8 September 2022. Anything added after that date was not available here.
If prescribed / medical: There is no traveller prescription route. No synthetic cannabinoid in this class is dispensed as a medicine in Portugal in a form a traveller would carry.
Documentation: Carry any prescribed medicine in its original packaging with the prescription. No documentation authorises carrying a synthetic cannabinoid.

Portaria n.º 232/2022, de 7 de setembro, arts. 2.º and 3.º and the republished annex · Decreto-Lei n.º 54/2013, de 17 de abril, arts. 3.º, 4.º and 10.º · Decreto-Lei n.º 15/93, de 22 de janeiro, table II-A · Updated September 16, 2026

Vietnam

Legal status: Not applicable as a class status. The synthetic-cannabinoids slug spans many individually listed compounds, and XLR-11 uniquely receives the Penal Code’s special lower band while other listed cannabinoids use the general band, so one class result would be legally false. The decree prints individual compounds, “XLR-11” among them, and the Criminal Code names that one compound in its own lower quantity group, so one class answer would be false for whichever member it did not fit, and the Criminal Code attaches its quantity bands to named substances rather than to families.
Consequences if caught: Death is available on a member by member basis and the member decides which ladder applies, because the synthetic-cannabinoids slug spans many individually listed compounds, and XLR-11 uniquely receives the Penal Code’s special lower band while other listed cannabinoids use the general band, so one class result would be legally false. If the compound proved is XLR-11, producing under Điều 248 khoản 5 and trading under Điều 251 khoản 5 keep the discretionary life or death option at 3 kg, and transporting tops at fifteen to twenty years or life from 100 g with death removed. If it is any other printed cannabinoid, the general ceiling applies instead: 9 kg of solid or 22 L of liquid for producing and trading, and a transport top band of fifteen to twenty years or life from 300 g of solid or 750 mL of liquid. The Vietnamese band that names the lower group reads Heroine, Cocaine, Methamphetamine, Amphetamine, Ketamine, Fentanyl, MDMA hoặc XLR-11 có khối lượng 03 kilôgam trở lên, and its life band for the same group reads Heroine, Cocaine, Methamphetamine, Amphetamine, Ketamine, Fentanyl, MDMA hoặc XLR-11 có khối lượng 100 gam trở lên. Transporting, Điều 250, Tội vận chuyển trái phép chất ma túy, is the conduct the 2025 amendment changed. Khoản 4 now reads thì bị phạt tù 20 năm hoặc tù chung thân, twenty years or life. Before 1 July 2025 the same khoản read thì bị phạt tù 20 năm, tù chung thân hoặc tử hình, and the words hoặc tử hình are gone, so transporting no longer carries the death penalty in Vietnam at any quantity. Possessing, Điều 249, has khoản 4 at thì bị phạt tù từ 15 năm đến 20 năm hoặc tù chung thân, fifteen to twenty years or life, and never carried the death penalty. Appropriating, Điều 252, carries fifteen to twenty years or life and no death penalty, and the general life band reads Các chất ma túy khác ở thể rắn có khối lượng 300 gam trở lên. The five conducts named here are producing under article 248, possessing under article 249, transporting under article 250, trading under article 251 and appropriating under article 252, and they are articles of the Criminal Code. Death is discretionary and not mandatory in both articles that keep it, because each khoản offers thì bị phạt tù chung thân hoặc tử hình, life imprisonment or death, and the court chooses between them. No Vietnamese judgment was read for this cell, and it states no figure for how often a sentence is carried out.
If prescribed / medical

Philippines

Legal status: Treated by named compound, with no class rule. The Dangerous Drugs Board's Updated Lists of Scheduled Controlled Substances as at 06 July 2025 names synthetic cannabinoids one by one in its 1971 Schedule II section, among them "JWH-018, AM-678" on page 17, "MDMB-CHMICA" on page 18 and "AB-PINACA" and "MDMB-4enPINACA" on page 19. Board Regulation No. 13, Series of 2025, adopted 15 September 2025, names Schedule II in its subject line and, in its operative paragraph, places MDMB-4en-PINACA "in Schedule II of the Convention on Psychotropic Substances of 1971", while the Board's regulations register titles it "Schedule I"; the signed text is followed here and the conflict is left visible. Board Regulation No. 4, Series of 2026, adopted 23 June 2026, adds MDMB-FUBINACA. A cannabinoid not named in the list or a Regulation is not reached by the label.
Consequences if caught: Possession is section 11, measured "regardless of the degree of purity thereof". It falls in the limb for "other dangerous drugs such as" MDMA, PMA, TMA, LSD and GHB and "those similarly designed or newly introduced drugs and their derivatives, without having any therapeutic value or if the quantity possessed is far beyond therapeutic requirements": 10 grams or more carries life imprisonment and a fine of PHP 500,000 to PHP 10,000,000; 5 grams or more but less than 10 carries 20 years and 1 day to life imprisonment and a fine of PHP 400,000 to PHP 500,000; less than 5 grams carries 12 years and 1 day to 20 years and a fine of PHP 300,000 to PHP 400,000. These are penalty bands and not an allowance: the lowest band has no lower limit, so any quantity is an offence. Section 13 imposes "the maximum penalties provided for in Section 11" on anyone found possessing a dangerous drug during a party, social gathering or meeting, or in the proximate company of at least two persons, "regardless of the quantity and purity", which is life imprisonment and a fine of PHP 500,000 to PHP 10,000,000. Importing or bringing a dangerous drug into the Philippines (section 4) and selling, giving away, delivering, distributing, transporting or brokering one (section 5) each carry life imprisonment and a fine of PHP 500,000 to PHP 10,000,000 "regardless of the quantity and purity involved", and manufacture (section 8) carries the same penalty. Each applies "unless authorized by law". Use is section 15: after a confirmatory test, a minimum of six months' rehabilitation in a government centre for a first offence, and 6 years and 1 day to 12 years with a fine of PHP 50,000 to PHP 200,000 for a second. RA 9165 prints "life imprisonment to death" in its penalty clauses, among them sections 4, 5, 8, 11 and 16. Republic Act No. 9346 of 24 June 2006 provides in section 1 that "The imposition of the penalty of death is hereby prohibited" and in section 2(b) substitutes life imprisonment where the law violated does not use the nomenclature of the Revised Penal Code, which RA 9165 does not. Section 98 of RA 9165 applies Revised Penal Code nomenclature to a minor offender, "reclusion perpetua to death", so for a minor RA 9346 section 2(a) substitutes reclusion perpetua. No drug offence carries death, and the fines set by RA 9165 are unchanged. The penalty follows the compound actually identified.

Switzerland

Legal status: Not applicable as a class status, because Switzerland controls these compounds one at a time and by defined family. The source row records „JWH-018; AB-CHMINACA; weitere einzeln benannte oder von Verzeichnis e erfasste Stoffe“, individually named compounds together with further substances caught by list e. List e is broad only where its own defined families apply, and BetmVV-EDI article 1 makes the control set closed, so a compound that is neither named nor inside a defined family is not controlled merely because it acts on the same receptors. A product sold as a synthetic cannabinoid can therefore fall inside or outside the ordinance depending on the exact compound, which is why no single terminal status is stated here.
Consequences if caught: Capital exposure: none. Switzerland has no death penalty, and beyond that no single ceiling can be stated for the label, because the label does not identify a substance. A named compound such as JWH-018 or AB-CHMINACA, or one caught by a defined family in list e, engages BetmG article 19, with the aggravated forms in article 19(2) and the 20 year maximum supplied by StGB article 40. The 20 year maximum that StGB article 40 supplies for a BetmG article 19 offence therefore attaches to a constituent and never to the name on the packet. Unauthorised consumption is a separate offence under BetmG article 19a and is not silently treated as trafficking.
If prescribed / medical: The personal use regime in BetmG articles 19a and 19b is the country level rule this dossier establishes, and article 19b(2) fixes its only stated quantity at 10 g of cannabis, a figure that belongs to the cannabis entries and not to these compounds. The class has no schedule placement of its own to attach that rule to, because placement follows the individual compound, either as a named entry or through a defined family in list e. No synthetic cannabinoid has an authorised medical form or a prescription route on the facts recorded in this dossier.
Documentation: Carry no product sold as a synthetic cannabinoid on the assumption that this row clears it, because the row records a class that resolves compound by compound. The provenance is BetmVV-EDI article 1 and list e in the German consolidation dated 13 March 2026, read at Fedlex on 18 September 2026, with the individually named examples „JWH-018; AB-CHMINACA“ recorded by the source; the not applicable treatment is kept here because a class defined by its effect cannot share one Swiss classification.

Switzerland, Synthetic cannabinoids: BetmVV-EDI article 1 with the defined families of list e and the individually named entries „JWH-018 · AB-CHMINACA“, at https://www.fedlex.admin.ch/eli/cc/2011/363/de · BetmG articles 19, 19a and 19b at https://www.fedlex.admin.ch/eli/cc/1952/241_241_245/de · Updated September 20, 2026

Czechia

Legal status: Controlled member by member rather than as a class. Seznam č. 4 carries „JWH-018“ in the second column of a row whose first column is blank, printed between „JWH-007“ and „JWH-018 adamantoyl derivát; AB-001“, and „AB-CHMINACA“ sits similarly between „AB-CHMFUPPYCA; 3,5-AB-CHMFUPPYCA“ and „AB-PINACA“. The class name is not named in any of the four instruments read, and Czech law does not use a generic structural definition for this family. It names members one by one: dozens of indole, indazole, carboxamide and cannabicyclohexanol compounds are printed in seznam č. 4, and more than forty further members were added to the zařazené psychoaktivní látky list. A compound not printed in either place is not caught by resemblance to one that is. The placement therefore rests on entries read in place, and on the row for the synthetic cannabinoid class itself being absent from the printed lists, not on any resemblance argument. This placement is read as those lists stand after nařízení vlády č. 107/2026 Sb. which is consolidated version 17 of the nařízení, in force from 25 June 2026, read at https://www.zakonyprolidi.cz/cs/2013-463 on 21 September 2026.
Consequences if caught: Capital exposure: none. Article 6(3) of the Listina základních práv a svobod, ústavní zákon č. 2/1993 Sb. reads „Trest smrti se nepřipouští“, the death penalty is not permitted, so no Czech drug provision carries one. The ceiling that does run on this row is eight to eighteen years under § 283 odst. 4 of the Criminal Code, zákon č. 40/2009 Sb. which reaches unlawful production of or other dealing in an omamná or psychotropní látka where the act causes grievous bodily harm to at least two people or a death, or is done for profit of large extent, or is done in connection with an organised group operating in several states. In the instrument the entry this row turns on is identified by the chemical name (naftalen-1-yl)(1-pentyl-1H-indol-3-yl)methanon, and it is that printed chemical name rather than the English common name that a Czech charge is built from. On quantity, no greater than small figure was published for this row in the sources reachable for it, and none is invented here. The fine is separate from every custodial band above. Holding no more than a small amount for personal use is an administrative misdemeanour rather than a crime, and the live cell records the penalty for that misdemeanour as a fine of up to CZK 15,000. Read in the consolidated Criminal Code, § 283 odst. 1 sets one to five years for unlawful production, import, offer, sale or holding for another, § 283 odst. 2 sets two to ten years for the first aggravated tier and § 283 odst. 4 sets eight to eighteen years for the gravest. Possession above a small amount for one's own use is § 284, up to two years at odst. 1, six months to five years at odst. 2 and two to eight years at odst. 3. Growing or processing a plant or fungus for one's own use, and other dealing with it for one's own use, is § 285, whose odst. 2 is cannabis possession at more than 200 g in the dwelling or more than 50 g away from it, and whose bands are up to six months at odst. 1 and odst. 2, up to three years at odst. 4 and six months to five years at odst. 5. Making, obtaining or holding a precursor or other object intended for unlawful manufacture is § 286, up to five years at odst. 1 and two to ten years at odst. 2. The live cell stated these as up to one year for cannabis and up to two years for other drugs under § 284, six months to five years under § 285, and one to ten years under § 283 rising to eighteen in aggravated cases, and those live figures are carried forward here beside the bands re-derived from the consolidated text. Those bands and that fine are set out here because the live cell carried them, and whether the offence reaches this row at all is exactly what was not established, because the label names material of variable composition rather than any one printed entry.

Uruguay

Legal status: This is a class label and not one chemical entry, so it resolves only through the constituent actually proved. The national list is the Anexo I enacted by article 6 of Decreto 198/025 of 25 September 2025, which substitutes the whole consolidated list rather than adding to it, published in the Diario Oficial of 3 October 2025 and carried there only as page images, which have now been read: 526 entries across its three annexes, made under article 15 of Decreto-Ley 14.294. The annex entries read for this row are "jwh-018" in the Sicofármacos section at Lista Verde, Lista II of the 1971 Vienna Convention, "am-2201" at the same place, "ur-144" at the same place, "xlr-11" at the same place, "ab-chminaca" at the same place, "ab-fubinaca" at the same place, "ab-pinaca" at the same place, "adb-chminaca" at the same place, "adb-fubinaca" at the same place, "adb-butinaca" at the same place, "5f-adb" at the same place, "5f-apinaca" at the same place, "5f-amb-pinaca" at the same place, "5f-mdmb-pica" at the same place, "5f-pb-22" at the same place, "4-f-mdmb-binaca" at the same place, "mdmb-chmica" at the same place, "cumil-4cn-binaca" at the same place and "amb-fubinaca" at the same place. The annex prints entry names in capitals; they are given here in lower case. Nineteen named members carry their own entries. EIGHTEEN of them are at Lista Verde, Lista II, and ONE IS NOT: the replacement annex prints ADB-BUTINACA at Lista Verde, Lista I, at carilla 12. The earlier cell put all nineteen at Lista II, which was true of the annex it read and is not true of the one in force [Certain, read off the page image]. A member that is not one of those nineteen is not placed by this reading. Article 1 of Decreto-Ley 14.294 names Listas I and II of the 1961 Convention and Lista I of the 1971 Vienna Convention. The eighteen Lista II members are outside that set, so article 35 is the specific provision for them. ADB-BUTINACA is INSIDE it, so for that member the offence articles are 30 and 31 and not article 35. A traveller carrying a product that proves to be ADB-BUTINACA is therefore on a different and heavier route from one carrying any of the other eighteen, and this row cannot say which without the constituent being proved [Certain as to the two routes, which follow from article 1 on its face]. That does not by itself exclude article 31, see the street note. The version horizon, stated outright because an absence without one expires silently and says nothing about having expired: the annexes were read as at 25 September 2025, the date of the decreto that enacts them, from the Diario Oficial page images of 3 October 2025, and the power that moves it is article 15 of Decreto-Ley 14.294 in the wording given to it by article 2 of Ley 17.016. The replacement of the whole annex that the earlier cell could not rule out has happened and has been read, and so have the three generic groups made under article 8. This does not rule out a later individual entry or a later decreto. The annex this row rests on is the current one and it was read from the source, not inferred. Article 6 of Decreto 198/025 does not add to the 2020 annex, it substitutes its own Anexo I for the whole consolidated list, and article 8 adds a control with no counterpart in Decreto 265/020: "Quedan sujetas a control todas aquellas sustancias que se encuadren dentro de los grupos genericos incluidos en el ANEXO II", all substances falling within the generic groups of its Anexo II. The official site carries those annexes only as Diario Oficial page images, 174 carillas of the edition of 3 October 2025, number 31.766, and they have been read: Anexo I Estupefacientes at carillas 7 to 12, Anexo II Sicotropicos at 12 to 21 ending in the three generic groups, Anexo III Tablas I and II at 22 to 24, 526 entries in all. The optical character recognition of those pages is not sound enough to search: it carries only about 400 of the 526 entry names and none of the fourteen on carilla 24, so the entries were read off the page images by eye and every statement here about what the annex prints rests on that reading [Certain as to what the annexes print].

Argentina

Legal status: Controlled through a named constituent or member, not as a label. The row itself is not an entry. The placement is Anexo II chemical groups 3 to 9, with dozens of individual rows in Anexo I.
Consequences if caught: Capital exposure: none. [Certain] Re-derived in this pass from the consolidated text of Ley 23.737 published by InfoLEG: the words muerte and perpetua each return zero hits across the whole Act, so it carries neither a capital route nor a life route, and the heaviest term anywhere in it is the eight to twenty years of article 7. The scope of that measurement is this Act. It is not a statement about any other body of Argentine law. [Certain] Argentina places substances by delegated executive list. Article 40 of Ley 23.737 rewrote the last paragraph of article 77 of the Penal Code to read that el término estupefacientes comprende los estupefacientes, psicotrópicos y demás sustancias susceptibles de producir dependencia física o psíquica que se incluyan en las listas que se elaboren y actualicen periódicamente por decreto del Poder Ejecutivo nacional. Article 2 of Decreto 560/2019 then makes that a dual list: it considers estupefacientes las sustancias incluidas en la lista del Anexo I y las sustancias que queden incluidas en los grupos químicos de la lista del Anexo II. Anexo I was substituted by Decreto 122/2026, published 02/03/2026, and now runs to 886 numbered rows. Anexo II carries seventeen chemical groups and has not been substituted. A search of Ley 23.737 for a substance name is therefore not a scheduling result. [Certain] Placement read in this pass at Anexo II chemical groups 3 to 9, with dozens of individual rows in Anexo I. The entry reads: the seven group titles read in this pass: "Cannabinoides sintéticos: acilindoles, acilindazoles y acilbenzimidazoles", "Cannabinoides sintéticos: arilpirazol carboxamidas", "Cannabinoides sintéticos: azaindoles (pirrolopiridinas)", "Cannabinoides sintéticos: ciclohexilfenoles", "Cannabinoides sintéticos: naftoilpirroles", "Cannabinoides sintéticos: indolcarboxamidas e indazolcarboxamidas" and "Cannabinoides sintéticos: indolcarboxilatos e indazolcarboxilatos". [Certain] The label itself is not an entry in Anexo I. It is the only one of the 88 rows that the dual list system resolves through the group annex rather than through a name, and the group route is the reason it needs no label treatment. Anexo I also names scores of members individually, among them the JWH rows at Fila 553 to 560, AB-CHMINACA at Fila 198, ADB-BUTINACA at Fila 212, AMB-FUBINACA at Fila 248, the CUMYL rows at Fila 347 to 350, the 5F rows at Fila 177 to 183, HU-210 at Fila 535, UR-144 at Fila 870, XLR-11 at Fila 883 and QUCHIC at Fila 814. [Certain] The list read for this row is the complete Anexo I, all 886 numbered rows, taken from the text-layer PDF that the Boletín Oficial publishes and that the decree's own NOTA names as the place its annexes appear. Its sha256 is 197fce006cd7388d4eb06adae573487d2fe820976f55f242d0623e3215deca62 and a copy is kept at research/instruments/argentina/. The low resolution image served on the two normativa pages omits one page of that annex, Fila 614 to 651; the Boletín Oficial PDF does not, and every figure here was read from the PDF. [Certain] The negative above does not rest on predicting where the name would sort. Every entry name on every published page of the current Anexo I was read in this pass, Fila 1 to 613 and Fila 652 to 886, and none of the terms above appears as an entry name. A machine transcription of the same image was then searched for the same stems as a second pass; it returned matches only inside the chemical name columns of other rows and none as an entry name, which corroborates the read without replacing it. [Certain] Every statement above about what the list does and does not contain was read as at the Anexo I substituted by Decreto 122/2026, published 02/03/2026, read together with Anexo II of Decreto 560/2019, which was the current text when this cell was written. This does not rule out a later decree substituting or amending either annex, and it does not rule out a placement under some instrument other than these two. [Certain] Re-derived in this pass from the articles themselves. Article 14 first paragraph sets prisión de uno a seis años, one to six years, and a fine for anyone who holds estupefacientes. Article 14 second paragraph reduces that to un mes a dos años, one month to two years, when, por su escasa cantidad y demás circunstancias, surgiere inequívocamente que la tenencia es para uso personal. Article 5 sets prisión de cuatro (4) a quince (15) años, four to fifteen years, y multa de cuarenta y cinco (45) a novecientas (900) unidades fijas, for anyone acting sin autorización o con destino ilegítimo who sows or cultivates, produces, manufactures, extracts or prepares, trades or holds for the purposes of trade, distributes, gives in payment, stores or transports, or delivers, supplies, applies or facilitates to others for payment. A delivery free of charge is tres (3) a doce (12) años, three to twelve years. Article 5 drops to un mes a dos años, one month to two years, where the escasa cantidad sown or cultivated shows unequivocally it was to obtain estupefacientes for the person's own consumption, and to seis (6) meses a tres (3) años, six months to three years, where a free and occasional supply was plainly for the recipient's own use. Article 6 sets the same four to fifteen years for importing and then illegitimately altering the declared destination, dropping to three to twelve years where the quantity shows unequivocally the goods were not for trade. Article 7 sets prisión de ocho (8) a veinte (20) años, eight to twenty years, y multa de noventa (90) a mil ochocientas (1.800) unidades fijas for organising or financing any of the article 5 or article 6 activities. Article 11 raises the penalties in the preceding articles en un tercio del máximo a la mitad del mínimo for its six listed aggravations, among them use of a person under eighteen, violence or deceit, three or more organised participants, and commission near a school, a health centre, a place of detention or a sporting or cultural institution, and the same sentence caps the increase in its own words, sin que las mismas puedan exceder el máximo legal de la especie de pena de que se trate. Arithmetic on article 7 plus article 11 gives twenty six years and eight months, which is a derivation and not a figure the Act states, and the species cap governs it. Article 17 lets the court suspend the sentence in an article 14 second paragraph case where personal use and dependence are proved and order a curative measure instead, and a satisfactory result exempts the person from the penalty. Article 16 adds a curative measure to the sentence of any dependent person convicted of any offence. [Likely] Carried from the live cell rather than re-derived here, because the ruling is not on the instrument pages read in this pass: the 2009 Corte Suprema decision in Arriola held the article 14 second paragraph penalty unconstitutional for consumption in private that harms nobody else, under article 19 of the Constitution. That ruling binds its own case. Lower courts vary, police still arrest, and the statute fixes no gram threshold, so decriminalised is not legalised and sale and purchase remain criminal.

Colombia

Legal status: Synthetic cannabinoids or cannabinoides sintéticos is a label, not a schedule entry. No entry anywhere in Anexo Técnico 1 carries that class name. Colombia schedules this family member by member instead. Confirmed as a label: the legal route runs through what a product is proved to contain, not through the name it is sold under. [Certain]
Consequences if caught: Capital exposure: none. Article 11 of the Constitución Política reads, in its own words, that el derecho a la vida es inviolable and that no habrá pena de muerte, so no Colombian drug offence carries a capital penalty. [Certain] Penal Code article 376, as replaced by article 11 of Ley 1453 de 2011, punishes unauthorised import, transit, export, transport, carrying, storage, keeping, manufacture, sale, offer, acquisition, financing or supply of a narcotic, psychotropic or synthetic drug contemplated in schedules one, two, three and four of the 1971 United Nations Convention on Psychotropic Substances, with 128 to 360 months of imprisonment and a fine of 1,334 to 50,000 monthly legal minimum wages. Its second and third paragraphs graduate that by quantity, naming marihuana, hachís, cocaine, derivados de la amapola, droga sintética, nitrato de amilo and ketamina y GHB, and this substance is not among them by name. Article 384 doubles the minimum of those figures in its listed aggravations, among them use of a minor and commission in or near a school. [Certain] Ley 30 de 1986 article 2(j) fixes the dosis para uso personal at not more than 20 g of marihuana, 5 g of marihuana hachís, 1 g of cocaine or any cocaine-based substance and 2 g of metacualona, and adds that it is not a personal dose, whatever the quantity, where the purpose is distribution or sale. Sentencia C-221 de 1994 declared article 2(j) exequible and articles 51 and 87 of Ley 30 inexequibles, resting on article 16 of the Constitution, the right to the free development of personality. The protection is judicial rather than statutory: article 11 of Ley 1453 de 2011 rewrote article 376 without the words salvo lo dispuesto sobre dosis para uso personal that the earlier text carried, and Sentencia C-491 de 2012 then upheld the rewritten article only on the understanding that it does not criminalise carrying or keeping a dose exclusively destined for personal consumption. Decriminalised is not the same as lawful: sale and supply stay criminal at any quantity. No printed figure covers this substance. [Certain] Those are Colombia's published penalties. They are the country's penalties and not this row's exposure, because this row is a label and the offence attaches to a named substance. Whether it reaches a given product turns on the analysis. At least twenty two members are named individually, among them 5F-AMB at entry 33, 5F-APINACA at 34, 5F-MDMB-PICA at 35, 5F-MDMB-PINACA at 36, 5F-PB-22 at 37, AB-CHMINACA at 40, AB-FUBINACA at 41, AB-PINACA at 42, ADB-BUTINACA at 72, ADB-CHMINACA at 73, ADB-FUBINACA at 74, AM-2201 at 94, AMB-FUBINACA at 95, 4F-MDMB-BINACA at 27, Cumil-4CN-Binaca at 163, Cumil Pegaclone at 164, JWH-018 at 266, MDMB-CHMICA at 288, MDMB-4en-PINACA at 289, UR-144 at 459 and XLR-11 at 463. Most carry the Lista Verde, Lista II. A product is reached only if what it contains is one of the named members, so the class label supplies no route and the analysis does.

Costa Rica

Legal status: Controlled through named members rather than through one entry, so the exposure turns on which member is in hand. Article 1 of Ley 7786, as integrally reformed by Ley 8204, fixes the scope by reference to the substances included in the 1961 and 1971 Conventions and the 1988 Convention, and the Ministerio de Salud reproduces those listas in Spanish in its national fiscalizacion list and adds a short Otros agregados section of national additions. The members were read in Lista II of the 1971 Convention and the Otros agregados section. The offence articles are 58 and 77. [Certain] for the placements, with the entry text recorded in the documentation.
Consequences if caught: Capital exposure: none. Article 21 of the Constitution provides "La vida humana es inviolable", the human life is inviolable, and the word "muerte" appears zero times across the 81 pages of the consolidated Act. Both of those were measured in this pass and together they are what carries the heading. Costa Rica is an abolitionist state of long standing, [Likely] on the nineteenth century date, which was not re-derived here. Unauthorised trafficking conduct carries eight to fifteen years. Article 58 provides "Se impondra pena de prision de ocho a quince anos a quien, sin autorizacion legal, distribuya, comercie, suministre, fabrique, elabore, refine, transforme, extraiga, prepare, cultive, produzca, transporte, almacene o venda las drogas". That is eight to fifteen years for unauthorised distribution, commerce, supply, manufacture, processing, extraction, preparation, cultivation, production, transport, storage or sale. Article 77 raises the range to eight to twenty years where one of its eight enumerated aggravating circumstances is present, and twenty years is the ceiling this Act identifies. No article states a weight threshold, so the trigger is the unauthorised act and never a quantity. The second paragraph of article 58 reaches possession only "para cualquiera de los fines expresados", that is possession for one of those trafficking purposes. Ley 7786 creates no offence of consumption and no offence of simple possession for personal use. Article 79 answers a person consuming in a public place with voluntary and free treatment in a public or private health centre, not with a penalty.
If prescribed / medical: A lawful medical route exists only through the authorisation the Act itself demands. Article 58 opens with the words "sin autorizacion legal", so conduct carried out under a Costa Rican authorisation falls outside the offence and conduct without one falls inside it whatever the amount. Article 2 confines handling to the quantities needed for medical treatment, toxicological and chemical analysis and research, and requires authorised prescribers to use the official forms supplied by the Ministerio de Salud, whose entries carry the character of a sworn declaration. The Direccion de Drogas y Estupefacientes administers that control under Decreto 45161-S of 17 June 2025 and publishes the fiscalizacion list. The national list files this row among the psicotropicos rather than the estupefacientes, which is the less strict of the two prescription regimes it operates.

Dominican Republic

Legal status: Not listed. Synthetic cannabinoids are a label covering many unrelated chemical families, and none of them is named in the Categorías. The one cannabinoid entry the law carries, «Tetrahidrocanabinoles» at number 21 of acápite III of Categoría I under code 7370, is the tetrahydro family and does not reach an indole or indazole carboxamide, which is a different structure altogether. Acápite XXIX of article 2 defines «Marihuana» by reference to the plant, so a compound never derived from the plant is outside it. Acápite XXV of article 2 places «el THC (Tetrahidrocannabinol)» in the Grupos Alucinógenos and ends that list with «y otras similares», and article 7 reaches a sustancia alucinógena at any quantity, so a compound designed to act as THC acts is not closed out by the absence alone. It is not named in the five Categorías of article 8 of Ley 50-88, which are the only substance schedules the law prints and which no statute has amended since 7 June 1990, nor in the article 2 definitions, nor in the precursor table of Capítulo V of the Reglamento as that chapter was replaced by article 5 of Decreto 275-21 on 26 April 2021, as at 21 September 2026.
Consequences if caught: Both routes that reach cannabis fail here for the same reason, that the compounds are neither tetrahydrocannabinols nor derivatives of the plant. Article 75 sets the prison band by the role the case is classified into: six months to two years for simple possession, three to ten years for a distributor, a seller or an intermediary, five to twenty years for a trafficker, and thirty years for a patrocinador. The quantity scales that decide which of those roles a case falls into are printed for cocaine in article 5 and for marihuana and hashish in article 6, and Ley 50-88 prints no quantity scale for any other substance. The fines run with the same roles: RD$1,500 to RD$2,500 for simple possession, RD$10,000 to RD$50,000 for a distributor or an intermediary, not less than the value of the drugs seized and never less than RD$50,000 for a trafficker, and not less than RD$1,000,000 for a patrocinador. Article 59 adds five to twenty years with a fine of not less than RD$250,000 for taking a controlled drug into or out of the national territory in international traffic, and thirty years with a fine of not less than RD$1,000,000 where the Dominican Republic is the final destination. Article 58 classifies illicit trafficking, the manufacture, distribution or possession of equipment for producing controlled drugs, and the acquisition or laundering of the proceeds, as delitos graves to be punished with the maximum of the penalties and the fines, and its párrafo calls illicit trafficking an international offence. Article 85 doubles the penalty for a reincident trafficker or patrocinador and caps the resulting prison term at thirty years, and article 87 withdraws provisional liberty on bail, conditional liberty and the conditional pardon of the sentence from every offence in this law. Those figures are set out here because whether the offence reaches this row at all is exactly what was not established. Ley 50-88 provides no death penalty for any drug offence, and the highest prison term it prints anywhere is thirty years.

Jamaica

Legal status: Synthetic cannabinoids is a label rather than a single scheduled molecule, and Jamaican law is applied to what the material is found to be. The compilation records it as «cannabinoides sintéticos», and the row requires the exact molecule because receptor activity does not define one schedule entry. The term recorded for the search, cannabinoides sintéticos, is not English language wording and it appears nowhere in this English language statute; the search record holds its terms in Spanish language and Latin binomial forms, which is a property of that record rather than of the instrument, so no part of it is offered here as a quotation from the Act. Section 10(1) lists medicinal opium, any extract or tincture of the plant cannabis sativa, morphine and its salts, diacetylmorphine and the other esters of morphine, cocaine and ecgonine with their salts and esters, the dihydrocodeinone and morphine N oxide group, and thebaine with the ethers of morphine, section 2 defines ganja by reference to the plant and its resin, and an entry can only be matched against an identified constituent. Until a laboratory result names the constituent, no entry in this Act can be applied and no penalty limb can be selected. This is a settled treatment of the row and not an open question about Jamaican law: the law is clear that it operates on identified substances, and it is the material that is undefined.
Consequences if caught: Capital exposure: none. The words death, capital and hanging appear nowhere in the 43 page consolidated Dangerous Drugs Act, and every penalty limb in it stops at imprisonment: thirty five years on conviction before a Circuit Court under sections 7B, 8A and 8B, and five years or less on summary conviction before a Resident Magistrate. Which limb applies depends entirely on the constituent the certificate names. If the identified material is ganja or a resin from the plant, Part IIIA applies and the ounce based scale in sections 7B and 7C governs. If it is a drug to which Part IV applies, sections 8A and 8B carry a thirty five year Circuit Court ceiling. If it is neither, the Act creates no offence for it and the residual in section 22(5) has nothing to attach to. The compilation records this row as «cannabinoides sintéticos», and because the row requires the exact molecule because receptor activity does not define one schedule entry. no single ceiling can be stated for the label as sold.
If prescribed / medical: No prescription route is described for this substance in the Dangerous Drugs Act, and the Act supplies the only traveller rule this citation can carry: possession of a Part IV drug is lawful only as authorized by a licence or under regulations made under section 9, and section 15 governs a dangerous drug brought to the Island in transit. No schedule placement attaches to this row until a constituent is identified, and the authorisation question follows the constituent. The term recorded for this row in the compilation is «cannabinoides sintéticos», and the identification question that has to be settled before any authorisation answer is given is the one this row was drawn around, which requires the exact molecule because receptor activity does not define one schedule entry.

Ireland

Legal status: Not applicable as a class status. The label covers a large and open set of compounds, and the placement recorded reads: Member-specific, many within Schedule 1 structural classes. That is a statement that the answer is member-specific. The class wording quoted for this row is “Any substance structurally derived from 3-(1-naphthoyl)indole”, and it describes a class rather than settling this row. Synthetic cannabinoids remains not applicable because the label can describe different constituents and no single Irish schedule result can govern every version. The member by member check was run against this table and it returns no row inside the class this row quotes. No naphthoylindole, indazole carboxamide or comparable member appears among the 88. The cannabinoid rows this table does carry, cannabinol, delta-8-THC, THC-P and HHC, all sit on the cannabinol and cannabinol derivatives entries or on an express insertion, which is a different entry from the 3-(1-naphthoyl)indole class quoted here. So no row in this table stands for any member of this label.
Consequences if caught: Capital exposure: none. Ireland has no death penalty, so nothing on this row can reach one. The exposure cannot be stated for the label at all, because the placement recorded for it reads: Member-specific, many within Schedule 1 structural classes. No single ceiling attaches to a label. The exposure follows the member or the ingredient actually in hand: section 27 of the Misuse of Drugs Act 1977 if that thing is a controlled drug, with up to 7 years on indictment for possession under section 27(1)(b), life for section 15 supply under section 27(3) and the section 15A presumptive offence at a market value of €13,000; or sections 3 and 20 of the 2010 Act, with up to 5 years on indictment, if it is unscheduled and psychoactive. The source's own ceiling line for this row reads: No single ceiling attaches to the synthetic-cannabinoids label; identify the actual member or ingredients, then apply section 27 if controlled or sections 3 and 20 of the 2010 Act if unscheduled and psychoactive. Read as at 20 September 2026. These are the statutory ceilings the source records and they are not a prediction of what any court would impose.
If prescribed / medical: Not established for Ireland in the source read here, and deferred rather than guessed. The dossier this cell was authored from carries no prescription column and no traveller column, and no source for one, so nothing is asserted about whether a visitor may bring synthetic cannabinoids into Ireland, what a foreign prescription is worth at an Irish border, or what licence, certificate or authorisation Ireland requires for it. That was not researched and it is not inferred here. What the row does establish is its placement, which reads: Member-specific, many within Schedule 1 structural classes. Attached to this substance, the wording read for it is “Any substance structurally derived from 3-(1-naphthoyl)indole”, and that is a scheduling record rather than anything about medicine. This row's own words record no medical limb, no exemption and no prescribing route of any kind, so there is nothing in it to attach to even conditionally. A scheduling fact is not a prescribing route, and the silence in this field is an absence of research rather than a permission.

Austria

Legal status: Not applicable as a class status, and not because the annexes are empty. Synthetic cannabinoids is an open ended market label rather than a substance: the source maps each named member individually and records that no claim is made that everything sold under this label is automatically covered. Nineteen members are named in Suchtgiftverordnung Annex IV.1. That annex carries JWH-018 and AM-2201, with UR-144 and XLR-11, plus AB-CHMINACA and AB-FUBINACA, together with AB-PINACA and ADB-BUTINACA, then ADB-FUBINACA and CUMYL-PeGACLONE, alongside 5F-PB-22 and 5F-AMB-PINACA, next 5F-APINACA and 4F-MDMB-BINACA, followed by 5F-MDMB-PICA and 5F-MDMB-PINACA, and finally FUB-AMB with MDMB-CHMICA and MDMB-4en-PINACA. Three more sit in Annex V.2, namely ADB-CHMINACA, CUMYL-4CN-BINACA and 4F-MDMB-BICA, while DMHP and parahexyl sit in Annex V.1, delta-9-THC in Annex IV.1, the enumerated other THC isomers in Annex V.1 and THCA in Annex V.2. Everything else is reached, if at all, through the twelve separately defined cores in Annex II group 1 of the NPS regulation: indol-3-yl methanone, indol-3-yl methane, pyrrol-3-yl methanone, the two stated indene cores, 2-(3-hydroxycyclohexyl)phenol, indole-3-carboxylic acid derivatives, indazole-3-carboxamide, indazol-3-yl methanone, phenyl-ethyl isoindolone, oxo-benzimidazolin-N-carboxamide, tetrahydrobenzo[c]chromen-1-ol and hexahydrobenzo[c]chromen-1-ol. Those cores are alternatives and not an all cannabinoids catch all, and HHC, CBN and THCP carry their own rows because the cores answer them differently. No single terminal status can honestly be stated for the label itself.
Consequences if caught: Capital exposure: none. The custodial ceiling is member specific rather than class wide. A member named in Suchtgiftverordnung Annex IV.1, V.1 or V.2 is a narcotic and can in principle reach life imprisonment under SMG §28a(5), which provides ten to twenty years or life for a person leading a larger connection of people in §28a(1) conduct. A member reached only through one of the twelve NPS cores tops out at ten years under NPSG §4(2), and its base offence in §4(1) carries two years and is a supply offence rather than a possession offence. A compound that fits neither carries no drug ceiling at all until an instrument reaches it. Because the SMG is applied first, a structural overlap does not produce liability under both regimes, and the identification of the actual molecule is what decides between a two year offence and a life ceiling. Separately from that, and carried forward from this site's published Austria entry rather than re-derived from the Suchtmittelgesetz in this pass, the published penalties are these. Austrian practice is depenalised and not legalised, and the published entry says so in those terms. There is no legal minimum quantity, and possession of any amount for personal use is punishable under section 27, up to six months in prison or a fine. Under Therapie statt Strafe at section 35, small quantity personal use is typically provisionally suspended from prosecution on one to two years of probation where the person accepts counselling or treatment. Consumption itself is not criminalised, but the possession that precedes it is. Above the Grenzmenge, the threshold quantity, the offence becomes dealing or trafficking under sections 28 and 28a, up to one to three years, escalating to ten to fifteen years for commercial or organised cases. Every figure in this paragraph is a penalty range or a fine and none of them is a quantity threshold. Whether the offence reaches this row at all is exactly what was not established, so they are recorded as Austria's published drug penalties and not as this row's exposure.

Poland

Legal status: Controlled, and by two different techniques at once. Poland names many of them individually on the narcotic annex, with JWH-015 at lp. 87, JWH-073 at lp. 90, JWH-122 at lp. 93 and AM-2201 and its relatives among the entries in the same run of group I-N. Separately, Załącznik nr 3 defines synthetic cannabinoids as a structural class, group III-NPS, by core, linker and side chain rather than by name, and the 2025 amending regulation widened that definition again by adding a 1H-indol-2-on-1,3-diyl core and a carbonylhydrazone linker. Which technique catches a given compound decides which possession provision applies to it.
Consequences if caught: Capital exposure: none. Poland has no death penalty, and the heaviest band the 2005 Act reaches for any conduct with this substance is a term of years. For a compound named in group I-N the possession provision is article 62. Possession is an offence under article 62(1) of the 2005 Act and the band there is up to three years. Where the quantity is considerable, article 62(2) sets a band of one year to ten years. In a case of lesser gravity article 62(3) provides instead for a fine, a restriction of liberty or up to one year. Article 62a lets proceedings be discontinued, even before the decision to open an investigation, where the quantity is insignificant and intended for the holder's own use and a penalty would be inexpedient. That is a power of the prosecutor and not an entitlement of the holder, so it is not decriminalisation. For a compound caught only by the group III-NPS structural definition the possession provision is article 62b instead. Possession is an offence under article 62b(1) of the 2005 Act and the penalty there is a fine. Where the quantity is considerable, article 62b(2) provides for a fine, a restriction of liberty or up to three years. Article 62b(3) lets proceedings be discontinued on the same insignificant quantity and own use test that article 62a applies to narcotics and psychotropics, again as a power and not an entitlement. The separate and lighter possession band is the practical consequence of sitting on Załącznik nr 3 rather than on Załącznik nr 1 or nr 2. Supply offences sit apart from possession. Article 56 punishes putting such a substance on the market with a fine and six months to eight years, and article 56(3) raises that to a fine and two years to twelve years where the quantity is considerable. Article 59(1) punishes supply for gain with one year to ten years. The published Poland entry described control as a class through the 2005 Act as amended in 2018 to fold former legal highs into the list. That framing is carried forward from the published Poland entry, and the two technique split read here is the more precise statement.
If prescribed / medical: There is no authorised medicinal product with this substance in Poland, so no prescription route exists for it. Article 33(1) would permit a medical use of a group I-N narcotic, and no product containing it is marketed in Poland.
Documentation

Croatia

Legal status: Controlled in Croatia through a bounded entry rather than under its own name. Synthetic cannabinoids is not named in the Popis droga, psihotropnih tvari i biljaka iz kojih se može dobiti droga te tvari koje se mogu uporabiti za izradu droga, NN 19/2023, and was not added by its amendment NN 154/2024. The entry it is reached through is »JWH-018 i njegovi strukturni analozi« at Odjeljak 1. of the psychotropic list, the section for substances under Schedule 1 of the 1971 Convention, printed in English as »JWH-018 and its structural analogues«, whose description column opens »1-pentil-3-(1-naftoil)indol (JWH-018) i spojevi strukturno izvedeni iz njega na jedan ili više od sljedećih načina:«. The family is reached through several entries at once. The broadest is the JWH-018 entry, which names 1-pentil-3-(1-naftoil)indol and then permits a long list of core replacements and side chain replacements, and the cikloheksilfenoli and dibenzopirani entries in the same section take the cyclohexylphenol and dibenzopyran skeletons. Four individual synthetic cannabinoids are also named outright in the same section, CUMYL-PEGACLONE, 5F-CUMYL-PEGACLONE, MDMB-CHMCZCA and MDA 19. A family label is not a molecule, so which entry a given product falls under depends on which compound it contains, and the Popis preamble separately recites the European Union delegated directives that brought MDMB-4en-PINACA and 4F-MDMB-BICA within the definition of a drug. This placement is read in the Popis as published at NN 19/2023 of 17 February 2023, in force 18 February 2023, together with its only amendment, NN 154/2024 of 30 December 2024, read at https://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/2023_02_19_331.html on 21 September 2026. It does not rule out a later amendment.
Consequences if caught: Capital exposure: none. Article 21 of the Ustav Republike Hrvatske reads »U Republici Hrvatskoj nema smrtne kazne«, there is no death penalty in the Republic of Croatia, and Article 41 of the Kazneni zakon lists the only punishments as a fine, imprisonment and long term imprisonment. A charge on this row is built from the entry »JWH-018 i njegovi strukturni analozi« at the psychotropic list, Odjeljak 1. which is a bounded definition rather than a name, so what connects a seized sample to it is an opinion on the molecule's structure. Because the family spans four named entries and three bounded classes, the band depends on which compound is in hand, and a new compound outside all of them would fall to the new psychoactive substance limb of the control Act rather than to Article 190. Article 190 of the Kazneni zakon supplies the criminal bands, and its subject is »tvari koje su propisom proglašene drogom«, substances declared a drug by regulation, so a Popis entry is what brings a row within it. Article 190(1) sets six months to five years for unauthorised production or processing. Article 190(2) sets three to twelve years for producing, processing, transporting, exporting, importing, acquiring or possessing such substances intended for unauthorised sale, and for offering, selling or brokering them. Article 190(3) sets three to fifteen years where the sale is to a person with severe mental disturbance or to a child, or takes place at or near a school or another place serving the education, upbringing, sport or social activity of children, or in a penal institution, or where an official commits it in the course of duty. Article 190(4) sets not less than three years for organising a network of resellers or intermediaries, and Article 190(5) not less than five years where the act causes considerable damage to the health of a larger number of people or the death of the person sold to. Article 190(8) requires confiscation of the substances, the plants and fungi they come from, and the means of production, transport and consumption. Article 190(2) read one to twelve years until Article 10 of the Zakon o izmjenama i dopunama Kaznenog zakona, NN 136/2025, replaced the word »jedne« with »tri«, and it has read three to twelve years since that Act came into force on the eighth day after its publication on 5 November 2025. Article 44(1) of the Kazneni zakon caps a term of imprisonment at twenty years, which is what bounds the open ended minima in Article 190(4) and Article 190(5), and Article 46 puts long term imprisonment of twenty one to forty years outside the reach of Article 190. Seven entries in one section carry this family between them, four by name and three as bounded classes. The live cell recorded that since 1 January 2013 personal use possession of any drug has been reclassified from a kazneno djelo, a criminal offence, to a prekršaj, a misdemeanour, and that is carried forward here. It recorded the misdemeanour fine as roughly 660 to 2,650 euro. It recorded possible short misdemeanour detention of up to 90 days, confiscation, and no arrest for possession alone. On quantity it recorded that there is no statutory personal use quantity and that courts decide case by case, and that hedge is carried forward as it stood. It recorded cultivation or production without intent to sell as six months to five years. It recorded sale, import, export or possession for sale as three to twelve years. It recorded aggravated cases, near schools, to children or organised, as up to fifteen to twenty years. It recorded that medical cannabis has been legal since October 2015 on prescription, capped at 0,75 g of THC per month and limited to residents. It recorded that claims of a 2026 reform introducing a five gram cannabis threshold are not supported by any primary source and should be disregarded. Read against the control Act, the misdemeanour the live fine belongs to is Article 54(1) point 1 of the Zakon o suzbijanju zlouporabe droga read with Article 54(3), which makes possession contrary to Article 3(1) a misdemeanour for a natural person. The fine that provision prints is 5.000,00 to 20.000,00 kuna or imprisonment of up to 90 days, because the Act's consolidation still carries the pre euro figures, and at the fixed conversion rate that range is about 663 to 2,654 euro, which reconciles with the live figure rather than replacing it. Article 190 as read carries no possession for own use offence at all, which is consistent with the live cell's 2013 reclassification but is not proof of it. The words without intent to sell are the live cell's gloss and not the statute's: Article 190(1) is unauthorised production or processing, and Article 190(7) deems unauthorised growing of a plant or fungus from which a drug can be obtained to be production. The 0,75 g monthly cap appears in nothing read for this cell; Article 13(6) to (9) of the control Act permits cannabis cultivation and production for medical purposes on an approval from the health ministry, and the monthly figure is carried forward from the live cell and was not re-derived. Those bands, that fine and those quantity words are set out here because the live cell carried them, and they describe the offences that this row's placement brings into play.

Hungary

Legal status: Not confirmed for Hungary. Synthetic cannabinoids could not be settled from the instruments read, and this cell states what was read rather than an answer. The class name is not an entry, and the decree reaches this family three different ways at once. Named rows sit in the P1 jegyzék at 65 to 69, «JWH-018**», «JWH-073***», «JWH-081***», «JWH-122***» and «JWH-210***». Further named rows sit in the P2 jegyzék, among them «AB-CHMINACA» at row 11, then «AB-FUBINACA» at row 12, then «AB-PINACA» at row 13, and «MDMB-4en-PINACA» at row 33. Beyond those, point 1 of the 3. melléklet describes the family by structure across twenty two numbered sub points, covering the indolyl, indazolyl and pyrrolyl ketones, carboxylates and carboxamides and the substitutions each of them may carry. What was not established is which of those three routes a given material takes, and that decides the figure: section 461(1)(d)(db) prints a list of six named compounds at 0.05 gramm, section 461(4)(a) sets a dose multiple for the P1 and P2 rows, and section 461(5)(a) sets 0.5 gramm for the point 1 compound group. A compound outside all three, such as a cyclohexylphenol, would not be reached by point 1 at all. Hungary carries the list outside the Act: the Criminal Code names no substance and the delegated rendelet carries the jegyzékek, which is the outward reference model and the second of the three. Section 459(1a) of the Criminal Code, 2012. évi C. törvény, inserted by section 26 of 2025. évi XIX. törvény, reads «E törvény alkalmazásában kábítószer a 78/2022. (XII. 28.) BM rendelet 1. mellékletében a kábítószerek 1. vagy 2. jegyzékén szereplő anyag, 2. mellékletében a pszichotróp anyagok 1. vagy 2. jegyzékén szereplő anyag, valamint 3. mellékletében meghatározott anyag.», so the K1 and K2 jegyzékek of the 1. melléklet, the P1 and P2 jegyzékek of the 2. melléklet and the whole of the 3. melléklet are inside the Criminal Code definition and the P3 and P4 jegyzékek are not. The P3 and P4 jegyzékek remain controlled schedules of the rendelet, and an entry there alone does not place a substance in the ordinary section 176 trafficking lane. A search that did not settle the question is not a finding that the substance is outside the jegyzékek, and it is not a finding that it is inside them. Treat this row as unresolved and put the question to the Hungarian National Institute of Pharmacy and Nutrition before relying on anything. This is read from the consolidated text of the rendelet as in force on 29 June 2026, as those lists stand after the amendment made by 1/2026. (VI. 19.) EÜM rendelet, which is the last amendment reflected in the text that was read.
Consequences if caught: Capital exposure: none. Hungary has no death penalty. It does have life imprisonment for a drug offence, and that is the ceiling here. No exposure is assigned to Synthetic cannabinoids on this record, because the placement question was not settled and a penalty cannot be stated for a placement that is unknown. Criminal Code section 176(1) makes offering, handing over, putting into circulation or trading in a drug a bűntett punishable by two to eight years, «Aki kábítószert kínál, átad, forgalomba hoz, vagy azzal kereskedik, bűntett miatt két évtől nyolc évig terjedő szabadságvesztéssel büntetendő.». Section 176(3) raises that to five years to twenty years or life imprisonment where the offence is committed in respect of a significant quantity, «A büntetés öt évtől húsz évig terjedő vagy életfogytig tartó szabadságvesztés, ha a bűncselekményt jelentős mennyiségű kábítószerre követik el.». The live Hungary cell recorded the life ceiling under section 176(3) and this pass re-derived the same provision from the Act and adds the five to twenty year band printed beside it. Section 178(6) makes consuming a drug, and acquiring, holding or ordering for import a small quantity for consumption, a vétség punishable by up to two years, «Aki kábítószert fogyaszt, illetve csekély mennyiségű kábítószert fogyasztás céljából megszerez, tart vagy az ország területére történő behozatal céljából megrendel, ha súlyosabb bűncselekmény nem valósul meg, vétség miatt két évig terjedő szabadságvesztéssel büntetendő.». Section 180(1) is a conditional non punishment route and not a numerical decriminalisation rule: it requires the offender to admit the offence, «a bűncselekmény elkövetését beismeri,», to prove by document before the first instance decision at least six months of continuous treatment for dependence, other care for drug use or a preventive and informative service, «az elsőfokú ügydöntő határozat meghozataláig okirattal igazolja, hogy legalább hat hónapig folyamatos, kábítószer-függőséget gyógyító kezelésben, kábítószer-használatot kezelő más ellátásban részesült, vagy megelőző-felvilágosító szolgáltatáson vett részt, és», and to disclose the circumstances and enable the seller to be identified before the indictment, «a vádemelésig az elkövetés körülményeit feltárja, illetve lehetővé teszi a kábítószert értékesítő személy kilétének a megállapítását.». The live Hungary cell recorded those three conditions and this pass re-derived them from the Act. Section 180(2) closes that route where within the preceding two years the proceedings were suspended on that ground or the offender was held liable for drug trafficking or drug possession, and section 180(2a) closes it where the offender has already taken it twice, «Az (1) bekezdés nem alkalmazható akkor sem, ha az elkövető az (1) bekezdés b) pontja szerinti lehetőséget már két alkalommal igénybe vette.». Section 461 supplies the quantity definitions that grade the offence, so a quantity figure in Hungary selects the band rather than creating a lawful allowance. No section 461 quantity value is stated for this row, because section 461 grades a quantity of kábítószer as section 459(1a) defines it, and which entry the material falls under is what was not established. No fine figure attaches to any of those provisions in the text read: the Criminal Code states them as custodial bands and the rendelet states no penalty of its own. Those are Criminal Code provisions rather than rendelet provisions, and whether the offence reaches this row at all is exactly what was not established in this pass.

Cambodia

Legal status: Controlled. Synthetic cannabinoids fall under the Law on the Control of Drugs, whose schedules are updated to include new psychoactive substances and the synthetic cannabinoids added to Schedule II of the 1971 Convention (Cambodia being a party); this substance class is not subject to the death penalty in Cambodia.
Consequences if caught: Illegal; possession and trafficking carry imprisonment under the drug-control law. No death penalty in Cambodia.
If prescribed / medical: These synthetic cannabinoids have no recognised medical use and no lawful prescription route in Cambodia.
Documentation: No lawful personal-import route for controlled synthetic cannabinoids; do not carry.

unodc.org · Updated July 14, 2026

Sri Lanka

Legal status: Dangerous drug under Sri Lanka's Poisons, Opium and Dangerous Drugs Ordinance (Chapter 218): Group B Section 2, nineteen named synthetic cannabinoids including 「AM-2201」 at item 37, 「5F-APINACA, 5F-AKB-48」 at item 38 and 「AB-CHMINACA」 at item 41, with Section 3 clause 13 adding four structural families. The named entries run through the JWH, AM, APINACA, AKB, AMB and CHMINACA series. Clause 13 then closes the class by structure, covering 3-(1-naphthylmethyl)indole, 3-(1-naphthoyl)pyrrole, naphthylideneindene and 2-(3-hydroxycyclohexyl)phenol scaffolds with substitution at the stated positions. The model: the list is inside the Ordinance and the power to change it is delegated, with a parliamentary lock on the delegation. Section 48 provides that 「the drugs, substances, articles or preparations, specified for the time being in Groups A, B, C, D and E in Part I of the Third Schedule, shall be deemed to be dangerous drugs」. Section 2(1) then provides that 「regulation」 means a regulation made under this Ordinance and published in the Gazette, 「and includes the First, Second, Third, Fourth, Fifth and Sixth Schedules」, so the Third Schedule is itself a regulation. The empowering section is section 80. Section 80(2)(b) lets the Minister make regulations 「for adding any item to or deleting any item from, or altering, varying or amending in any other way, any of the lists or Groups of poisons and dangerous drugs set out in the First and Third Schedules」, and section 80(3) then provides that 「No regulation so made shall have effect unless it has been approved by Parliament and notification of such approval has been published in the Gazette」. So the delegation is real but it is locked to an affirmative vote, and in practice the 2022 changes were made by primary legislation rather than by regulation. The Act was last amended by the Poisons, Opium and Dangerous Drugs (Amendment) Act, No. 7 of 2026, certified 6 March 2026. The Third Schedule was last amended by section 6 of the Poisons, Opium and Dangerous Drugs (Amendment) Act, No. 41 of 2022, certified 23 November 2022 and published as a supplement to Part II of the Gazette of 25 November 2022, which substituted Group B of Part I and the whole of Part III. Act No. 7 of 2026 does not touch the Third Schedule.
Consequences if caught: Capital exposure: none. Section 54A(1) has four limbs and they do not carry the same exposure. Limb (a) punishes any person who 「manufactures any of the following dangerous drugs, namely heroin or cocaine or morphine or opium」 with 「a sentence of death or life imprisonment」, with no quantity stated. Limbs (b), (c) and (d) punish trafficking, importing or exporting, and possession, of 「any dangerous drug set out in Column II of Part III of the Third Schedule in excess of the amount set out in the said Column II」, with the penalty in Column III. Part III Column II is headed 「Pure Quantities」, and Column I is headed 「Traffics, possess, imports or exports」, so possession is inside the same ladder as trafficking. Section 54B extends the same punishment to abetting, attempting and acts preparatory to or in furtherance of a section 54A offence. Since Act No. 7 of 2026 a parallel section 54AA applies the same two structures on the high seas, aboard a ship registered in Sri Lanka or a stateless ship. For a dangerous drug that is not in Part III, section 54A never engages, because limbs (b), (c) and (d) operate only on a drug 「set out in Column II of Part III」. The charge is the general penalty in section 78(5): on summary conviction by a Magistrate a fine of one thousand to ten thousand rupees or up to five years or both, and on conviction before the High Court a fine of ten thousand to twenty five thousand rupees or six months to seven years or both. Section 78(6) requires the written consent of the Attorney-General before non-summary proceedings. Clause 13 is a structural test with four enumerated scaffolds, so whether a given compound is inside it is a chemistry question. A compound outside all four scaffolds falls back on the resemblance clause instead. Neither reaches this substance, at any quantity, and the reason is structural rather than a matter of degree. The death and life penalties in this Ordinance live in exactly two places. Section 54A(1)(a) attaches them to the manufacture of 「heroin or cocaine or morphine or opium」 and names no other drug. Limbs (b), (c) and (d) attach the Column III penalties to 「any dangerous drug set out in Column II of Part III of the Third Schedule」, and Column II names only opium, 「Morphine, Cocaine, Heroin and Methamphetamine」, and cannabis. This substance is in none of those, so section 54A cannot engage however much of it is involved, and section 54AA cannot either, because it is built on the same two structures. Being a dangerous drug under section 48 is not the same thing as being in Part III, and the corpus this cell replaces repeatedly ran the two together.

Morocco

Legal status: Controlled only through a component, and the label itself resolves to no single answer. Synthetic cannabinoid is a class label covering hundreds of compounds and Moroccan law does not use it. The one generic clause that exists is narrower than the label. Tableau I of the 1971 Convention as printed in 1981 reaches tetrahydrocannabinols and all their isomers, which catches nothing in the JWH, AM, AB-FUBINACA or MDMB families, because an indazole carboxamide is not an isomer of a tetrahydrocannabinol. No named synthetic cannabinoid appears in any of the four instruments, and in any event a Convention schedule published by a publication dahir is not a domestic criminal schedule.
Consequences if caught: Capital exposure: none. No article of dahir portant loi 1-73-282 of 21 May 1974 provides death or life imprisonment. The ceiling in that dahir is article 2, five to ten years. Conduct distinction. Which article applies depends on which substance is actually present, and that is the whole difficulty with a label row. Where a tableau B substance is present, Article 2 of dahir portant loi 1-73-282 of 21 May 1974 punishes whoever imports, produces, manufactures, transports, exports or unlawfully holds « les substances ou plantes classées comme stupéfiants » with five to ten years and a fine of 5.000 to 500.000 dirhams. Article 8 punishes unlawful use of one of those substances or plants with two months to one year and a fine of 500 to 5.000 dirhams, or one of those two penalties only, and suspends prosecution where the person consents to a cure de désintoxication after medical examination on the requisition of the procureur du Roi. Where the substance present is in no tableau that was read, no narcotics article has a classified substance to attach to, and the position turns on the arrêté that was not read. Article 13 lets the sentencing court ban a foreign national from the territory for five to ten years, without prejudice to administrative expulsion.
If prescribed / medical: The country level rule is the 1922 dahir's: substances intended for human or veterinary medicine are inscribed in section II of tableaux A, B and C by arrêté of the health administration, and each tableau carries its own dispensing chapter, with tableau B the strictest. A prescribing rule is not a criminal schedule and neither settles the other. No synthetic cannabinoid has a prescription route here. None is a named medicine in any instrument read.
Documentation: The chain has three links and the enumerated list sits in the middle one. Dahir portant loi 1-73-282 of 28 rebia II 1394 (21 May 1974), published at Bulletin officiel 3214 of 5 June 1974, pages 928 and 929, enumerates no substance at all. Its article 1 punishes contravention of the dahir of 12 rebia II 1341 (2 December 1922) on the importation, trade, holding and use of substances vénéneuses, or of the regulatory texts made for its application, concerning « les substances classées comme stupéfiants et inscrites au tableau B », and its articles 2, 3, 4 and 8 attach to « les substances ou plantes classées comme stupéfiants ». Classification therefore happens under the 1922 dahir. Article 1 of that dahir, as modified by the dahir of 17 March 1953, divides substances into « Tableau A: produits toxiques », « Tableau B: produits stupéfiants » and « Tableau C: produits dangereux », and provides that they are inscribed in section I and section II of each tableau by arrêté. The operative arrete was not read for this cell. The table annexed to the 1922 dahir and printed in the ONSSA consolidated text read on 22 September 2026 is the original annex as annexed in 1922; it carries no sections, so it predates the structure article 1 now describes. Dahir 1-80-140 of 17 December 1980, at Bulletin officiel 3590 of 19 August 1981, page 404, is a publication dahir: it publishes the 1971 Vienna Convention on psychotropic substances as annexed, and it creates no offence and inscribes nothing in tableau B. Its tableaux I to IV are the treaty's own schedules as printed in 1981, thirty two entries in total, and they were read complete from the page image. Law 13-21 on the licit uses of cannabis, promulgated by dahir 1-21-59 of 14 July 2021 and published at Bulletin officiel 7010 of 5 August 2021, does not decriminalise. Its article 1 opens « Nonobstant les dispositions du dahir du 12 rebia II 1341 (2 décembre 1922) », the dahir of 24 April 1954 prohibiting chanvre à kif and dahir portant loi 1-73-282, and then permits cultivation, production, transformation, manufacture, marketing, transport and export to be authorised by the Agence nationale de réglementation des activités relatives au cannabis. Article 50 reads « Sont applicables les sanctions et les mesures de sûreté prévues au dahir portant loi n° 1-73-282 » where that conduct is carried on without a valid authorisation, so the 1974 penalties are the sanction for unlicensed cannabis. Articles 6 and 17 cap tetrahydrocannabinol at a rate « fixé par voie réglementaire »; no such regulation appears in the issue, so no figure is stated here. Placement for synthetic-cannabinoids: resolved through a component and not under the label. Search record. The families were searched by stem rather than by label: JWH, AM-2201, UR-144, XLR-11, AB-FUBINACA, MDMB-CHMICA and the words synthétique and cannabinoïde all return zero word boundary matches in all four instruments. All searching was done with word boundaries enforced and with plural tolerance, after a search for tetrahydrocannabinol returned a false zero on the gazette's own plural. The dossier for this jurisdiction was treated as A term list and its printed Entry claims were not accepted. It presents English substance names inside a French quotation frame, attributes them to the 1981 Bulletin officiel, and names substances that postdate that printing by decades. Every entry quoted in this cell was read from the rendered page image of the gazette at 150 dpi, because the text layer of the 1974 and 1981 scans carries optical character recognition damage.

Qatar

Legal status: Controlled in Qatar at Table 1-A item 8, added by Decision 6 of 2024 of Law No. 9 of 1987. Article 2 of Ministerial Decision 6 of 2024 adds an item numbered 8 to section a of Table 1, the narcotic drugs section, reading «8 - مستحضرات القُنيبات المخلقة كيميائياً بجميع أسمائها وأشكالها وتركيباتها الصناعية.», preparations of chemically synthesised cannabinoids under all their names, forms and synthetic compositions. The Ministry list also names seventeen of them individually, among them JWH-018 and AM-2201, two of the earliest, together with a run of later pinaca, fubinaca and chminaca compounds. Article 1 of Law No. 9 of 1987 provides «تعتبر مواد مخدرة أو مؤثرات عقلية خطرة في تطبيق أحكام هذا القانون المواد والمؤثرات العقلية المبينة في الجدولين رقمي (1) و(2) الملحقين به. ويستثنى منها المستحضرات المبينة بالجدول رقم (3).», making the narcotic drugs and dangerous psychotropic substances for this Law those set out in attached Tables 1 and 2, and excepting from them the preparations set out in Table 3. The power to move a substance in or out is article 33, «يجوز بقرار من وزير الصحة العامة تعديل الجداول الملحقة بهذا القانون بالحذف أو الإضافة أو تغيير النسب الواردة فيها.», which lets the Minister of Public Health amend the attached tables by deletion, addition or change of the stated percentages. This reading is stated as at the annex as published in the Official Gazette and as it stands after Ministerial Decisions 22 of 2015, 6 of 2024, 2 of 2025 and 8 of 2026, the last of which took effect on 2 February 2026, read at the publisher on 22 September 2026. Those five documents are not a complete statement of the tables, and this cell says so rather than implying otherwise: the Ministry of Public Health prints on its own list of controlled narcotic and dangerous psychoactive substances a further block of entries, among them carfentanil, hydromorphone, oripavine and a long run of designer cathinones and synthetic cannabinoids, that appears in neither the Gazette annex nor any of the four located decisions, and the instruments that placed them were not found. So this reading is measured against those five documents and the three Ministry lists together, and not against a certified consolidation, because the portals publish none.
Consequences if caught: The exposure runs to death at the top and it does not turn on weight. Article 34 opens «يعاقب بالإعدام أو الحبس المؤبد وبغرامة لا تزيد على خمسمائة ألف ريال ولا تقل عن ثلاثمائة ألف ريال», punishment by death or life imprisonment, and the word or is what leaves death discretionary at the base tier. Its three limbs are importing with intent to traffic or exporting without the article 3 licence, producing, extracting, separating or manufacturing with intent to traffic, and cultivating, importing, exporting, possessing with intent to traffic or trading in a Table 4 plant at any stage of its growth or its seeds. The same article then provides «وتكون العقوبة الإعدام وبغرامة لا تزيد على خمسمائة ألف ريال ولا تقل عن ثلاثمائة ألف ريال في حالة العود.», making death the punishment on recidivism, and extends that same result to an offender who is a public official charged with drug control and to one who involves a person under eighteen, an ascendant, a descendant, a spouse or a person in his charge. Article 35 opens «يُعاقب بالحبس مدة لا تزيد على عشرين سنة ولا تقل عن عشر سنوات وبغرامة لا تزيد على أربعمائة ألف ريال ولا تقل عن مائتي ألف ريال», ten to twenty years for possession, acquisition, purchase, sale, delivery, receipt, transport, cession, exchange, dispensing or brokering with intent to traffic, for supplying for consumption for consideration and for keeping a place for consumption for consideration. Where the last three of those limbs are committed without consideration the article provides «فإذا ارتكبت الجرائم المنصوص عليها في البنود الثلاثة الأخيرة بغير مقابل تكون العقوبة الحبس مدة لا تزيد على عشر سنوات ولا تقل عن خمس سنوات وبغرامة لا تزيد على مائتي ألف ريال ولا تقل عن مائة ألف ريال.», five to ten years instead. Article 35 then provides «وتكون العقوبة الحبس المؤبد وبغرامة لا تزيد على أربعمائة ألف ريال ولا تقل عن مائتي ألف ريال في حالة العود.», life imprisonment on recidivism, and attaches life to its stated aggravations as well. Article 41 sets three to seven years for possession, acquisition, purchase, delivery, transport, production, extraction, separation or manufacture proved to be for neither trafficking nor consumption nor personal use. Article 37 sets six months to three years for personal use, possession for use or consumption, lets the court order treatment instead for a proved addict for not less than three months and not more than a year, and article 38 bars prosecution altogether for a user who presents for treatment of his own accord. No quantity threshold appears anywhere in articles 34, 35, 37 or 41. Weight does not select the tier and a foreign threshold table has no work to do here. The fines are stated in the same articles and are separate from the custodial terms: article 34 adds a fine of not more than five hundred thousand riyals and not less than three hundred thousand, article 35 not more than four hundred thousand and not less than two hundred thousand, its no-consideration limb and article 41 not more than two hundred thousand and not less than one hundred thousand, and article 37 not more than twenty thousand and not less than ten thousand. Article 2 adds a rule a traveller should know: «ويعتبر امتناع المتهم عن إعطاء العينة اللازمة للتحليل قرينة على التعاطي.», refusing to give the sample required for analysis is treated as a presumption of consumption. They describe the offences that this row's placement brings into play.

Kuwait

Legal status: Controlled substance under Decree Law 159 of 2025. Synthetic cannabinoids are listed at Group 2, table 2, across a long run of named synthetic cannabinoids including UR-144 at P2-40, JWH compounds, AM-2201, ADB-BUTINACA at P2-82 and adamantoyl indole at P2-89.
Consequences if caught: Capital exposure: not established. Articles 42 and 43 of Decree Law 159 of 2025 are the articles that carry death or life imprisonment, and both take «المواد أو المستحضرات المخدرة أو المؤثرة عقلياً» as their object, which article 1 defines by reference to the decree's tables. Three routes were tried for those tables in this pass and none produced them: the full-text page for the decree returned 404, a Kuwaiti practitioner guide states that the schedules are not reproduced, and a search of the Official Gazette located the 84 articles but not the annexes. So whether this substance sits in a table that articles 42 or 43 reach was not established, no capital provision is asserted for this row, and none is ruled out. Conduct distinction. Article 49 punishes taking or possessing Synthetic cannabinoids for personal use with imprisonment not exceeding five years and a fine not exceeding five thousand dinars, rising to ten years where the offence happens in a prison, police station, rehabilitation or addiction treatment centre, place of worship, educational place or sports club. Article 48 punishes possession, import, smuggling, purchase, production or manufacture without any of the statutory intents with up to ten years, rising to fifteen in those same places. Article 50 punishes running a place for consumption with up to ten years, or fifteen years and a fine of fifty thousand to one hundred thousand dinars if done for money. Intent to traffic is what moves the conduct into the capital articles. Article 42 of Decree Law 159 of 2025 reaches bringing in or smuggling with intent to traffic, producing or manufacturing with intent to traffic, and cultivating a plant listed in table 5 with intent to traffic. It opens يعاقب بالإعدام أو الحبس المؤبد, death or life imprisonment, with a fine of one hundred thousand to two million dinars, so death is discretionary on the article's own wording. Article 43 reaches possessing, buying or selling with intent to traffic, promoting, and bartering or supplying for money for consumption, and opens the same way, with a fine of fifty thousand to five hundred thousand dinars. Neither article sets a quantity threshold. The trigger is بقصد الإتجار, the purpose of trafficking, and it is the fine, not the penalty, that scales to the value of the goods. Article 44 makes death mandatory where an article 42 or 43 offence carries an aggravating circumstance. It reads تكون العقوبة الإعدام في الجرائم المنصوص عليها في المادتين السابقتين إذا توفر فيها ظرف من الظروف المشددة and states no alternative penalty. The circumstances are recidivism, using a minor or a person of unsound mind or anyone under the offender's authority, giving the substance to a minor to consume, commission in a prison, police station, rehabilitation or addiction treatment centre, place of worship, educational place or sports club, and abuse of official position. Article 45 makes death mandatory for founding or running a gang organisation, even abroad, for article 42 or 43 offences, reading يعاقب بالإعدام alone.

Peru

Legal status: This row is an open class label rather than a substance. It covers several hundred distinct compounds across chemically unrelated families, and Peru's schedule reaches none of them: no entry among the 244 in Anexo N. 2 names a synthetic cannabinoid, and the only cannabinoid wording in the whole listing is Tetrahidrocannabinoles, isomeros y variantes estereoquimicas at Lista II A item 13, which describes the tetrahydrocannabinols and does not amount to a group rule for synthetic agonists of a different chemistry. There is no analogue clause and no generic definition in Anexo N. 2 that would take the class as a class. The search was run over Anexo N. 2 under cannabinoide sintetico, JWH and sintetico. The convention limb of article 2 was run for this row as well and does not reach it: the substance is named in neither the 1971 Convention schedules nor the 1961 Convention schedules, read in the INCB Green List of 2025 and the Yellow List 64th edition of July 2025. A single answer for the label would therefore be wrong whichever way it was given, so this row is resolved as a label and routed to its constituents rather than given a placement. The listing read is Anexo N. 2 of the Reglamento approved by Decreto Supremo 023-2001-SA, in the Catalogo de Sustancias Controladas published by the Direccion General de Medicamentos, Insumos y Drogas and marked NOVIEMBRE_2024_V1, which is the version this row was settled against as at 21 September 2026. Article 86 of Decreto Ley 22095 and the closing provisions of that Decreto Ley let the annexed lists be altered by Resolucion Suprema, so reading that version does not rule out a later list.
Consequences if caught: Capital exposure: none. This is not a flat abolition. Article 140 of the 1993 Constitution, read in the official text in this pass rather than carried, provides that la pena de muerte solo puede aplicarse por el delito de traicion a la patria en caso de guerra, y el de terrorismo, conforme a las leyes y a los tratados de los que el Peru es parte obligada. The penalty therefore exists in Peruvian constitutional law and reaches two offences, neither of which is a drug offence. Read against the offence articles themselves, every one of Codigo Penal articles 296 to 303 states pena privativa de libertad with a numeric range and none of them states death. Read the penalties that follow with this in front of them. They are Peru's published penalties and they are not this row's exposure, because whether the trafficking offence reaches this substance at all is exactly what the listing did not establish. They are set out in full rather than dropped, so that nothing sourced is lost, but no figure below is asserted against this substance. With that said, these are the published figures. The ceiling that does run is 25 to 35 years under the final paragraph of article 297, which reaches the agent who acts as jefe, dirigente o cabecilla of an organisation dedicated to illicit drug trafficking or to the inputs for its elaboration, and applies the same range where a person uses illicit drug trafficking to finance terrorist activity. Article 296 first paragraph sets 8 to 15 years and 180 to 365 dias-multa for promoting, favouring or facilitating illegal consumption by acts of manufacture or trafficking; its second paragraph sets 6 to 12 years for possession for illicit trafficking; its third paragraph sets 5 to 10 years for supplying raw materials or chemical substances, controlled or not controlled, destined for illegal drug elaboration; and its fourth paragraph sets 5 to 10 years for a conspiracy of two or more persons. Article 297 raises the range to 15 to 25 years for its listed aggravations. Article 298 sets 3 to 7 years for microcomercializacion and microproduccion within its own quantity bands, rising to 6 to 10 years where the conduct also answers aggravations 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 of article 297. Article 298 sets its own quantity bands, which are the figures that keep conduct inside the lesser offence: 50 g of pasta basica de cocaina and its illicit derivatives, 25 g of clorhidrato de cocaina, 5 g of latex de opio or 1 g of its derivatives, 100 g of marihuana or 10 g of its derivatives, and 2 g of extasis. Article 297 numeral 7 sets the ceilings at the other end: 20 kg of pasta basica, 10 kg of clorhidrato, 5 kg of latex de opio or 500 g of its derivatives, 100 kg of marihuana or 2 kg of its derivatives, and 15 g of extasis. The 2003 amendment the previous cell cited, Ley 28002 of 17 June 2003, is part of this lineage and derogated article 296-D, but it is not the current wording of these articles: articles 296, 297, 298 and 299 were replaced again by Decreto Legislativo 982 of 22 July 2007, and articles 296 and 297 again by Decreto Legislativo 1237 of 26 September 2015, which is the text read here. Article 299, in the wording given it by article 2 of Decreto Legislativo 982 of 22 July 2007, makes possession for the holder's own and immediate consumption not punishable in a quantity not exceeding five grams of pasta basica de cocaina, two grams of clorhidrato de cocaina, eight grams of marihuana or two grams of its derivatives, one gram of latex de opio or two hundred milligrams of its derivatives, or two hundred and fifty milligrams of extasis containing Metilendioxianfetamina, Metilendioximetanfetamina, Metanfetamina or sustancias analogas. Its second paragraph excludes the possession of two or more kinds of drug from that protection, so two substances each under their own figure is an offence where either alone would not have been. Article 299 prints no figure for this substance. Its five limbs name cocaine paste, cocaine hydrochloride, marihuana and its derivatives, latex de opio and its derivatives, and extasis, and nothing else, so the non-punishable quantity rule has no stated figure to offer this row. Article 303, as replaced by the second complementary modifying provision of Ley 30219 of 8 July 2014, provides that a foreign national who has served the custodial sentence imposed, or who is granted a penitentiary benefit, is expelled from the country and barred from returning. Carried from the previous cell and not re-derived in this pass: about 60 per cent of drug detentions in Peru are for use or possession, police frequently treat a possessor as a trafficker, and up to 15 days of preventive detention can apply. The penalties set out above are Peru's penalties and they are not this row's exposure. What a given sample attracts depends entirely on which constituent it contains and whether Anexo N. 2 carries that constituent, which is the question the label cannot answer. On this row the constituent position is that it is an open class label rather than a substance. It covers several hundred distinct compounds across chemically unrelated families, and Peru's schedule reaches none of them: no entry among the 244 in Anexo N. 2 names a synthetic cannabinoid, and the only cannabinoid wording in the whole listing is Tetrahidrocannabinoles, isomeros y variantes estereoquimicas at Lista II A item 13, which describes the tetrahydrocannabinols and does not amount to a group rule for synthetic agonists of a different chemistry. There is no analogue clause and no generic definition in Anexo N. 2 that would take the class as a class.

Chile

Legal status: Controlled. Decreto 867 artículo 1, the lista of substances capable of grave toxic effects or considerable harm to health.
Consequences if caught: Capital exposure: none. Chile abolished the death penalty for ordinary crimes by Ley 19.734 of 2001 [Likely, carried from a secondary source], and the escala general de penas in artículo 21 of the Código Penal, re-derived in this pass from the consolidated text of 20 November 2018, opens at presidio perpetuo calificado and names no death penalty [Certain]. No provision of Ley 20.000 carries a death penalty [Certain]. Ley 20.000 splits substances in two. Artículo 1 inciso primero reaches those capable of grave toxic effects or considerable harm to health, and inciso segundo reaches other drugs of the same kind that do not produce those effects. Decreto 867 puts the first group in its artículo 1 and the second in its artículo 2, so which artículo an entry sits in is what fixes the penalty range [Certain]. Placement: Decreto 867 artículo 1. The entry read in full is "JWH-018 o 1-pentil-3-(1-naftoil)indol, o también denominada (Nafatalen-1-il)(1-pentil-1H-indol-3-il)metanona". There is no class entry for synthetic cannabinoids. Artículo 1 names them one by one and the run is long. It carries the CP-47,497 homologues and HU-210, the naphthoylindoles JWH-018, JWH-019, JWH-073, JWH-081, JWH-122, JWH-203, JWH-210 and JWH-250, the fluoropentyl compounds AM-2201, MAM-2201 and EAM-2201, the tetramethylcyclopropyl compounds UR-144 and XLR-11, the adamantyl carboxamides APINACA and APICA with STS-135 and AB-001, and a long series of indazole and indole carboxamides, among them 5F-AMB, 5F-MDMB-PINACA, 5F-MDMB-PICA, 4F-MDMB-BUTINACA, 4F-MDMB-BICA and MDMB-4en-PINACA, together with AB- CHMINACA and AB-PINACA, with AB-FUBINACA and ADB-FUBINACA alongside AMB-FUBINACA, every one of them in the grave harm lista [Certain]. A product not on that list is not captured by a class rule, because there is none, so the exposure turns on which compound the sample actually contains. Artículo 1 inciso primero of Ley 20.000 sets presidio mayor en sus grados mínimo a medio, five years and one day to fifteen years, with a fine of forty to four hundred unidades tributarias mensuales, for unauthorised elaboration, manufacture, transformation, preparation or extraction. Artículo 3 applies the same penalties to trafficking, and its second inciso treats importing, exporting, transporting, acquiring, transferring, abstracting, possessing, supplying, keeping or carrying as trafficking [Certain]. Artículo 4 punishes possessing, transporting, keeping or carrying small quantities with presidio menor en sus grados medio a máximo, five hundred and forty one days to five years, and a fine of ten to forty unidades tributarias mensuales, unless the holder justifies a medical treatment or exclusive personal use proximate in time [Certain]. Ley 21.817, published 23 May 2026, added a final inciso to artículo 4 under which small quantities of substances the reglamento determines to be capable of grave toxic effects attract the artículo 1 penalty instead [Certain]. I read that inciso as operating on the artículo 1 list of Decreto 867, because that list is the reglamento's determination of substances capable of grave toxic effects, and I flag the competing reading below. Artículo 19 raises the penalty by one degree where any of its twelve listed aggravations applies, and permits two degrees where two or more concur. One degree above the artículo 1 band is presidio mayor en sus grados medio a máximo, ten years and one day to twenty years [Certain]. The two degree ceiling turns on Código Penal degree arithmetic that I did not settle in this pass, so it is not established here. Artículo 50 makes consuming in a public place, and holding or carrying in such a place for exclusive personal use proximate in time, a falta punished by a fine of one to ten unidades tributarias mensuales, attendance at a prevention programme for up to sixty days or treatment for up to one hundred and eighty days, or community work of up to thirty hours, with an accessory driving licence suspension of up to six months. The same penalties reach consumption in a private place where those present agreed beforehand to consume [Certain]. Artículo 50 refers to the drugs mentioned in artículo 1 of the law, which covers both incisos and so both listas [Certain]. A falta is not a prison sentence, but it can become one and this cell previously said it could not. Artículo 52 provides that where the fine under artículo 50 letter a) is not paid, the court may substitute the prevention, treatment or community service penalty, that any such substitution requires the agreement of the convicted person, and that in the absence of that agreement the court shall impose reclusion by way of substitution and enforcement of the fine, at one day for each third of a unidad tributaria mensual, never exceeding six months [Certain]. The same reclusion follows revocation where an imposed treatment or prevention penalty is not complied with [Certain]. Because the artículo 50 fine runs from one to ten unidades tributarias mensuales, one day per third of a unidad puts the ceiling reachable from that fine at thirty days, and the six month figure is the statutory cap rather than an outcome this route can reach [Certain]. Artículo 52 also lets the court waive the fine or set it below the legal minimum in duly qualified cases [Certain]. Artículo 51 requires the pecuniary sanction to be applied at its maximum where the falta is committed in a place of detention, a military or police precinct by an outsider, or in an educational or health establishment by someone who works there [Certain]. Decreto 867 states no numerical quantity for any substance and artículo 4 works from the open phrase pequeñas cantidades, so the line between artículo 4 and artículo 3 is judicial and not arithmetic [Certain]. The artículo transitorio of Ley 21.817 orders the Ministerio de Seguridad Pública to amend Decreto 867 within six months of publication, so by 23 November 2026, to add a new classification for substances harmful even in low quantities. The consolidated Decreto 867 read in this pass carries no list framed on quantity, so that classification is still pending [Certain]. That is the competing reading of the artículo 4 inciso final flagged above: on it the inciso cannot operate until the new classification exists, which would leave small quantities of an artículo 1 substance at the artículo 4 band of five hundred and forty one days to five years rather than the artículo 1 band of five years and one day to fifteen years. I did not settle which reading a Chilean court would take, and the difference between the two is about ten years.

New Zealand

Legal status: Not applicable as a class status, and in New Zealand the reason cuts both ways. A controlled drug is any substance, preparation, mixture or article specified or described in Schedule 1, 2 or 3, so the phrase synthetic cannabinoids is not itself an entry and cannot be classified as one. The absence of a name from the schedules is not an answer here either: the section 2 controlled-drug-analogue definition can place a new molecule in Class C even when its spelling never appears in a schedule, and Schedule 3 Part 7 is where that route lands. A product sold as a synthetic cannabinoid can also engage the Psychoactive Substances Act 2013 as an unapproved psychoactive product. The class of any given molecule is therefore read from its own structure and its own entry, and this row cannot supply it.
Consequences if caught: Capital exposure: none. New Zealand has no death penalty, and the section 6 life ceiling is confined to Class A, so the label itself carries no life figure either. No single ceiling attaches to it at all: the constituent class controls the section 6 or section 7 maximum, and a molecule reached through the analogue limb is treated as Class C with an 8 year dealing ceiling. A molecule named in a schedule carries whatever that schedule gives it. Sale of an unapproved psychoactive product carries its own non-capital statutory penalty under the 2013 Act, which is a separate exposure again.
If prescribed / medical: Not established for a traveller. This dossier carries no country-level rule for entering New Zealand with a prescribed medicine: it records that medicines status has to be checked alongside the analogue exclusions and the Psychoactive Substances Act 2013 route, and that a court-grade conclusion can turn on the medicine exclusions, but it states no declaration requirement, no permit, no quantity allowance and no carry limit at the border, and none was researched for this cell. No placement attaches to this label, because synthetic cannabinoids names a design space rather than a substance and each molecule takes its class from its own entry or from the analogue limb. Nothing here should be read as a ruling on a lawfully prescribed and lawfully carried supply, which is a different question this cell does not answer. Settle the border question with the Ministry of Health, whose classification order implementation page this dossier cites, and with the New Zealand border authority, before travelling.
Documentation: Carry the Misuse of Drugs Act 1975 consolidation current at 20 September 2026, and carry section 2 and Schedule 3 Part 7 with it, because this is the row where a search of the named schedules is most likely to return nothing and mislead. Read the Psychoactive Substances Act 2013 as well for anything sold as a product. Carry the classification chain this finding was read against as well: the 2022 and 2025 Classification and Presumption of Supply Orders with their commencement orders, the 2024 pseudoephedrine amendment, and the 2026 Order, which was made but is not treated as law in this dossier because its own section 2 leaves commencement to the Governor-General and no commencement instrument was located by the horizon. Carry the date as well, 20 September 2026, because in New Zealand a classification order can move a substance between classes without a word of the Act changing.

South Africa

Legal status: Controlled in part: Schedule 2 Part III of the Drugs and Drug Trafficking Act 140 of 1992 names ten synthetic cannabinoid designations, and the class is wider than those ten.
Consequences if caught: The printed designations, counted from the schedule, are these ten: "Cannabicyclohexanol." "CP-47, 497." "CP 47, 497-C6." "CP 47, 497-C7." "CP 47, 497-C8." "CP 47, 497-C9." "HU-210." "JWH-018." "JWH-073." and "JWH-200." That is a list of named designations from one era of this chemistry, not a class description, and the schedule carries no generic synthetic cannabinoid clause. A named one carries the full weight of this Part. Three further synthetic cannabinoids are printed elsewhere in the same Part and are not what this street label means: nabilone, parahexyl and the compound the schedule sets out as "3-(1,2-dimethylheptyl)-7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-6,6,9-trimethyl-6H-dibenzo [b,d] pyran-1-ol (DMHP)." Section 4 (b) forbids the use or possession of any dangerous dependence-producing substance or undesirable dependence-producing substance. Section 13 (d) makes that an offence and section 17 (d) fixes the penalty at such fine as the court may deem fit to impose, or imprisonment for a period not exceeding 15 years, or both. Dealing is section 5 (b), made an offence by section 13 (f) and punished under section 17 (e) by imprisonment for a period not exceeding 25 years, or by both that imprisonment and such fine as the court may deem fit to impose. The reader should note how wide dealing is: section 1 defines deal in to include transhipment, importation, cultivation, collection, manufacture, supply, prescription, administration, sale, transmission and exportation. A synthetic cannabinoid outside those printed names is reached only if the homologue limb catches it, and this cell does not answer that question for any particular compound. Capital exposure: none, and life exposure: none. Section 17 sets out the whole penalty scale of this Act and its highest figure is 25 years for dealing; no provision of the Act carries a death sentence or a sentence of life imprisonment.
If prescribed / medical: The Act's own lawful route is the set of exceptions in section 4, paragraphs (i) to (vi). A patient falls outside section 4 only where the substance was acquired from a medical practitioner, dentist or practitioner acting in a professional capacity and in accordance with the Medicines and Related Substances Control Act 101 of 1965, or from a pharmacist on that person's oral instruction or written prescription, and is used for medicinal purposes under that person's care or treatment. Section 2 states that this Act applies in addition to, and not in substitution for, the Medicines Act. The Medicines Act schedules themselves are not held in this repository and were not read for this cell, so no medicine schedule number is stated here. None of these substances has a medicine route in South Africa on anything read for this cell.
Documentation: Search record. The terms searched were synthetic cannabinoid, cannabimimetic, JWH, CP 47, HU-210, AM-2201, AB-CHMINACA, 5F-ADB, MDMB and cannabicyclohexanol. The printed entries are the ten designations above. No later series returns anything at all. This row is written as a label row under the project rule that pink-cocaine, poppers and synthetic-cannabinoids are confirmed cells carrying the label treatment rather than deferrals, and the label here is that the schedule names members rather than the class. The text read for this cell is the Juta consolidation of the Act downloaded on 29 May 2025, taken from the Department of Justice copy at justice.gov.za whose sha256 begins bc1216a3. It carries the substitution of Schedules 1 and 2 by section 2 of Act 14 of 2022 with effect from 14 December 2022, and it marks section 7 of the Cannabis for Private Purposes Act 7 of 2024, the provision that would amend Schedule 2 again, as not yet put into operation by proclamation. The schedules are stated as at that consolidation and this does not rule out a later amendment made or commenced since. The Schedule and the Part named in this cell are read from the Act itself at the lines quoted; they are nowhere printed in the verbatim quotation supplied for this row.

Kenya

Legal status: Not a controlled drug under Cap. 245 on the text read: it is not named in the First Schedule of narcotic drugs, the Second Schedule of psychotropic substances, the Third Schedule of prohibited plants or the Fourth Schedule of precursor chemicals, as at 31 December 2022. The nearest entry read and rejected is "tetrahydrocannabinol," in the Second Schedule, which names a different substance.
Consequences if caught: The nearest entry read and rejected is "tetrahydrocannabinol,", printed in the Second Schedule list of psychotropic substances. The schedule prints that headword followed by seven named chemical designations and by nothing else, and it carries no generic, analogue or cannabimimetic clause. No indole or indazole carboxamide of the kind sold as a synthetic cannabinoid is printed in any of the four schedules. This is stated as at the Kenya Law revised edition of Cap. 245, being the text as at 31 December 2022 as revised by the 24th Annual Supplement (Legal Notice 221 of 2023), read on 22 September 2026, which the publisher marks as the latest version of the Act. Section 3(2)(b) sets imprisonment of not less than 5 years for possession of a narcotic drug or psychotropic substance other than cannabis, and section 4, which reaches trafficking and possession alike, sets a term of 30 years on its lower band and of 50 years on its upper one. The quantity bands are possession of less than 1 gram under section 3(2)(b), between 1 and 100 grams under section 4(a)(i), and more than 100 grams under section 4(a)(ii). The fines are not less than 5,000,000 shillings under section 3(2)(b), not less than 30,000,000 shillings under section 4(a)(i), and not less than 50,000,000 shillings or three times the market value, whichever is greater, under section 4(a)(ii), each expressed as an alternative to imprisonment or in addition to it. Cap. 245 carries no death penalty, and imprisonment for life appears only at section 4(b)(i), for precursor chemicals and for substances held out to be narcotic or psychotropic, and at section 4B(5), for conspiracy. Those figures are carried across every Kenyan row because Cap. 245 sets them country wide rather than substance by substance, and this row is placed outside that regime, so they are recorded as Kenya's published drug penalties and not as this substance's exposure.
If prescribed / medical: Cap. 245 does not reach this substance on the text read, so the section 3(3) exemption for a licence or a prescription is not the provision that governs it. Kenya's medicines, pharmacy and poisons legislation, its customs rules and any import permit requirement sit in other instruments, and none of them was read for this cell, so nothing here settles whether a traveller may bring this substance into Kenya. Carry any prescription you hold and put the question to a Kenyan mission before you travel.
Documentation: This row rests on an absence, so it carries the version of the list it was read against. Cap. 245 is the controlling instrument. It carries four schedules, the First for narcotic drugs, the Second for psychotropic substances, the Third for prohibited plants and the Fourth for precursor chemicals, and none of the four uses entry numbers, so no numbered placement is asserted anywhere in this batch. The text read incorporates the Narcotics, Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (Control) (Amendment) Act, 2022 (No. 4 of 2022), assented on 24 February 2022 and commenced on 21 March 2022, which replaced the whole of section 3(2), replaced section 4 outright, inserted sections 4A and 4B, inserted the word tramadol in the First Schedule, inserted the word ketamine in the Second Schedule and added the Fourth Schedule, and which carries no transitional or savings provision. This is stated as at the Kenya Law revised edition of Cap. 245, being the text as at 31 December 2022 as revised by the 24th Annual Supplement (Legal Notice 221 of 2023), read on 22 September 2026, which the publisher marks as the latest version of the Act. Section 87 lets the Cabinet Secretary by order add a substance or plant to the First, Second or Third Schedule or delete one from it, and no order made after 31 December 2022 was found by the routes tried, which does not rule out a later one.

Belgium

Legal status: Synthetic cannabinoids is controlled in Belgium, but not by being named. It is reached by the generic definitions in Annex IVA group 4, which print the controlled core structures and their substituent definitions, and the operative provisions come from the instrument named for this row, the Royal Decree of 6 September 2017, where article 2 defines the controlled substances through Annexes I to V and article 61 routes a breach back to the Law of 24 February 1921. Belgium works a delegated model: article 2bis §1 of the Law of 24 February 1921 punishes breaches concerning substances whose list is settled by the King, and the Royal Decree of 6 September 2017 supplies that list. The named lists are closed, so pharmacological resemblance, a similar spelling or a substring match cannot enlarge them. Annex IVA is the one part of the list that is open, and it is open only inside the eight precisely printed generic chemical families; a structure that does not fit the printed core and substituent ranges is outside it. This slug is not a street label in Belgium: it corresponds to a printed generic family in the annex, with defined core structures and substituent ranges, so it has a real terminal status. The family prints indole, indazole, benzodiazole and pyrrole cores, and a cannabinoid built on a different core is outside it. That is why cannabinol, which has a dibenzopyran core, comes out the other way in this table.
Consequences if caught: Capital exposure: none. Belgium's drug law carries no death penalty and no life sentence. What does attach to synthetic cannabinoids is the article 2bis ladder in the Law of 24 February 1921, reached through the same routing article as a named substance, and here the control is a printed structural family rather than a list of product names. Article 2bis §1 sets the ordinary band at three months to five years of imprisonment with a fine of EUR 1,000 to 100,000. Article 2bis §3 raises that to ten to fifteen years for its stated aggravations, including where use following the offence causes death. Article 2bis §4 carries the ceiling, fifteen to twenty years, where the offence concerns a child under twelve or participation as a leader in an association, so twenty years is the maximum imprisonment this statute exposes. Article 2bis §5 allows a further fine of EUR 1,000 to 100,000 in the §2 to §4 cases, which makes that fine available rather than automatic. Annex IVA is the generic family limb, and a family result carries the same article 2bis exposure as a named entry: what differs is how the substance is proved to be listed, not what follows once it is.
If prescribed / medical: The rule that applies to a traveller here is Belgium's own and it is one rule for the whole country: article 3(4)(4) of the Royal Decree of 6 September 2017. It is a document exception rather than a schedule, and it is not a prescribing right. It covers a medicine that was lawfully obtained, carried for the traveller's own personal use, and limited to no more than three months of treatment, and it expressly excludes the substances in Annex II limb A. Synthetic cannabinoids is reached through the generic family in Annex IVA group 4 rather than through a named entry, and that family is not the excluded limb, so the placement does not shut the exception out; whether a lawfully obtained medicine exists to carry is a separate question this row does not answer. No product sold under this class name is an authorised Belgian medicine on anything this dossier records. No route specific to synthetic cannabinoids was found in this dossier and none has been invented for it.

Sweden

Legal status: Controlled. The synthetic cannabinoids are scheduled compound by compound in the Swedish narkotikaförteckningar, which are Läkemedelsverkets föreskrifter (LVFS 2011:10) om förteckningar över narkotika, made under 3 § förordningen (1992:1554) om kontroll av narkotika. The version read for this cell is the consolidated text, which states on its own first page that it contains amendments through HSLF-FS 2026:26. A representative row reads «AB-CHMINACA N-(1-amino-3-metyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-1-(cyklohexylmetyl)-1H-indazol-3-karboxamid». The class is scheduled compound by compound, every row read sits in Förteckning I, and a single international number would be wrong for it. Six rows read with international P II are AB-CHMINACA and AB-FUBINACA, then AB-PINACA and ADB-BUTINACA, then ADB-FUBINACA and the row printed as CUMYL-4CN-BINACA. The row for A-CHMINACA, the row for ADB-4en-PINACA, the rows for JWH-022, for JWH-073 and for JWH-081, and most of the CUMYL rows, carry no international listing. The JWH-018 row reads «JWH-018 Naftalen-1-yl-(1-pentylindol-3-yl)metanon», Förteckning I with international P II. Twelve JWH rows and about a dozen CUMYL rows were counted in the text read.
Consequences if caught: Capital exposure: none. Sweden has no death penalty for any offence, so no drug offence here carries capital exposure. The live cell recorded that possession and supply carry imprisonment and that there is no death penalty.
If prescribed / medical: These substances have no recognised medical use and no lawful prescription route in Sweden.
Documentation: There is no lawful personal import route. The live cell recorded successive listings since 2009, scheduling by name as narkotika or, for newer analogues, as hälsofarliga varor, and incorporation of the synthetic cannabinoids added to Schedule II of the 1971 Convention. That history is carried forward and was not re-derived.

Läkemedelsverkets föreskrifter (LVFS 2011:10) om förteckningar över narkotika, konsoliderad version, as amended through HSLF-FS 2026:26, read on 21 September 2026 · 3 § förordningen (1992:1554) om kontroll av narkotika · Quotations in guillemets are the row's printed tokens in column order. Line wraps inside a name are rejoined, and a hyphen that exists only because of the wrap is dropped. Any further name printed in the row is reported in prose rather than inside the quotation, because the two column layout interleaves it into the middle of the chemical name · Updated September 21, 2026

Norway

Legal status: Controlled in Norway, and resolved by structure rather than by any single row. Synthetic cannabinoids are not one class in the narkotikaliste. Seven of the twelve entries in the groups clause are cannabinoid scaffolds and between them they close over most of the family: the benzoylindole group at 1, the cyclohexylphenol group at 3, the naphthoylindole group at 4, the naphthoylpyrrole group at 5, the naphthylmethylindene group at 6, the naphthylmethylindole group at 7 and the phenylacetylindole group at 9. Each reaches any compound derived from the named core by substitution at the stated position with an alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkylmethyl, cycloalkylethyl, haloalkyl or 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl group, whatever else is substituted. Sixty four individual synthetic cannabinoids are also named outright, and a compound outside all seven scaffolds is not caught unless it is named.
Consequences if caught: Possession and use are forbidden by legemiddelloven section 24 first paragraph and punished under section 31 by a fine or imprisonment for up to six months, or both. Unlawful manufacture, import, export, acquisition, storage, sending or transfer is a narcotics offence under straffeloven section 231, punished by a fine or imprisonment for up to two years, and negligent commission by up to one year. An aggravated narcotics offence under section 232 carries up to ten years, a very substantial quantity carries from three to fifteen years, and under particularly aggravating circumstances up to twenty one years. A specific compound must be tested against the seven scaffolds one at a time. This cell states the mechanism and does not certify any particular product. The narkotikaliste read here is the Lovdata consolidation as at 16 September 2026. Its own amendment note ends with forskrift 26 August 2026 no. 1682, in force 1 September 2026, and no instrument after that was read, so this cell does not rule out a later change to the list.
If prescribed / medical: No prescription route is asserted here. A substance in the section 5 tier may only be handled under an exemption granted under section 5 second paragraph, and no such exemption was read for this cell.
Documentation: Nothing in this cell supports carrying any of them.

Norway, forskrift 14. februar 2013 nr. 199 om narkotika (narkotikaforskriften), narkotikalisten and sections 3, 5 and 19 · legemiddelloven (LOV-1992-12-04-132) sections 22, 24 and 31 · straffeloven (LOV-2005-05-20-28) sections 231 and 232 · lovdata.no · Updated September 16, 2026

Denmark

Legal status: Controlled under the Danish euphoriants legislation through structural group entries and through a long run of individual names: it is not named in liste A, B, C, D or E of bekendtgoerelse nr. 405 af 26. marts 2026 om euforiserende stoffer as in force on 29 March 2026 as a class name, and the group entries at liste B nr. 452 to nr. 461 reach the families.
Consequences if caught: Eight of the eleven structural group entries are aimed at this class: Benzoylindol-gruppen at nr. 452, Cyclohexylphenol-gruppen at nr. 454, Dibenzopyran-gruppen at nr. 455, Naphthoylindol-gruppen at nr. 456, Naphthoylpyrrol-gruppen at nr. 457, Naphthylmethylinden-gruppen at nr. 458, Naphthylmethylindol-gruppen at nr. 459 and Phenylacetylindol-gruppen at nr. 461. Each group entry is drafted the same way. It names a parent structure, states which substitutions bring a compound within the group, prints a general structure with its R variables, and then lists the compounds excepted from the group because they are placed individually. The indazole carboxamides are placed by name rather than by group, and 61 of them were added to liste B on 29 March 2026, among them ADB-B-5Br-INACA at nr. 12, ADB-5Br-INACA at nr. 13, ADB-D-5Br-INACA at nr. 16, ADMB-INACA at nr. 25, CUMYL-INACA at nr. 120 and MDMB-5Br-INACA at nr. 279. So whether a given compound is caught depends on which family it belongs to, and the group entries have to be read one by one rather than treated as a blanket clause. Section 1 also extends the lists to possible salts and simple derivatives with euphoriant effect of a placed substance, giving esters and ethers as its examples, and to all preparations containing or made from one, so the placement reaches a preparation as well as the pure compound. The offence is not in the bekendtgoerelse. Section 30 says a breach of it is punished under section 3 and sections 3 a to 3 d of lov om euforiserende stoffer, and that where the circumstances in section 191 of straffeloven apply the breach is punished under that provision instead. Section 3(1) of the Act sets the ordinary penalty as a fine. The same sentence sets the custodial ceiling at imprisonment for up to 2 years. In fixing the penalty, including a fine, the court must weigh the harmful effects of the substance and, since 1 July 2025, its dangerousness. Section 191 of straffeloven raises the ceiling to imprisonment for up to 10 years where a person transfers euphoriant substances to a larger number of people, or for significant payment, or under other particularly aggravating circumstances. That ceiling rises again to imprisonment for 16 years where the transfer concerns a significant quantity of a particularly dangerous or harmful substance, or where the transfer of such a substance was otherwise of a particularly dangerous character. Section 191(2) applies the same band to importing, exporting, buying, delivering, receiving, manufacturing, processing or possessing such substances with intent to transfer. Section 3(2) of the Act treats four things as significantly aggravating, and lov nr. 724 af 20. juni 2025 added the last two of them: repeated sales of a particularly harmful or dangerous substance, sale or free transfer for later sale at restaurants including discotheques or at concerts or music festivals or other events mainly attended by children or young people, sale or free transfer for later sale through social media, and sale or free transfer for later sale in shops carrying on retail trade. Section 3 c, in force since 1 July 2025, allows a motor vehicle used in a serious breach to be confiscated, and requires confiscation where the vehicle's owner committed an offence falling under section 191, unless special grounds exceptionally tell against it. Section 3 d lets a court disqualify a person from retail shop work for supplying euphoriant substances from a shop, and impose an area ban whose breach carries imprisonment for up to 2 years. Denmark is widely described as refusing warnings for personal possession, and that description now rests on a repealed sentence. The rule that a warning could in general not be given was section 3(1) third sentence, and lov nr. 667 af 11. juni 2024 repealed it with effect from 1 July 2024. In its place section 3(4) says that a withdrawal of the charge shall be given for possession of euphoriant substances for own use where social circumstances speak for it and the possession is due to a strong dependence on hard euphoriant substances following prolonged and sustained misuse, and it says that this applies in repeat cases as well. These are Denmark's general drug penalties rather than a tariff for this substance, and they describe the offences that this row's placement brings into play. Read against bekendtgoerelse nr. 405 af 26. marts 2026 om euforiserende stoffer as in force on 29 March 2026, which repealed bekendtgoerelse nr. 2446 af 12. december 2021 at its section 33(2), and against lov om euforiserende stoffer as consolidated on 9 December 2019 and amended by lov nr. 667 af 11. juni 2024 and lov nr. 724 af 20. juni 2025, all read at retsinformation.dk on 22 September 2026. The minister may add a substance to the lists at any time under sections 1 and 2 of the Act, so a placement and an absence are both statements about the lists as they stood on that date.

Finland

Legal status: Controlled through named members rather than as a class. The decree names no class term for this row. Section 1 of valtioneuvoston asetus huumausaineina pidettävistä aineista, valmisteista ja kasveista 543/2008 makes the substances, preparations and plants in annexes I to V narcotics, and this row's entry sits in Liite II, the annex headed as the substances and preparations in lists I to IV of the 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances, under list II, which the instrument itself heads as a schedule of the 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances, an attribution read off the annex heading and not checked against the INCB list in this pass. The entry reads «5F-MDMB-PINACA (5F-ADB) (metyyli (2S)-2-{[1-(5-fluoripentyyli)-1 H -indatsoli-3-karbonyyli]amino}-3,3-dimetyylibutanoaatti)». The instrument italicises part of that entry and the spacing around the italicised locants is as Finlex serves it. Section 5 subsection 1 of huumausainelaki 373/2008 then forbids production, manufacture, import into Finland, export from Finland, transport, transit, distribution, trade, handling, possession and use, and allows departure from that ban only for medical, research, supervisory and industrial purposes as separately provided. The same list closes by extending itself, in the words «tämän luettelon aineiden suolat, mukaan luettuna edellä mainittujen isomeerien suolat, jos sellaisten olemassaolo on mahdollista; sekä». That annex stands as amended by 4.12.2025/1119. The members read in this pass sit in three places at once. Liite II list II names 5F-MDMB-PINACA, 5F-MDMB-PICA, 5F-AMB-PINACA, 5F-APINACA, 5F-PB-22, AB-CHMINACA and 4F-MDMB-BINACA. Liite III names 4F-MDMB-BICA. The 1130/2014 annex names a further long tail including HU-210 and the FUBINACA family. The live Finland cell's wider reading is kept. It recorded JWH-018, JWH-073 and HU-210 by name, the annex to valtioneuvoston asetus 1130/2014, and sections 1 to 3 of the medicines list 230/2025 with lääkelaki 395/1987 sections 3 and 6, and it recorded that no blanket receptor activity test covers an undefined class and that no finite member or structure set was supplied.
Consequences if caught: Capital exposure: none. The ceiling anywhere in this regime is the ten year maximum that Criminal Code chapter 50 section 2 sets for an aggravated narcotics offence. No penalty is asserted for this entry as a class, because the classification itself is unresolved. Chapter 50 of the Criminal Code (39/1889) carries the narcotics offences. Section 1 sets a fine or up to two years for a huumausainerikos covering manufacture, cultivation, import, export, transport, sale, supply, distribution and possession. Section 2 sets one to ten years for a törkeä huumausainerikos where the object is a very dangerous narcotic or a large quantity, or substantial gain is sought, or the act is part of an organised group, or serious danger to life or health is caused to several people, or the drug is spread to minors. Section 2 a sets a fine or up to six months for a huumausaineen käyttörikos, unlawful use or possession of a small quantity for own use. Section 3 sets a fine or up to two years for preparation and section 4 the same for promotion, while section 4 a sets four months to six years for aggravated promotion. Section 7 allows the charge or the sentence to be waived where the quantity, the circumstances and the use situation make the act minor as a whole, or where the suspect has entered approved treatment. This row sits in Liite II under list II of the decree, so those are the provisions its placement engages. The live Finland cell recorded the same three provisions and asserted no custodial term at all, and every provision it named is carried here: Criminal Code (39/1889) chapter 50, the substantive prohibitions in Narcotics Act 373/2008 section 5 with the lawful exceptions in section 3, and the consumer market conduct offence in Criminal Code chapter 44 section 5 a. The bands stated above are new to this pass and were read off the Criminal Code itself, not carried from that cell. They describe the offences that this row's placement brings into play. This row in particular. The entry this row is reached through sits in Liite II, which the decree heads as the substances and preparations in the lists of the 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances, under list II of that annex, at printed position 5 of the 68 entries that list carries in the consolidated text read here, it reads «5F-MDMB-PINACA (5F-ADB) (metyyli (2S)-2-{[1-(5-fluoripentyyli)-1H-indatsoli-3-karbonyyli]amino}-3,3-dimetyylibutanoaatti)», and it is that entry rather than this row's own name that the decree prints. In the printed order of that list the entry above it is 5F-MDMB-PICA and below it comes 5F-PB-22. The same list closes by extending itself beyond its named entries, in the words «tässä luettelossa mainittuja aineita sisältävät valmisteet.». The annex that carries this row stands as amended by 4.12.2025/1119, which is the amendment that last touched this row's annex rather than the decree as a whole. Section 5 subsection 1 of huumausainelaki 373/2008 is the prohibition that placement engages, «Huumausaineen tuotanto, valmistus, tuonti Suomen alueelle, vienti Suomen alueelta, kuljetus, kauttakuljetus, jakelu, kauppa, käsittely, hallussapito ja käyttö on kielletty.», and chapter 50 section 5 subsection 1 of the Criminal Code makes the word huumausaine in those offences mean a narcotic under huumausainelaki, so the annex entry above is what puts this row inside them. Criminal Code chapter 50 section 2 a is the small quantity limb and it opens «Joka laittomasti käyttää taikka omaa käyttöä varten pitää hallussaan tai yrittää hankkia vähäisen määrän huumausainetta, on tuomittava», so the käyttörikos reaches this row on its own terms. No quantity figure is printed anywhere in chapter 50: whether a quantity is a suuri määrä, and whether the substance is an erittäin vaarallinen huumausaine under chapter 50 section 5 subsection 2, are findings of fact and the annex position does not settle either of them. No fine figure is printed either, because a Finnish fine is a day fine set on the offender's income.

Bolivia

Legal status: Not confirmed. This class does not resolve to one placement from this list, so no single status is stated for it. The only cannabinoid entry in the Anexo is TETRAHIDROCANABINOLES (Todos los isómeros) in Lista I, together with DMHP and PARAHEXILO, which are named individually. The Anexo to Ley 913 of 16 March 2017 is the operative list, made so by article 5(c) of that Law, and the offences stayed in Ley 1008 Título III. [Certain]
Consequences if caught: Capital exposure: none. Article 15 I of the 2009 Constitution reads, in its own words, No existe la pena de muerte, and no limb of the Bolivian drug law carries a capital penalty. The only cannabinoid entry in the Anexo is TETRAHIDROCANABINOLES (Todos los isómeros) in Lista I, together with DMHP and PARAHEXILO, which are named individually. Article 48 reaches a constituent the Anexo names. It does not reach this row as a label, because the label is not an entry in the Anexo. Ley 1008 of 19 July 1988 article 48 punishes whoever traffics in sustancias controladas with presidio de diez a veinticinco años y diez mil a veinte mil días multa, ten to twenty five years and ten thousand to twenty thousand day fines, and it makes trafficking in larger volumes an aggravating circumstance. Article 48 takes its conduct from article 33(m) of the same law, which Ley 913 left standing and which defines tráfico ilícito as producing, manufacturing, knowingly possessing, holding in deposit or storage, transporting, delivering, supplying, buying, selling, donating, bringing into the country, taking out of the country and financing. The rest of the ladder sits in the same title. Article 46, cultivating or harvesting controlled plants, one to two years and two to four on a second offence. Article 47, manufacture, five to fifteen years. Article 50, administering to another, ten to fifteen years. Article 51, supplying to another, eight to twelve years. Article 52, fifteen to twenty years where the administering or supplying gravely harms health and twenty to thirty where the conduct results in a death. Article 53, a third more where two or more people organise. Article 55, transport, eight to twelve years with definitive seizure of the vehicle. The day fine unit is the statute's own and is not converted here. Article 49 sends the dependent user and the non habitual user caught holding a minimum quantity for immediate personal consumption to a farmacodependencia institute for treatment rather than to prison. That minimum is fixed case by case on the opinion of two specialists from a public institute and no gram figure is printed anywhere in the statute. Holding more than the minimum falls into article 48. A foreign national without permanent residence who commits these acts has the residence law applied and a fine of five hundred to one thousand days, which is the sentence in the article most likely to reach a traveller and which the live cell did not carry.
If prescribed / medical: The country level rule is Ley 913 article 20. Medicines containing sustancias controladas of Listas II, III and IV, and where applicable those of Lista I, may be made or divided only by laboratories the Ministry of Health has authorised, and they are dispensed to the public only in authorised establishments and pharmacies and only on a doctor's prescription or on Ministry of Health forms. Article 18 II puts the import, export, commercialisation and production of medicinal controlled substances of Listas I to IV behind a prior Ministry of Health authorisation, and article 21 I obliges carriers to require a Ministry of Health or Ministry of Government authorisation before a controlled substance of the Anexo lists is brought into, carried through or taken out of the national customs territory. Attached to this row: the constituents named above carry their own bands, and this row has no band of its own because it is not an entry.

Ecuador

Legal status: Not confirmed, status not individually verified; confirm with Ecuador's authorities (COIP; Constitution Art 364) / your embassy
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not named in the cited Ecuadorian sources (COIP Arts 220/228; Constitution Art 364; the repealed CONSEP table), do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. Personal-use possession is non-punishable in Ecuador (Constitution Art 364 treats consumption as a public-health matter and bars criminalizing consumers; the COIP confirms personal-use possession is not punishable, and CNJ Resolution 14-2023 confirmed this remains fully in force). CRITICAL: the former CONSEP quantity table was [repealed] by Executive Decree No. 28 on 24 November 2023, the old bright-line thresholds NO LONGER EXIST, there is now NO defined personal-use quantity, and trafficking intent is assessed case-by-case (a legal grey area). Trafficking is tiered (COIP Art 220): minimum 3-5 years, medium 5-7, high 19-22, large 22-26.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: Personal-use possession is NON-PUNISHABLE: Constitution Art 364 treats consumption as a public-health matter and bars criminalizing consumers, and the COIP confirms personal-use possession is not punishable (CNJ Resolution 14-2023 confirmed this remains fully in force). CRITICAL: the former CONSEP quantity table (Resolution 001-CONSEP-CO-2013, about 10 g cannabis, 1 g cocaine, 0.1 g heroin, 0.015 g MDMA) was [repealed] by Executive Decree No. 28 on 24 November 2023; those gram thresholds NO LONGER EXIST. There is now NO defined personal-use quantity, trafficking intent is assessed case-by-case (a legal grey area). Trafficking is tiered (COIP Art 220): minimum 3-5 years, medium 5-7, high 19-22, large 22-26. Medical cannabis is legal (2019 Assembly vote; products under 1% THC via pharmacy). [contested] A REDCAN citizen cannabis-regulation initiative was pending in the National Assembly in 2025. Ecuador has NO death penalty for drugs. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Constitution (2008) Art 364 + COIP Arts 220/228 + CNJ Resolution 14-2023 + Executive Decree No. 28 (24 November 2023) · asamblea.gob.ec · defensoria.gob.ec · unodc.org · Updated July 14, 2026

Paraguay

Legal status: Not a single substance. The corpus label covers a large family, and Paraguay's schedule names individual members of it rather than the class.
Consequences if caught: Capital exposure: none. Article 4 of the 1992 Constitucion Nacional reads Queda abolida la pena de muerte, so no capital penalty is available in Paraguay, and no article of Ley 1.340/1988 provides one. [Certain] This is a class label rather than a scheduled molecule, but Paraguay's schedule names individual members of it in Lista II of the psicotropicos sheet. Twenty one synthetic cannabinoid entries were counted there, among them JWH-018 with the other name AM-678, then AM-2201, then UR-144, then XLR-11, then 5F-ADB, then AB-FUBINACA and finally MDMB-4en-PINACA. Resolve a sample against the member it is proved to contain. A member not on that list is not reached by it. Ley 1.340/1988 sets the conduct offences. Article 13 punishes supply without authorization with 6 to 15 years penitentiary, forfeiture of the goods and a fine of four times their value. Article 14 raises that to 10 to 25 years where the supply is to a minor, and article 15 applies the same range to supply in teaching, religious, welfare, sporting, cultural or social premises, at public entertainments, or in places of detention. Article 16 punishes supply made to prepare, facilitate, commit or conceal another offence with 5 to 15 years. Article 21, as replaced by Ley 1.881/2002, punishes unauthorized introduction into the country or dispatch abroad with 5 to 10 years, forfeiture and the same fine, and article 22 applies that penalty to any plant, substance or product usable in making these substances. Article 25 punishes bringing them in under temporary admission or in transit with 10 to 20 years. Article 26 punishes activity carried on from national territory aimed at sending them abroad with 10 to 25 years. Article 33 punishes sowing, cultivating, harvesting or gathering the plants that serve to make them, and financing that, with 10 to 20 years and destruction of the crop. Article 27, which punished unauthorized possession with 5 to 15 years, was repealed by article 4 of Ley 1.881/2002, so there is no longer a freestanding possession offence in this law. [Certain] The highest range stated in the statute is 10 to 25 years, but that is not the maximum it can reach, because four articles multiply a penalty rather than state one. Article 17 punishes causing a person to consume these substances by deceit, threat or violence with 10 to 20 years, and raises the penalty by one third to one half where the victim is a minor, mentally ill, a relative within the second degree of consanguinity or affinity, or the spouse, or where the author is a health professional, which reaches 30 years. Article 37 punishes instigating or persuading another, or achieving production or trafficking by deceit, threat or violence, with the same 10 to 20 years and the same uplift, where the victim is a minor, a relative within the second degree, the spouse, or a person in a relationship of obedience or dependence. Article 41 punishes committing offences to procure or force the release of someone held for an offence under this law with the maximum penalty for the offence committed, and imposes double that penalty where the release is actually achieved, which on a 25 year offence reaches 50 years. Article 42 punishes belonging to an association formed to commit these offences with 5 to 15 years on that fact alone, and doubles the penalty for its leader or promoter, which reaches 30 years. None of the four is a separate drug offence, so each applies on top of whichever article above is charged. [Certain] Article 30 exempts from penalty a person holding a substance to which the law refers that a doctor prescribed for them, or holding it for their exclusive personal use, and punishes a quantity greater than the amount prescribed or than personal use requires with 2 to 4 years penitentiary and forfeiture. Its second paragraph treats as the exclusive personal use of a farmacodependiente the holding of enough substance for daily use, the amount to be fixed case by case by the Medico Forense, a specialist doctor designated by the Ministerio de Salud Publica y Bienestar Social and another designated by the affected person at their own cost if they ask for one, and then states in its own words: En el caso de la Marihuana no sobrepasara los diez gramos y de dos gramos en el de la Cocaina, Heroina y otros opiaceos. [Certain] Article 30 states a figure only for marihuana and for cocaina, heroina y otros opiaceos. It states none for this row, so any personal use quantity for it falls to the case by case determination in the second paragraph and no gram figure can be quoted for it. [Certain] The schedule read was the Listado Actualizado de Sustancias sujetas a fiscalizacion en Paraguay, Dic. 2025, published by DINAVISA under Decreto 5.213/2005 as amended by Decreto 5.282/2021, read as at 21 September 2026, together with the 1961 and 1971 Convention lists that article 1 limb a incorporates directly. Reading them does not rule out a later decree, a later edition of the list, or a later Convention scheduling decision that names this substance.

Ghana

Legal status: Not confirmed. Synthetic cannabinoids is a family label, not one substance. No synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonist is named in the Narcotics Control Commission Act 2020 (Act 1019); the search, in English, for JWH-018, for AM-2201, for MDMB-CHMICA and for the stems pinaca and naphthoylindole returned no entry, and the only cannabinoid entries are Sixth Schedule items 3 to 8, which are plant cannabinoids and two classical analogues, nabilone and DMHP. Sixth Schedule A names «Cannabis, its preparations, derivatives and similar synthetic preparations», and whether a structurally unrelated receptor agonist is a «similar synthetic preparation» of cannabis is a question of construction that no instrument or decision found answers. The Green List 2024 carries many of them, among them JWH-018, AM-2201 and MDMB-CHMICA, in Schedule II of the 1971 Convention, which brings those within the FDA guideline's definition of a psychotropic substance for medical supply only. This is stated as the Schedules stand after the Narcotics Control Commission (Amendment) Act, 2023 (Act 1100), which the judy.legal consolidation records as the Act's only amendment and whose Bill substitutes section 43 alone; the enacted text of Act 1100 was not itself read. The power to move the lists is in section 112: its subsection (1) gave a power to revise the Sixth, Seventh and Eighth Schedules within twelve months of commencement, and its subsection (2)(b) gives a continuing power to make Regulations specifying «the classification of drugs and the appropriate penalties». The only Regulations found under the Act, L.I. 2475 of 2023 on cannabis cultivation, revise no Schedule on their table of contents, and this does not rule out a later instrument that was not found.
Consequences if caught: No penalty is stated here for synthetic cannabinoids, because whether Act 1019 reaches any of them turns on an undefined phrase. If it is a narcotic drug or plant, the Act 1019 Second Schedule bands and section 50 apply; if it is not, no offence reaching a user was found.
If prescribed / medical: No prescription or medical route for a synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonist was found.
Documentation: Not established for synthetic cannabinoids. Sections 36(1) and 40(1) of Act 1019 require a licence to import a narcotic drug or plant, and section 118 of the Public Health Act 2012 (Act 851) requires registration or a personal import permit for a drug.

Narcotics Control Commission Act, 2020 (Act 1019), official parliamentary text, read at https://repository.parliament.gh/bitstreams/2ae84af6-4f3f-49e5-aae1-b340fe350cb8/download on 3 October 2026, Fifth to Eighth Schedules, definitions, sections 36 to 45 and 112 · Updated October 3, 2026

Israel

Legal status: Controlled as a named class at חלק א' סימן ב' פרט 13ט, plus at least ten generic scaffold entries
Consequences if caught: Capital exposure: none. [Certain] Re-derived in this pass from the Ordinance itself: the words מוות, תלייה and הוצאה להורג return zero hits across the whole text, and so does עולם, so there is no life route either, and the heaviest sentence anywhere in it is the 25 years of section 21 for involving a minor. [Certain] Read in this pass at חלק א' סימן ב' פרט 13ט, headed Synthetic Cannabinoids קנאבינואידים סינטתיים and running through lettered items from (א) to (נא), which name SR144528, WIN 55,212-2, JWH-133, CP 47,497, CP 55,940, HU 331, HU 210, HU 211, levonantradol, JWH-073, JWH-018, JWH-250, JWH-210, AM-694, AM-2201, MAM-2201, UR-144, PB-22, AKB-48, AB-FUBINACA and AB-PINACA, then ADB-FUBINACA and AB-CHMINACA, and 5F-AMB among others. Item (ל) adds וכן נגזרות מבניות של חומרים אלה, and structural derivatives of these substances. At least ten scaffold generics sit above it as their own פרטים: naphthoylindoles 4א, naphthoylpyrroles 4ג, naphthylmethylindenes 4ד, phenylacetylindoles 4ה, hydroxycyclohexylphenols 4ו and benzoylindoles 4ז. This is a class, so the answer for any one product depends on which molecule it actually contains. [Certain] Section 1 defines סם מסוכן as חומר מן המפורטים בתוספת הראשונה לרבות כל מלח שלו, וכן כל תכשיר, תרכובת, תערובת או תמיסה של חומר כאמור ומלחיהם, a substance listed in the First Schedule including any salt of it, and also any preparation, compound, mixture or solution of such a substance and of their salts. That definition reaches salts and mixtures and stops there: it says nothing about isomers, analogues or structural derivatives, so those come only from the words of an individual פרט or of a סימן wide sweep clause. Section 7(c) sets up to 20 years or a fine 25 times the fine in section 61(a)(4) of the Penal Law 5737-1977 for possession or use, dropping to 3 years or the plain section 61(a)(4) fine where the drug was held or used for the person's own consumption alone. Section 6 sets the same 20 years for growing, manufacturing, producing, preparing or extracting without the Director's licence. Section 19A sets 20 years for the trade and transit offences of sections 13 to 18, which reach export, import, brokering, dealing, any other transaction and supply whether or not for payment. Section 21 raises it to 25 years on any of its three limbs, giving a dangerous drug to a minor, being responsible for a minor and allowing him to obtain or use one, or inducing a minor to obtain or use one, and section 25 bars a wholly suspended sentence or a probation order on that conviction. [Certain] Section 20 is not a penalty provision at all, it is the customs inspection power over a consignment carried in transit through Israel. No Second Schedule quantity is set for this substance, so the section 31(3) reverse onus, which presumes possession beyond personal consumption above a listed weight, has no threshold to run from here.
If prescribed / medical

Panama

Legal status: Controlled. Synthetic cannabinoids is reached by the Panamanian criminal definition of a drug, not by a national chemical annex. Article 324 of the Código Penal defines the criminal object for the whole drug chapter, and it does so functionally and by incorporation rather than by a closed national list: «droga es toda sustancia que produzca dependencia física o síquica, como los narcóticos, fármacos, estupefacientes y todos aquellos productos, precursores y sustancias químicas esenciales que sirven para su elaboración, transformación o preparación, de conformidad con las disposiciones legales en materia de salud, convenios y acuerdos internacionales vigentes en la República de Panamá.». The entry read for this row is «ADB-BUTINACA» in Schedule II of the 1971 Convention, member by member. The name sits in the other non-proprietary or trivial column of that schedule, with no international non-proprietary name beside it. It is not named in Resolución 200 of 2025, which is the national list of substances permitted for medical and scientific use. That is an absence from a medical permission list and not an absence from the offence. The class word is not an entry anywhere, and this row is resolved only through named members. Fourteen indazole and indole carboxamide members were read in the schedule under their own code names with registry numbers, and a compound not among them is not placed by belonging to the family.
Consequences if caught: The conduct and not the substance decides which article applies, and the placement established above is what lets these articles reach Synthetic cannabinoids at all. Exposure attaches to the named member actually present, and sprayed plant material weighs far more than the compound it carries. Article 321 sets 8 to 12 years of prison for unlawful possession in circumstances objectively showing it is not for consumption, and its printed words are «Quien ilícitamente posea drogas, en circunstancias que objetivamente permitan determinar que no es para el consumo, será sancionado con ocho a doce años de prisión.». Article 312 sets the same 8 to 12 years where two or more people agree to commit a drug offence. Article 313 sets 10 to 15 years for bringing a drug into the national territory, even in transit, and raises that by a third to a half where the drug is brought in for local sale or distribution. Article 314 sets 10 to 15 years for sowing, cultivating, extracting, transforming or manufacturing, and article 318 sets 10 to 15 years for buying, selling, storing or exchanging for commercial purposes, doubled in the five aggravated cases it lists. Article 319 sets 8 to 12 years for devoting premises or a vehicle to drug activity, rising to 10 to 15 years for the owner of a commercial place open to the public. Article 322 sets 20 to 25 years where conduct under articles 312, 313 or 321 is carried out by the leaders, directors or organisers of a criminal band, and its words are «la pena será de veinte a veinticinco años de prisión.», so the ceiling this chapter carries is 25 years. The dossier for this country stated that ceiling as 20 years and that is corrected here against the article itself. Article 320 covers buying or possessing for one's own consumption in scarce quantity, and its penalty is a fine of 50 to 250 day units, weekend arrest or community work, in the words «Quien ilícitamente compre o posea drogas para su consumo en escasa cantidad será sancionado con cincuenta a doscientos cincuenta días-multa o arresto de fines de semana o trabajo comunitario.». Where the person is physically or psychically dependent and the quantity is scarce, article 320 imposes a security measure instead. The live cell attributed a band of 2 to 4 years to article 320; that band is in the third paragraph of article 313 and it applies where a drug is brought into the country and the scarce quantity and the other circumstances show unequivocally that it is for personal consumption, in the words «La sanción será de dos a cuatro años de prisión o su equivalente en días-multa o medidas curativas cuando, por su escasa cantidad y demás circunstancias, se determine inequívocamente que la droga es para el consumo personal.». Panama publishes no numerical quantity table for this corpus. Article 320 provides that scarce quantity for personal use is the measure the Instituto de Medicina Legal y Ciencias Forenses determines in each case according to the person's state of dependence, «Se entenderá por cantidad escasa destinada a su uso personal la medida que determine el Instituto de Medicina Legal y Ciencias Forenses, en cada caso, según el estado de dependencia de la persona.», so the live cell's gloss of a single dose is corrected here as not what the article says. Article 323 directs the court to weigh the dangerousness of the drug and its market value when placing a sentence inside a band. Panama provides no death penalty for any drug offence. Those figures are carried forward from the live cell and re-derived against the Penal Code itself, and they describe the offences that this row's placement brings into play.

Nigeria

Legal status: Controlled. Synthetic cannabinoids are controlled through NDLEA Act / NAFDAC scheduling, incorporating the synthetic cannabinoids added to Schedule II of the 1971 Convention (Nigeria being a party). The NDLEA Act carries no death penalty and its maximum is life imprisonment under section 20(2)(a).
Consequences if caught: Illegal. Trafficking carries life imprisonment under section 20(2)(a) of the NDLEA Act, which provides no death penalty. Do not carry.
If prescribed / medical: These synthetic cannabinoids have no recognised medical use and no lawful prescription route in Nigeria.
Documentation: No lawful personal-import route for controlled synthetic cannabinoids; do not carry.

unodc.org · Updated September 14, 2026

Bangladesh

Legal status: Synthetic cannabinoids are named as a class in Class 'kha' at serial 4 of the First Schedule, spelled «Synthetic Canabinoids», between Salvinorin A and Tramadol. Naming the class rather than the compounds means a new synthetic cannabinoid is caught on the day it appears without any amendment, and Class 'kha' serial 5 adds the derivatives, analogues and agonists on top of that. Section 36(11), added in 2026, requires law enforcement to notify the Department the moment a new psychoactive substance is identified and the Department to issue an early warning.
Consequences if caught: Capital exposure: none. Section 9(1) prohibits, for every narcotic except alcohol, cultivation, production or processing, carrying, transport or transfer, import and export at limb (a); supply, marketing, buying, selling, transfer, receipt, sending, dealing, auction, holding, possession, storage, warehousing and display at limb (b); consumption, application or use at limb (c); and any attempt, investment of money, establishing, running or patronising an operation, or a false declaration, at limb (d). Section 36 then sets the penalty from a 34 row table whose second column names a First Schedule class and serial number, not a substance, so what a substance is punished by depends entirely on which serial it sits in. The synthetic cannabinoids sits in Class 'kha', the middle class, at serial 4 of the First Schedule. Section 36 row 28 covers Class 'kha' serial 4 under section 9(1)(a) at a flat 1 to 7 years. Row 29 covers section 9(1)(b), (c) or (d): up to 1 kilogramme or litre is 1 to 5 years, above 1 and up to 5 kilogrammes or litres is 5 to 7 years, above 5 kilogrammes or litres is 7 to 10 years, with a fine at every tier. The death penalty under the section 36 table reaches only three entries in the whole First Schedule, Class 'ka' serials 4, 5 and 6, and the synthetic cannabinoids is not in any of them, so the table's capital tier does not reach it. Nor does imprisonment for life: the ceiling for this serial is a term of years. Consumption is not capital and neither is financing. Section 9(1)(c) consumption of a Class 'ka' narcotic is table row 16 at 3 months to 2 years, and section 9(1)(d), which covers «কোনো প্রচেষ্টা অথবা উদ্যোগ গ্রহণ, অর্থ বিনিয়োগ, কোনো প্রতিষ্ঠান স্থাপন অথবা পরিচালনা কিংবা উহার পৃষ্ঠপোষকতা», any attempt or initiative, investment of money, establishing or running an operation or patronising one, is table row 17 at the same 3 months to 2 years. Section 36(2) doubles the maximum for a second offence after a sentence has been served, and section 36(3) sets a floor of 20 years for a third, in each case only «উক্ত অপরাধের দণ্ড মৃত্যুদণ্ড অথবা যাবজ্জীবন কারাদণ্ড না হইলে», where the penalty for that offence is not already death or life. Section 36A, inserted by the Narcotics Control (Amendment) Act 2026 on 16 July 2026 and in force at once, adds a capital route that has no quantity threshold and no class restriction at all. Buying, selling, supplying, offering, advertising, brokering or communicating about a narcotic or a psychoactive substance through cyberspace, a digital device, a website, social media, a mobile application, an online platform or any other digital medium, or using a digital payment system, an e-wallet, a virtual asset or a cryptocurrency for those purposes, is punishable under section 36A(2) by «যে কোনো মেয়াদের কারাদণ্ডে অথবা সর্বোচ্চ মৃত্যুদণ্ডে», imprisonment for any term or at the maximum death, with a fine of up to 20 lakh taka. Its proviso states that recovery of the drug from the offender is not required. This reaches any substance that is a narcotic under section 2(29), which is anything in the First Schedule, and the schedule's own Explanation at clause (ক) defines a psychoactive substance as anything in Class 'ka' serials 4, 5 and 6, Class 'kha' serials 4 and 5, or Class 'ga' serials 3 and 4.

Pakistan

Legal status: Not confirmed for Pakistan. Synthetic cannabinoids is named in no schedule of the Control of Narcotic Substances Act, 1997. Schedule-I's cannabinoid entries are eight named chemical structures, all of them dibenzopyrans with a 3-pentyl chain. The synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists sold as such are indoles, indazoles and naphthoylindoles with no dibenzopyran ring at all, and neither the Act nor the Rules 2001 carries a receptor-activity or a generic-structure clause. Searched 'JWH', 'synthetic', 'indazole' and 'naphthoyl' with zero hits.
Consequences if caught: Capital exposure: none. Nothing in the Act attaches a band to synthetic cannabinoids, so what follows is the shape of the regime it sits outside rather than a penalty for it. What the Act would do if it did reach this substance is settled, and is stated here so the gap is visible rather than blank. A psychotropic substance runs the section 9(2) bands, a controlled substance the section 9(3) tables, and one of the seven named narcotics its own row in section 9(1). A substance outside all three, but caught by the Rules 2001, falls to section 16 at three years and fine. Whichever of those routes were to apply, death is not among them. Death is not available. Act No. XXXVIII of 2023, section 2, assented on 2 August 2023 and published in the Gazette of Pakistan, Extraordinary, on 5 August 2023, removed every death reference from section 9. The words at the heroin and morphine band of 6000 grams or more and at the cocaine band of 5000 grams or more were omitted, and the Pakistan Code now prints a bracketed omission mark where they stood. In the fourth proviso to section 9(2) the words 'may be death or' were replaced by 'shall be'. The word death survives twice in the whole fifty page Act and both are procedural. Because death is unavailable, the question whether it is mandatory does not arise. The ceiling is life, and section 9A(3) says what that means: 'Notwithstanding anything contained in any other law for time being in force, imprisonment for life under this Act means imprisonment in jail for the period of twenty-five years.' Section 9A(2) bars probation and parole, and section 9A(1) bars remission except for a juvenile or a female convict.
If prescribed / medical: Synthetic cannabinoids is outside the Rules 2001 licence system, since rule 2(1)(xiii) confines a drug of abuse to a prohibited drug, a high-risk drug or a risk drug, each defined by a Schedule to those Rules. Section 6 permits medical, scientific and industrial use subject to conditions specified by or under the Act, and the Rules 2001 supply those conditions for a drug of abuse. An unscheduled substance is outside that permit system, which cuts both ways: no licence is required and none is available. Rule 14 provides for permits in relation to first-aid kits and rule 15 for programmes for medical and scientific purposes, and rule 11 governs import, export and transit permits. A traveller carrying a prescribed medicine should hold the prescription and the dispensing label, in the prescriber's name, and should expect the quantity to be measured against the section 9 bands if the substance is scheduled.

Taiwan

Legal status: Category 3 narcotic (第三級毒品) under Taiwan's Narcotics Hazard Prevention Act (毒品危害防制條例), named at 附表三, 56 entries matched across the indole, indazole, naphthoyl and carboxamide families. Every synthetic cannabinoid found in the four schedules sits in Category 3, from 第26項 JWH-018 through the indazole carboxamide series and the tetramethylcyclopropyl series to 第355項 MDMB-BUTINACA. The class is enumerated compound by compound, with positional isomer brackets used heavily, and there is no generic structural definition anywhere. The model: the four grades and their anchor substances are in the Act itself, article 2(2) reading 「毒品依其成癮性、濫用性及對社會危害性，分為四級，其品項如下」, and the full item lists are the Act's own four schedules, 附表一 to 附表四. The power to change them is delegated. Article 2(3) reads 「前項毒品之分級及品項，由法務部會同衛生福利部組成審議委員會，每三個月定期檢討，審議委員會並得將具有成癮性、濫用性、對社會危害性之虞之麻醉藥品與其製品、影響精神物質與其製品及與該等藥品、物質或製品具有類似化學結構之物質進行審議，並經審議通過後，報由行政院公告調整、增減之，並送請立法院查照」, a review committee of the justice and health ministries reviewing every three months, adjustment by Executive Yuan announcement, reported to the Legislative Yuan. The Act was last amended 4 May 2022. The list was last amended by the Executive Yuan announcement of 25 June 2026, in force 27 June 2026, which moved etomidate and eight related compounds from Category 2 up to Category 1.
Consequences if caught: Capital exposure: none. Article 4(3) punishes manufacture, transport or sale of a Category 3 narcotic by seven years upward, with a fine of up to NT$10 million. Article 5(3) punishes possession with intent to sell by three to ten years. Use and simple possession are not crimes at this tier: article 11-1(2) makes holding or using a Category 3 narcotic without proper reason an administrative fine of NT$10,000 to NT$50,000 plus four to eight hours of drug hazard education. Article 11(5) turns possession criminal at 5 grammes pure weight, up to two years. Article 9(1) increases the penalty by up to one half where an adult sells to a minor, and article 9(2) does the same where the buyer is known to be pregnant. Article 19 confiscates the property used in an article 4 offence and, for an article 4 offence specifically, the vehicle, vessel or aircraft used. The absence of a generic definition is the class's weakness and its reader relevance. A compound not on the list and not an isomer, ester, ether or salt of one is outside the Act until the next quarterly review under article 2(3) reaches it. Neither reaches this substance, at any quantity. Article 4(3), the Category 3 trafficking limb, reads 「製造、運輸、販賣第三級毒品者，處七年以上有期徒刑，得併科新臺幣一千萬元以下罰金」, seven years upward, with no life and no death. The public official aggravation in article 15(1) does not change that: its first sentence attaches death or life only to article 4(2) and article 6(1), and its second sentence gives an article 4(3) offence only 「加重其刑至二分之一」, an increase of up to one half, which cannot produce a capital or a life sentence from a fixed term floor. One qualification, and it is about the charge rather than about this substance. Article 9(3) reads 「犯前五條之罪而混合二種以上之毒品者，適用其中最高級別毒品之法定刑，並加重其刑至二分之一」: where the offence involves a mixture of two or more graded narcotics, the statutory penalty of the highest grade among them governs the whole offence, with up to one half added. So holding this substance mixed with a Category 1 narcotic is charged at the article 4(1) rate. The capital exposure in that case is supplied by the Category 1 component, which carried it already; what article 9(3) adds is that this material is swept into the same charge rather than treated separately.

Hong Kong

Legal status: Controlled as a dangerous drug under the Dangerous Drugs Ordinance (Cap. 134). Not named individually, but caught by the generic definition at paragraph 1(g) to 1(k) and 1(n) to 1(p) of Part I of the First Schedule. Maximum penalty for trafficking is a fine of $5,000,000 and imprisonment for life.
Consequences if caught: This substance is not named individually in Part I of the First Schedule to the Dangerous Drugs Ordinance. It is caught by a generic structural definition instead. Paragraph 1(g) to 1(k) and 1(n) to 1(p) covers seven separate generic limbs covering naphthoylindoles, naphthoylpyrroles, naphthylmethylindenes, phenylacetylindoles, cyclohexylphenols, benzoylindoles, adamantoylindoles and tetramethylcyclopropanoylindoles. This is a class and not one compound. Hong Kong answers it with seven structural limbs rather than one, and also names many individual synthetic cannabinoids in the First Schedule. Which limb applies depends on the scaffold of the particular compound. That reading is this site's, not the schedule's words, and it is stated so you can check it. Trafficking is the offence in section 4 and the Ordinance defines trafficking to include importing into Hong Kong, exporting from Hong Kong, procuring, supplying, otherwise dealing in the drug, and possessing it for the purpose of trafficking, so import, export and sale are not separate offences with separate bands. Section 4(3) sets a fine of $5,000,000 and imprisonment for life on conviction on indictment, and a fine of $500,000 and imprisonment for 3 years on summary conviction. Manufacture under section 6(2) carries a fine of $5,000,000 and imprisonment for life on indictment. Possession other than for trafficking, and smoking, inhaling, ingesting or injecting, are one offence under section 8, carrying a fine of $1,000,000 and imprisonment for 7 years on indictment and a fine at level 6 and imprisonment for 3 years summarily, in each case subject to section 54A. The fine and the imprisonment are cumulative in every band, because the Ordinance says a fine and imprisonment rather than a fine or imprisonment. Read against the consolidation as in force on 2026-06-12 for the Dangerous Drugs Ordinance and as in force on 2026-07-03 for the Pharmacy and Poisons Regulations. Hong Kong amends the First Schedule by order of the Chief Executive published in the Gazette under section 50(1), so a substance can be added between consolidations.
If prescribed / medical: There is a lawful medical route. Section 22 authorises listed classes of person to possess and supply dangerous drugs in the course of their work, section 25 authorises a patient to possess a dangerous drug supplied on a doctor's prescription, and section 31 governs supply on prescription. Carry the drug in its dispensed container with the prescription or a doctor's letter.
Documentation: Hong Kong Customs and Excise enforces the Dangerous Drugs Ordinance at the border. Declare any controlled medicine, carry it in its original dispensed container, and carry the prescription or a doctor's letter naming the drug, the dose and the patient. Confirm requirements with the Department of Health and with your embassy before travel.

Venezuela

Legal status: Label row, resolved only through named compounds. Twenty one individual synthetic cannabinoids are entries in Schedule II of the 1971 Convention and are therefore sustancias psicotrópicas under Ley Orgánica de Drogas article 3 numeral 29; a compound outside that set is not reached by the class word. [Certain] for the twenty one entries, read in this pass.
Consequences if caught: Capital exposure: none. The Constitution forbids it at article 43, read here in the Contraloría General de la República text: “El derecho a la vida es inviolable. Ninguna ley podrá establecer la pena de muerte, ni autoridad alguna aplicarla.” [Certain], re derived from that text in this pass. The abolition itself is usually dated to the Decreto de Garantías of 1863. [Likely] and carried, not re derived: that decree was not read here, and the year 1863 appears nowhere in the Constitution or in the Ley Orgánica de Drogas. This is a class label, not one molecule, and it does not resolve as a class. Twenty one individual synthetic cannabinoid compounds are named entries in Schedule II of the 1971 Convention and so are sustancias psicotrópicas under article 3 numeral 29: JWH-018 and AM-2201, UR-144 and XLR-11, AB-CHMINACA and ADB-CHMINACA, AB-FUBINACA and ADB-FUBINACA, ADB-BUTINACA and AB-PINACA, 5F-ADB and 5F-AMB, 5F-APINACA and 5F-MDMB-PICA, 5F-PB-22 and 4F-MDMB-BINACA, MDMB-4en-PINACA and MDMB-CHMICA, FUB-AMB and CUMYL-4CN-BINACA, and CUMYL-PEGACLONE. A compound outside that set is not caught by the class word, because the Law has no generic or analogue definition. One qualification on the date. The Law dates from 2010 and the list edition read here is later, so the placement depends on article 3 being read as referring to the Convention lists as they stand rather than as they stood in 2010. This row is governed by numeral 29, which refers to “las listas I, II, III o IV del Convenio sobre Sustancias Psicotrópicas de 1971” with no date and no amendment wording of any kind, so the lists as that Convention's own machinery leaves them is the natural reading. The Act's single piece of amendment wording, “Enmendada por el Protocolo de 1972”, sits in numeral 12 and is feminine singular agreeing with Convención, so it qualifies the 1961 treaty and belongs to the narcotics limb, not to this one. A search of the whole Act for enmienda, modificación and sus reformas returns nothing else bearing on the lists. [Likely], and a reading frozen at the 2010 lists is not ruled out. Consumption is a separate route and it is not in the offences title. Article 141 provides that a person found consuming, or who declares themselves a consumer, or who holds a quantity not above the personal dose for consumption of article 131 numeral 2, is put at the disposal of the Ministerio Público, which has toxicological tests run on urine, blood or other organic fluids and a chemical and botanical examination made of the substance seized, and then asks the control judge for the person's liberty subject to attending a specialised rehabilitation centre. Where consumption is confirmed the outcome is obligatory treatment and a social reinsertion programme. Article 130 has the judge order obligatory rehabilitation in a specialised centre and allows reinserción social, seguimiento and servicio comunitario alongside it. Article 142 has the judge also suspend the driving licence and any firearms carry licence. Article 139 separately suspends a driving licence for not less than six months for driving under the effects of these substances, with obligatory treatment. Those provisions sit in Título V, Del Consumo y el Procedimiento, not in the offences and penalties title that carries articles 149 to 153, and the route turns on the quantity being at or below the personal dose. Article 153 punishes illicit possession of estupefacientes, sustancias psicotrópicas, their mixtures, salts or pharmaceutical specialities, or controlled chemicals, for purposes other than the licit activities the Law declares or the personal consumption of article 131, with one to two years. Article 149 punishes trafficking, commerce, supply, distribution, concealment, transport by any means, storage or brokerage with fifteen to twenty five years. That falls to twelve to eighteen years where the quantity does not exceed 5,000 g of marihuana, 1,000 g of genetically modified marihuana, 1,000 g of cocaine or cocaine based narcotic substances, 60 g of poppy derivatives or 500 units of synthetic drugs, and to eight to twelve years where it exceeds the article 153 maxima but does not pass 500 g of marihuana, 200 g of genetically modified marihuana, 50 g of cocaine, 10 g of poppy derivatives or 100 units of synthetic drugs. Directing or financing those operations carries twenty five to thirty years, and thirty years is the ceiling of this Law, not the twenty five of the first paragraph. Article 150 punishes illicit manufacture, elaboration, refining, transformation, extraction, preparation, mixing or production with fifteen to twenty years, and directing or financing those operations with twenty five to thirty years; that, not article 149, is the governing article for a clandestine producer. Article 151 punishes sowing, cultivating, harvesting, storing, trafficking, transporting, concealing or distributing seeds, resins and plants containing these substances with twelve to eighteen years, six to ten years where the seed or resin does not exceed 300 g or the plants do not exceed 10 units, and twenty five to thirty years for directing or financing, and where the plants are genetically modified marihuana it increases the penalty by half. Article 163 lists fourteen aggravating circumstances for trafficking in all its forms, for illicit manufacture and production and for trafficking in seeds, resins and plants, among them using children, people with disabilities, people living on the street, older adults or indigenous people, commission by public officials or by someone simulating that condition, commission in a home, an educational, cultural, sporting or religious institution, a prison, a public transport vehicle, a public office or a treatment and rehabilitation centre, and commission within 500 m of such places. For numerals 2, 7, 9, 10 and 13 the penalty rises by one third to one half, and in the remaining cases by one half. Applied to the twenty five to thirty year limb that uplift would pass thirty years, while Constitution article 44 numeral 3 provides that there shall be no perpetual or infamous sentences and that custodial penalties “no excederán de treinta años”. The Law does not say how the two are reconciled. Article 153 prints its possession figures only for cocaine and its derivatives, compounds or mixtures at up to 2 g, marihuana at up to 20 g, genetically modified marihuana at up to 5 g and poppy derivatives at up to 1 g, and article 149 prints its band figures only for those families and for units of synthetic drugs. No figure is printed for this substance. Where the offence reaches it, the amount that counts as a personal dose falls to the court: article 131 defines the personal dose by tolerance, degree of dependence, individual pattern of consumption, the psychophysical characteristics of the person and the nature of the substance, and states that the judge shall appreciate it rationally and scientifically on the report of the forensic experts, while the third paragraph of article 153 has the judge determine, using the maximum experience of experts as a reference, what may constitute a personal dose of the substance concerned for an average person. Those figures are not in article 131, which prints no gram amount at all. Those are Venezuela's published penalties, and they attach to a proved compound from the named set. They are not the exposure of the class word, because whether the material in hand is one of the named entries is exactly what the label does not say. Read as at the INCB Yellow List, 65th edition of July 2026, for the 1961 Convention schedules and the INCB Green List, 36th edition of 2025, for the 1971 Convention schedules. That does not rule out a later edition, and article 2 of the Law lets the health and intermediate industries ministries determine further substances, so a later listing is not ruled out either.

Guatemala

Legal status: Illegal through its constituents under the Ley contra la Narcoactividad (Decreto 48-92), articles 38 and 39.
Consequences if caught: Capital exposure: none. This is established rather than assumed, because Decreto 48-92 as enacted did carry a death penalty: article 12 lists "De muerte" first among the principal penalties for natural persons, and article 52, "Delitos calificados por el resultado", provided that "Si como consecuencia de los delitos tipificados en esta ley, resultare la muerte de una o más personas, se aplicará la pena de muerte o treinta años de prisión, según las circunstancias del hecho". Two things remove it. First, the Corte de Constitucionalidad expelled article 12 literal a) and the words "muerte o" from article 52 by judgment of 24 October 2017, expediente 5986-2016 [Likely, taken from secondary reports; the Court's own record was not reached, and one of those reports contradicts itself on the expediente number]. Second, and independently of that judgment, article 52 was never conditioned on a substance or on a quantity but only on a resulting death, so no row of this table carried capital exposure even on the 1992 text [Certain, re-derived from the gazette this pass]. Readers should know that the government's own published text of the law, at senabed.gob.gt, still prints both capital passages intact. Decreto 48-92 annexes no list of substances. Article 1 reaches the drugs "incluidos en los convenios y tratados internacionales al respecto, ratificados por Guatemala y en cualquier otro instrumento jurídico internacional que sobre esta materia se apruebe", and article 2(b) defines "Estupefacientes y sustancias psicotrópicas" as "Cualquier droga natural o sintética, así considerada en tratados o convenios internacionales de observancia obligatoria en la República de Guatemala, el Código de Salud y demás disposiciones que se emitan para determinar las drogas de uso prohibido a que se refiere la presente ley". An anchored search of the whole 57 KB law text returned no substance name at all, which is the measurement behind that reading. The health authority says the same thing in its own words: MSPAS Normativa 22-2001, section 2, states that "Los Estupefacientes y Sicotrópicos son los enumerados en la Convención Unica de 1961 sobre Estupefacientes, en el Convenio sobre Substancias Sicotrópicas de 1971 y en la Convención de las Naciones Unidas contra el Tráfico Ilícito de Estupefacientes y Sustancias Sicotrópicas y otras Sustancias consideradas como tales por las leyes del país y por las disposiciones dictadas por la autoridad de salud". This row is a product label rather than a single substance, and it is resolved through its constituents. Those constituents are themselves entries: PJ 001 "JWH-018, AM-678", PA 008 "AM-2201, JWH-2201", PC 011 "AB-CHMINACA", PM 025 "MDMB-CHMICA" and PM 030 "MDMB-4en-PINACA", among others. A seizure is governed by what it is proved to contain. Article 2(b) therefore reaches it, because that list is a treaty list of obligatory observance in Guatemala, and articles 38 and 39 then apply to it as a drug, estupefaciente or psicotrópico. Article 38, "Comercio, tráfico y almacenamiento ilícito", sets prison of twelve to twenty years and a fine of Q50,000 to Q1,000,000, both of those figures being money and neither of them a quantity of any substance. Article 39, "Posesión para el consumo", makes possession for one's own consumption an offence in its own right, at four months to two years and a fine of Q200 to Q10,000, consumption being made out where the seized drug "no exceda de la cantidad razonable para el consumo inmediato". No article states a gram figure for any substance, so the line between personal use and trafficking is judicial. Article 36 sets five to twenty years for sowing or cultivation and article 37 eight to twenty years for manufacture, which puts the ceiling on the conduct articles at twenty years. Article 15 names article 39 among the sentences that may be commuted where the prison term does not exceed five years, at Q5 to Q100 per day. One penalty in article 12 speaks directly to a non-Guatemalan reader. The principal penalties for natural persons are listed there, and literal f) is "Expulsión del territorio nacional de extranjeros", expulsion of foreign nationals from the national territory. It is a principal penalty in its own right and not an administrative consequence.

Nepal

Legal status: Not confirmed, status not individually verified; confirm with Nepal's authorities (Narcotic Drugs (Control) Act, 2033) / your embassy
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not named in the cited Nepali sources (Narcotic Drugs (Control) Act, 2033 (1976 AD), amended through 1998), do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. Controlled drugs carry tiered penalties up to life imprisonment; Nepal has NO death penalty (the maximum is life).
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: Nepal has NO death penalty, the maximum drug penalty is life imprisonment (jiban kaidi), under the Narcotic Drugs (Control) Act, 2033 (1976 AD, amended through 1998). Historically cannabis was legal through government shops until 1973; a cannabis-legalization bill is currently tabled but NOT enacted (proposed, not law). Cannabis consumption draws up to 1 month or an NPR 2,000 fine (first-time minor offenders may be released on a bond, and there is no punishment for a person in recognized treatment, Sec 19A). Cannabis possession is tiered: 50 g or less up to 3 months; 50-500 g up to 1 year; 500 g, 2 kg up to 2 years; 2-10 kg up to 3 years; 10 kg or more 2-10 years plus a fine (a reported personal-use line is about 5 g cannabis / 2 g hashish). Heroin and cocaine: 5 g or less 2-5 years; 5-100 g 5-10 years; over 100 g or any trafficking 10 years to life plus an NPR 500,000-2,500,000 fine. Cultivation: 25 plants or fewer up to 3 months; more than 25 plants 3 months, 3 years. Other hard drugs (methamphetamine/'yaba', MDMA, LSD) are controlled, with trafficking punishable up to life. Foreigners face the same law, no bail, and deportation after sentence. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Narcotic Drugs (Control) Act, 2033 (1976 AD), amended through 1998, Secs 19/19A · lawcommission.gov.np · Updated July 14, 2026

Romania

Legal status: Synthetic cannabinoids is controlled in Romania. The entry relied on reads «JWH-018 = Naftalen-1-il-(1-pentilindol-3-il) metanona; JWH 250 = 2-(2-metoxifenil)-1-(1-pentilindol-3-il) etanonă», located at Legea 143/2000, Tabelul I. The class is not a single entry; the table names many specific Synthetic cannabinoids member by member. Romania uses the simplest of the three models: the schedule sits inside the Act. Article 1(a) makes Tables I to IV integral to Legea 143/2000 and supplies the mechanism for adding, deleting or moving an entry. Tables I and II are droguri de mare risc, high-risk drugs; Table III is droguri de risc. A mixture is reached through a listed constituent. Legea 194/2011 is a separate products regime and does not turn an unlisted name into a scheduled drug. This reading is stated as in force on 18 September 2026. The consolidated text identifies Legea 30/2025 as the latest schedule amendment included, effective 29 March 2025, and states that it contains all officially published amendments through that Act.
Consequences if caught: Capital exposure: none. Romania has no death penalty and no life sentence for a drug offence. In Romania synthetic cannabinoids sits in Tabelul I of Legea 143/2000, and which table it sits in is what selects the article below. The scale runs by table and by conduct. Article 4(1) sets 3 months to 2 years or a fine for unauthorised own-use acts involving a Table III risk drug, and article 4(2) sets 6 months to 3 years where the drug is high-risk. Article 2 sets 3 to 10 years for risk-drug circulation and 5 to 15 years for high-risk. Article 3(2) sets 10 to 20 years for unauthorised import or export of a high-risk drug. Article 9 raises the special limits by one third where the act finances drug consumption, and article 13(2) permits up to 5 further years in the specified education-related circumstance. The overall custody ceiling is 30 years, which comes from Cod penal article 60 as the general maximum rather than from any single drug article. Romania prints no statutory gram threshold and no per-substance personal-use quantity anywhere in Legea 143/2000. The table a substance sits in, not its weight, is what selects the article.
If prescribed / medical: There may be a lawful medical route for synthetic cannabinoids and this row does not settle it. What is settled is the control status: synthetic cannabinoids is on the Romania controlled list, so any supply runs inside the control regime rather than around it. The prescribing, dispensing and import conditions sit in the Romania medicines and pharmacy regime, which this row did not audit, and the Romanian National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices is the body that states them. Do not read this row as a statement that synthetic cannabinoids cannot be a prescribed medicine, because that is a different question and this row does not reach it. Treat the route as unread rather than as absent.
Documentation: Carry the prescription and the original dispensing packaging for synthetic cannabinoids, and get the Romanian National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices or the relevant embassy to confirm the position in writing before you travel rather than at the border. That is the carriage answer and it is short because no traveller permit scheme, declaration form or carriage allowance for synthetic cannabinoids appears anywhere in what was read for this row, and an absence in what was read is not proof that no scheme exists. Provenance follows. The controlling text was read on Portal Legislativ, the official legislation portal of the Ministry of Justice, and the ANMDMR consolidated text on 18 September 2026, at Legea 143/2000, Tabelul I.

Slovakia

Legal status: Synthetic cannabinoids is controlled in Slovakia. Synthetic cannabinoids is a family label and Annex 1 gives it no single result. The Act controls named members and the Criminal Code prints a figure only for some of them, so the answer depends on which member is identified. The related text reads «AB-CHMINACA». The entry sits in Group I of Annex 1, among the psychotropic substances. Two statutes divide the work. Act No. 139/1998 decides whether a substance is in the three-group list at Annex 1, and section 3(1) classifies narcotic and psychotropic substances by their effects on health into those three groups. The Criminal Code, No. 300/2005, decides the amount category through sections 135c to 135f and supplies the offences at sections 171 to 173. This reading is stated as in force on 18 September 2026. The consolidation of Act No. 139/1998 read was effective 1 January 2026 and incorporates amendment No. 293/2025; the Criminal Code consolidation read was effective 18 August 2026 and incorporates amendments through No. 168/2026.
Consequences if caught: Capital exposure: none. Slovakia has no death penalty, but it is the one country in this set whose drug ceiling is life imprisonment rather than a fixed term: Criminal Code section 173(5) reaches 10 to 25 years or life for unauthorised manufacture and trafficking, and it applies to synthetic cannabinoids. The scale runs from one year to life. Section 171 covers unauthorised possession: one year for a negligible amount of cannabis or tetrahydrocannabinol, two years for another drug in a negligible amount, three years for a small amount, and six years in the aggravated form. Section 172 covers cultivation and reaches fifteen years at subsection (7). Section 173 covers unauthorised manufacture and trafficking, reaching 8 to 20 years at subsection (4) and 10 to 25 years or life imprisonment at subsection (5). Neither the printed table nor the statutory residual gives a figure for this row as the source reads it, so the amount has to be taken from the identified member or constituent. Section 135d then scales everything from the negligible amount by fixed multiples: five for a small amount, 250 for a larger one, 1,500 for a substantial one and 5,000 for a large one, with anything above 5,000 classed as extraordinarily large.
If prescribed / medical: Whether there is a lawful route for synthetic cannabinoids is a question this row does not answer, and the source says why: it is a schedule and penalty verification, not advice about licensing, medicines, precursors, food, tobacco or other regulatory regimes. What is established is the control status under Act No. 139/1998 and the amount category under the Criminal Code. Annex 2 to the Act is the exempt preparations list and is a separate question again. The State Institute for Drug Control is the body that states the prescribing and dispensing conditions for synthetic cannabinoids. Treat the route as unread rather than as absent.
Documentation: Carry the prescription and the original dispensing packaging for synthetic cannabinoids, and get the State Institute for Drug Control to confirm the position in writing before you travel rather than at the border. That is the carriage answer and it is short because no traveller permit scheme, declaration form or carriage allowance for synthetic cannabinoids appears anywhere in what was read for this row, and an absence in what was read is not proof that no scheme exists. Provenance follows. Act No. 139/1998 and Criminal Code No. 300/2005 were read on Slov-Lex, the official legal information portal, on 18 September 2026, in the consolidations effective 1 January 2026 and 18 August 2026. The basis recorded for this row is named members of the family, each assessed on its own.

Trinidad and Tobago

Legal status: Synthetic cannabinoids is a class name, and the Dangerous Drugs Act, Chap. 11:25, prints no class entry for it; it prints named compounds, each as its own row. The table «PSYCHOTROPIC SUBSTANCES LISTED IN SCHEDULE II OF THE» Convention on Psychotropic Substances, 1971, which clause 3(b) of LN 345/2019 inserted into the Second Schedule from 18 November 2019, carries rows printed «AB -CHMINACA», «AB -PINACA», «AM -2201» with the other name «JWH-2201», «5F-ADB/5F-MDMB-PINACA», «5F-PB-22», «JWH -018» with the other name «AM-678», «UR-144» and «XLR-11», the printed page setting a space before the hyphen in four of them, and the XLR-11 row giving no chemical name. LN 131/2024, in operation from 29 July 2024, adds to the same table a row printed «ADB-BUTINACA», chemical name «N-[1-(aminocarbonyl)-2,2-» «dimethylpropyl]-1-butyl-» «1H-indazole-3-carboxamide». That these compounds are synthetic cannabinoids is a classification brought from outside the text. The Schedule I table of the Second Schedule, in the 2016 text, also prints a «THC» row, «Tetrahydrocannabinols, the» «following isomers:» «∆6A(10a), ∆6A(7), ∆7,» «∆8, ∆9, ∆10, ∆9(11)» «and their stereochemical variants.», and the row sets no limit by plant origin or method of manufacture, so a product containing a synthetic tetrahydrocannabinol of a listed isomer is reached by that row; synthetic ∆9 THC, sold as dronabinol, is an example brought from outside the text. A herbal blend, liquid or paper is a dangerous drug under section 3 as a «thing that contains such a substance» if it contains one of the named compounds or another listed substance. A compound with no row is not reached: First Schedule item 3, which covers cannabis and its «derivatives and similar synthetic preparations, as for example:», is a generic chapeau and is not relied on, and the word analogues that LN 343/2019 inserted applies only to First Schedule item 4, the phenylpiperidines. The Schedule I table also prints «DMHP» and, in the 2016 text, «paranexyl», beside which LN 345/2019 adds a «Parahexyl» row, and LN 293/2026, dated 13 May 2026 and stating no commencement date of its own, adds «HEXAHYDROCANNABINOL» to the Schedule II table; whether any of those counts as a synthetic cannabinoid is again an outside classification. LN 166/2023, the 2023 Order on the Schedule II table, «Dated this 31st day of May, 2023.» and printing no commencement clause, adds one row, read from its page image as EUTYLONE, a cathinone name on chemistry brought from outside the text, so it adds no cannabinoid. Position as at 3 October 2026.
Consequences if caught: Capital exposure: none. Neither the 2016 consolidation nor Act No. 24 of 2019 prints a sentence of death for any offence. For a product that contains one of the named compounds, the following apply. Possession without authority is an offence under section 5(1), which, with the words Act No. 24 of 2019 substitutes, carries a fine of two hundred and fifty thousand dollars and imprisonment for five years on summary conviction, and a fine of one million dollars and imprisonment for fifteen years on indictment. Trafficking, or possession for the purpose of trafficking, is punished under section 5(5), whose 2016 words «to imprisonment for a term of twenty-five years to life» lose «a term of twenty-five years to» under section 6(f) of Act No. 24 of 2019, so that, upon conviction on indictment, the person is liable to a fine of three million dollars or, where there is evidence of the street value of the dangerous drug, ten times the street value, whichever is greater, and to imprisonment for life. Section 61 provides that section 68(2) and (3) of the Interpretation Act apply only to the penalties prescribed for possession of dangerous drugs under this Act; section 68 was not read for this cell. Section 5(9)(f), inserted by Act No. 24 of 2019, deems a person, other than a person referred to in subsection (2), found with more than «five grammes or twenty tablets of 3, 4 methylene-» «dioxymethamphetamine (ecstasy) or any drug listed in Schedule I or Schedule II of the Second Schedule of the Act;» to hold it for trafficking unless the contrary is proved, and the paragraph does not say whether its tablet count applies to the listed drugs as well as to ecstasy. Paragraph (f) speaks of «Schedule I or Schedule II of the Second Schedule», and the Second Schedule has no parts of those names, only tables headed for Schedules I and II of the 1971 Convention; reading the paragraph as naming those tables, which is a reading and not printed text, each named row listed above, and the THC row, in the Schedule I or the Schedule II table is within it. The HHC row is within it only once its Order is in operation. Act No. 24 of 2019 also defines «cannabis» as the plant of the genus Cannabis including «any compound, salt, mixture,» extraction, derivative, product, «synthetic or other preparation of the plant»; it takes out of section 5(1), by new section 5(2)(f) and (g), a person holding not more than «thirty grammes of cannabis» or five grammes of cannabis resin, or not more than «four growing plants of the genus» Cannabis; it makes section 5(1) subject to «subsections (2), (2A) and (2B)»; and it creates two summary offences in closed bands: under section 5(2A), «Subject to section 5B(2)», more than thirty and not more than sixty grammes of cannabis, or more than five and not more than ten grammes of resin, a fine of fifty thousand dollars, for which section 5B(2) requires a police officer who «has reason to believe» that a person is committing or has committed the offence to issue a fixed penalty notice, and section 5B(16) sets the fixed penalty at «two thousand dollars or such other amount as» the Minister may prescribe by Order; and under section 5(2B), more than sixty and not more than one hundred grammes, or more than ten and not more than fourteen grammes of resin, a fine of seventy five thousand dollars. Above those bands section 5(1) applies. No instrument read says whether a compound made without the plant is a preparation of it, and this cell does not decide that; the figures above are stated on the reading that such a compound is not cannabis. Section 5(7A) applies «Notwithstanding subsections (3A), (5), (6) and (7),»: where a person is charged for a drug trafficking offence, the Director of Public Prosecutions «may, at the preliminary enquiry, elect to proceed with the matter summarily and if the accused so consents, the Court may adjourn the matter to be dealt with accordingly». Section 5(7B), in which section 6(i) of Act No. 24 of 2019 substitutes «seven hundred and fifty» for fifty, makes a person who pleads guilty to, or is found guilty of, an offence so tried liable to a fine of seven hundred and fifty thousand dollars or, where there is evidence of the street value of the dangerous drug, three times the street value, whichever is greater, and to imprisonment for a term of ten years. The amended figures are this cell's reading of the 2016 text with Act No. 24 of 2019's substituted words applied; no consolidation after 2016 was available to check them against.

Ukraine

Legal status: Not applicable as a class status, and the reason given is Ukraine's own. Applicability record UKR-83 stopped at applicability because the label is an open structural family rather than a molecule: the search of Постанова № 770, таблиці I to IV, consolidated text read on 20 September 2026, was run under the family name and under one named indole compound, and the record states that an identified molecule is required before a national list entry can be matched. That is how this list works throughout. Ukraine prints its synthetic cathinones and its substituted phenethylamines one by one, and on this reading it offers no bounded class clause to settle a family question at family level. Separate the two halves. That an open structural family needs an identified molecule before a list entry can be matched is a conclusion about the label and it holds. The search does not: the terms logged are "sintetski kanabinoidi", a South Slavic transliteration, and one named indole compound, both Latin, run against an annex this source records as printed in Cyrillic, so the statement that the list offers no bounded class clause is unmeasured.Reached at family level in Ukraine for part of this family by a printed structural clause, which reverses the applied cell without reaching the whole family. The перелік approved by Постанова Кабінету Міністрів України № 770, in the redaction of 13 September 2025, closes Таблиця I, Список № 2, «Особливо небезпечні психотропні речовини, обіг яких заборонено», with a Примітка that extends the list to «похідні групи нафтоїліндолів, бензоїліндолів, N-бензоїліндолів, фенілацетиліндолів, нафтилметиліндолів, нафтилметилінденів, циклогексилфенолів, фенілциклогексанолів, нафтоїлпіролів, дибензопіранів, триптамінів», where such derivatives can exist and are not already printed as entries of their own. Read the group names carefully, because they decide how far the clause goes. They cover the indole based chemotypes, the cyclohexylphenols and phenylcyclohexanols, the naphthoylpyrroles and the dibenzopyrans, and not one of them names an indazole. The indazole carboxamides, which are the generation most often encountered now, are therefore reached only where they are printed by name, and the list does print them by name: ADB-BUTINACA and MDMB-BUTINACA stand as individual entries in the body of this same Список № 2 a few lines above the Примітка. So the correction here is a narrowing of the applied cell rather than a simple reversal of it. The applied cell stated that this list offers no bounded class clause and prints its families one by one, and that is false on the face of the Примітка. The applied cell also reported that a search under one named indole compound found nothing. It is printed: «JWH-018» stands in the body of the same Список № 2 against the chemical name «(нафталін-1-іл)(1-пентил-1H-індол-3-іл)метанон», between JWH-081 and JWH-175, in a run of individually named compounds of this family. What survives of the applied cell is narrow and it is real: an assay still has to name the molecule, both because the clause reaches a derivative only where that derivative exists and because an indazole carboxamide is outside the clause altogether and has to be found by name. Read on 21 September 2026.

Bahrain

Legal status: Controlled. The synthetic cannabinoids are placed in Group I Schedule 1 of the annex, by Decision 39 of 2016, in Bahrain's Law 15 of 2007 on narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances, where the entry reads «Synthetic Cannabinoids». The decision adds the class by that name and gives it no definition and no member list, so the boundary of the class is not drawn anywhere in the published text. Three named synthetic cannabinoids, 5F-APINACA, MDMB-CHMICA and XLR-11, were separately added to Group II Schedule 2 by Decision 11 of 2020, which carries a different and much lower penalty.
Consequences if caught: Article 30(a) of Law 15 of 2007 punishes trafficking conduct in the narcotic drugs of Group I Schedules 1, 2, 3 and 4, the psychotropic substances of Group II Schedule 1 and the plants of Group I Schedule 5 by death or life imprisonment. The same paragraph adds a fine of not less than 5,000 and not more than 50,000 Bahraini dinars. Article 30(b) makes the penalty death in five listed cases: a repeat offence, commission by a public official charged with fighting these crimes or with supervising or inspecting the substances, use of a person under twenty one, membership of or work for an international smuggling gang, and exploitation of authority or of a legal immunity. Article 31(a) sets not less than ten years for paid transport, for diverting a licensed supply, for supplying or facilitating use and for running a place for use, with a fine of not less than 3,000 and not more than 30,000 dinars, and Article 31(b) raises that to life imprisonment in the same five cases. Article 32 covers the same schedules where the purpose is personal use, with imprisonment and a fine of not more than 3,000 dinars, and sets not more than seven years with a fine of not more than 5,000 dinars where the purpose is neither trafficking nor personal use. Article 57 forbids a court applying Article 72 of the Penal Code to go below ten years on Article 30 or on Article 31(b). The Law states no quantity threshold anywhere, and no table states one for The synthetic cannabinoids. Article 38 lets the court order treatment instead of punishment under Article 32 first paragraph for a proved addict, and Article 42 bars prosecution of a user who presents for treatment before being caught or charged. Article 49 of the Penal Code, Decree-Law No. 15 of 1976, attaches civil deprivation of 3 to 15 years to a felony, alongside death and imprisonment, its own wording being more than three years and not more than fifteen. Those figures are set out here because they describe the offences that this row's placement brings into play. Article 51 makes confiscation of the substance, the equipment and any vehicle prepared for the purpose mandatory in every case. Article 54 lets the court add permanent deportation of a foreign national to the sentence. Bahraini courts have passed drug death sentences, including in a 2019 smuggling case, and executions for drug offences have not been carried out, sentences being commonly commuted; that last point is carried forward from the cell this replaces and was not re-derived here.

Brunei

Legal status: Not a controlled drug in Brunei. Absent from Part I, Part II, Part III and Part IIIA of the First Schedule to the Misuse of Drugs Act, Chapter 27 of the Laws of Brunei Darussalam, Revised Edition 2013 (B.L.R.O. 2/2013), from both parts of its Third Schedule, and from all four substantive schedules to the Regulations. Searched as "JWH", "AM-2201", "UR-144" and "naphthoyl", and no naphthoyl, indole or indazole entry appears and the cannabinol derivative definition does not reach them.
Consequences if caught: Capital exposure: none. The synthetic cannabinoids carries no penalty under the Misuse of Drugs Act in Brunei, because no offence in the Act reaches it. The Part II offences in sections 3, 3A, 4, 5 and 6 are each framed as an offence in relation to a controlled drug, and section 2 confines that to "any substance or product which is for the time being specified in Part I, II or III of the First Schedule to this Act or anything that contains any such substance or product". What decides it for the synthetic cannabinoids is that no naphthoyl, indole or indazole entry appears and the cannabinol derivative definition does not reach them. Searching the four parts of the First Schedule, both parts of the Third Schedule and the four substantive schedules to the Regulations under "JWH", "AM-2201", "UR-144" and "naphthoyl" returned nothing. Death is not available, and neither is any penalty under this Act. The substance is not a controlled drug, so no offence in Part II is engaged by it and no column of the Second Schedule is reached. The specified drug column, the only one in which death appears, names only opium, morphine, diamorphine, cocaine, cannabis, cannabis resin, methylamphetamine and MDMA. Where death does appear it is mandatory. Section 29(2) provides that the columns "show respectively the punishments to be imposed on a person convicted of the offence", and each death row gives death alone with no maximum, no minimum and no alternative. No provision of the Act confers a sentencing discretion on a capital conviction. The Act creates no sentence of life imprisonment. The phrase appears nowhere in its text, and the longest determinate term it reaches is 30 years.
If prescribed / medical: Neither the Misuse of Drugs Act nor its Regulations governs the prescribing or supply of the synthetic cannabinoids. Neither instrument names it, and no naphthoyl, indole or indazole entry appears and the cannabinol derivative definition does not reach them. No register, requisition or prescription requirement in the Regulations attaches to it, since every one of those is keyed to a scheduled controlled drug. What was not checked for this cell is Brunei's medicines and poisons regime, which is a separate body of law that was not fetched. Absence from the Misuse of Drugs Act is not a statement that a substance is freely available.
Documentation: No document is required for the synthetic cannabinoids under the Misuse of Drugs Act, because the Act does not reach it. No naphthoyl, indole or indazole entry appears and the cannabinol derivative definition does not reach them. That is a statement about one Act and no wider. A traveller carrying a prescribed medicine should still carry the prescription and keep the product in its labelled dispensed container. What was not checked for this cell is Brunei's medicines and poisons regime, which is a separate body of law that was not fetched. Absence from the Misuse of Drugs Act is not a statement that a substance is freely available.

Iran

Legal status: Synthetic cannabinoids has no entry of its own in Iran’s recovered drug instruments: it is not named in the Anti-Narcotics Law, in the narcotics-list decree of 1338/05/02, or in any of the four psychotropic schedules, taking the Anti-Narcotics Law of 1367/08/03, which is 25 October 1988, as the publisher’s consolidation carries it, with its 1376, 1380, 1389, 1396 and 1399 amendments, meaning 1997, 2001, 2010, 2017 and 2020, and the fine revision of 1403/03/30, which is 19 June 2024, and the four psychotropic schedules as those schedules stand after the Cabinet decision of 1384/09/13, which is 4 December 2005, both read on 22 September 2026. Entry 27 of Schedule 1 reaches tetrahydrocannabinol and its isomers, and the synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists sold under this label are not isomers of that molecule and are not otherwise enumerated. The label covers an open set, so a specific compound would have to be identified before the question could be put again. The additional list that Articles 4, 8 and 46 leave to Parliament was not recovered, so this does not rule out a later parliamentary listing or a Ministry of Health designation under Article 1 note 1.
Consequences if caught: Nothing in this cell should be read as saying the substance is permitted. The recovered instruments place it nowhere, and two designation routes remain open that could not be read: the parliamentary list that Articles 4, 8 and 46 contemplate, and the Ministry of Health announcement power in Article 1 note 1. Iran keeps the death penalty for drug offences and uses it. Article 45, added by the Act of 1396/07/12, which is 4 October 2017, and approved by the Guardian Council on 1396/07/26, which is 18 October 2017, reaches only offences that already carry death or life imprisonment under this Law, and its paragraph (t) sets the quantity limb: «کلیه جرائم موضوع ماده (4) این قانون مشروط بر اینکه بیش از پنجاه کیلوگرم باشد و مواد موضوع ماده (8) این قانون مشروط بر اینکه بیش از دو کیلوگرم باشد و در خصوص سایر جرائم موضوع ماده (8) در صورتی‌که بیش از سه کیلوگرم باشد». The quantities are more than 50 kilograms for Article 4 offences, more than 2 kilograms for the Article 8 supply limb, and more than 3 kilograms for the other Article 8 offences of buying, keeping, concealing or transporting, which is how the Head of the Judiciary circular of 1396/10/16, meaning 6 January 2018, reads that paragraph at its own paragraph 7. Below those quantities the older capital wording does not lapse by itself, because Article 45 converts a former death case to grade one imprisonment of up to thirty years and a former life case to grade two imprisonment, with confiscation of drug proceeds in both. The money runs beside that conversion: a grade one fine up to twice its minimum for the former death case and a grade two fine for the former life case. Paragraphs (a), (b) and (c) of Article 45 carry no quantity floor at all, and reach an offender who drew or carried a weapon, a ringleader, a financial backer or investor, an offender who used a person under eighteen or a person lacking capacity, and an offender with a final prior conviction under this Law for death, life or more than fifteen years. Advisory opinion 7/99/136 applies paragraph (c) to the transport of 80 grams of heroin and to the possession of 200 kilograms of opium, which is why a weight under two kilograms is not a safe limit. At least 503 drug related executions were recorded in 2024 and 471 in 2023, roughly half of all executions and carried out by hanging, which the US Library of Congress Global Legal Monitor reports and Harm Reduction International and Amnesty International corroborate. A second figure of 485 for 2024 also sits in this project’s earlier Iran records, unattributed there, and the two were not reconciled, so both are printed rather than one being chosen. Those figures are set out here because whether the offence reaches this row at all is exactly what was not established.

Laos

Legal status: Not confirmed, status not individually verified; confirm with Laos's authorities (Lao Penal Code Art 146; Law on Narcotics No. 22/NA) / your embassy
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not named in the cited Lao sources (Lao Penal Code 2017, Art 146; Law on Narcotics No. 22/NA of 2012), do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. The Art 146 death thresholds are stated for heroin/morphine/cocaine (more than 500 g) and amphetamines/methamphetamine/ecstasy/psychotropics (more than 3 kg). [retained; abolitionist in practice, no executions since 1989, routine commutation] The death penalty is retained for drugs (Penal Code Art 146), and some sources describe it as MANDATORY above the thresholds [reported], but NO executions have been carried out since 1989 and commutation is routine (e.g. the Orobator case, where a pregnant defendant caught with 680 g of heroin received life, not death).
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: Laos (a Golden Triangle state where about 90% of death-row sentences are drug-related, with roughly 315 people on death row) retains the death penalty for drugs under the Lao Penal Code (2017, Art 146, consolidating the earlier Penal Law and the Law on Narcotics No. 22/NA of 2012). Death applies to producing, distributing, possessing or transporting more than 500 g of heroin, morphine or cocaine; more than 3,000 g (3 kg) of amphetamines, methamphetamine, ecstasy or other psychotropics; or more than 10,000 g of drug precursors. Some sources describe the death penalty as MANDATORY above these thresholds [reported], but it is abolitionist in practice, NO executions have been carried out since 1989, and commutation is routine (e.g. the Orobator case, where a pregnant defendant caught with 680 g of heroin received life, not death). Personal-use possession is graduated: for heroin, morphine or cocaine, less than 0.2 g is treated as a victim needing treatment and 0.2-2 g draws 2-10 years plus a fine; for methamphetamine or ecstasy, less than 0.3 g is treated as a victim and 0.3-3 g draws 1-5 years; using a marijuana-smoking service draws 3 months, 5 years. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Lao Penal Code (2017), Art 146, consolidating Penal Law Art 146 + Law on Narcotics No. 22/NA (2012) · laoofficialgazette.gov.la · loc.gov · Updated July 14, 2026

Myanmar

Legal status: Synthetic cannabinoids are controlled compound by compound, by specific chemical entries, and not by one open-ended class entry. That is a real answer rather than an evasion. The Law confers status one declared drug at a time, so what decides a case is the individual compound, and Notification 25/2025 List 2 names AM-2201, JWH-018, AB-PINACA, 5F-ADB, UR-144 and XLR-11 among many others by their own chemical entries. Reading one uniform result across the whole class would overstate the position for members the Ministry has never declared and understate it for those it has.
Consequences if caught: Capital exposure: not established. [Certain] Re-derived in this pass: the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Law 1993 was read at myanmar-law-library.org on 21 September 2026. Section 20 takes «a narcotic drug or psychotropic substance» as its object, and section 2 defines both by delegation: a narcotic drug is the poppy, coca or cannabis plant and what is derived or extracted from it, or «drugs which the Ministry of Health has, by notification declared to be a narcotic drug», and a psychotropic substance is «drugs which the Ministry of Health has, by notification declared» to be one. This substance is not one of the three named plants or an extract of one, so whether section 20 reaches it turns entirely on a Ministry of Health notification, and that notification was not reached in this pass, so no capital provision is asserted for this row and none is ruled out. The band follows the constituent, not the label. Once the actual substance is identified, the ladder is the ordinary one: section 16(c) carries 5 to 10 years for possession, transportation, transmission and transfer, section 19 carries 10 years to an unlimited period where the purpose was sale, and section 20 carries 15 years to an unlimited period or death for production, distribution, sale, import and export. The two definitions are not symmetrical, and for a preparation the asymmetry decides the question. Section 2(a)(ii) defines a narcotic drug to include substances containing any type of such drug, so a mixture carrying a notified narcotic is itself caught even though the mixture's own name appears nowhere. Section 2(b), which defines a psychotropic substance, carries no containing limb at all: it reaches only the drugs the Ministry has declared. So what matters is which constituent is notified and which of the two definitions caught it. It exists, and it is real, but it attaches to the constituent and not to the name on the packet. Section 20 reaches death for production, distribution, sale, import or export of any notified narcotic drug or psychotropic substance, with a minimum of 15 years and no weight floor at all, and death is not mandatory on its own wording because the section holds out imprisonment as the alternative and joins the two with the words or with death. A member of this class that the Ministry has declared carries that exposure in full. What cannot be done is to state one quantity or one capital answer for Synthetic cannabinoids as a whole, because section 26 assigns quantities to substances it names one by one and names no such class. Sections 22 and 23 then take an offender to the maximum punishment provided for the offence, section 22 where it was committed as part of a local or foreign criminal organisation or group, with arms or explosives, using a child who has not completed the age of 16, or through the influence or power of a public servant, and section 23 where there is a prior conviction for any offence prescribed in sections 16 to 21. What this cell states is the statute as written. It is not a description of enforcement. Policing of these provisions since February 2021 is not what the text describes, and substantial areas of the country sit outside central government control, so the law on the page and the treatment a person actually meets are two different questions.

Oman

Legal status: Not confirmed. Synthetic cannabinoids are a class label, not one chemical, and the dossier records «synthetic-cannabinoids: ليس مادة كيميائية واحدة؛ يجب تحديد كل مكوّن وفحصه في الجداول.», each constituent has to be identified and checked in the tables. Under the 1999 law this page recorded four members added to Group 2 Table 2 by Ministerial Decision 131/2020. Article II of Royal Decree 67/2026 keeps that decision running only so far as it does not conflict with the new law, and the source read does not show whether the 2026 Group II Table 2 carries those members, so no placement is stated.
Consequences if caught: Not established. The status of synthetic cannabinoids in Oman was not established on this record, so no offence, penalty band, quantity threshold or capital position is stated for them here. A penalty attaches through a placement, and this row does not prove one. That is not a finding that synthetic cannabinoids are lawful in Oman, and the absence of a penalty in this cell is not a statement that there is none.
If prescribed / medical: No prescription route is stated for synthetic cannabinoids in Oman. The status was not established on this record, so there is no placement for a medical route, an import permit or a personal medicine allowance to attach to, and none is asserted here.
Documentation: No documentation requirement is stated for synthetic cannabinoids in Oman, because the status it would depend on was not established on this record. Nothing in this cell is advice on carrying, declaring or importing them. Where the rule comes from. The law changed in September 2026. Royal Decree 67/2026 was issued on 3 September 2026. Its Article III repeals the Law on Combating Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances issued by Royal Decree 17/99, and its Article IV brings the decree, and with it the new law, into force on the day after its publication in the Official Gazette. Decree.om and the dossier this cell was authored from both record that publication as issue 1664 of 6 September 2026, so the law took effect on 7 September 2026. Article II keeps existing regulations and decisions running until replacements issue, «وإلى أن تصدر يستمر العمل باللوائح والقرارات القائمة، بما لا يتعارض مع أحكامه», so far as they do not conflict with its provisions. The decree's own articles were read in the text the Oman News Agency published on 3 September 2026. The attached law and its annex were read only through the verbatim quotations in the dossier dated 20 September 2026, because on 3 October 2026 qanoon.om served a Cloudflare challenge in place of the text, the web archive held no copy, and decree.om carried the decree's Articles I to IV and its Gazette reference but not the attached law, which it said would be uploaded shortly. Article 5 of the law, as that dossier quotes it, provides «يجوز بقرار من الوزير تعديل المجموعات الملحقة بهذا القانون بالحذف أو الإضافة أو تغيير النسب أو الكميات كلما اقتضت الضرورة ذلك», the Minister may by decision amend the annexed groups by deletion, by addition or by changing percentages or quantities whenever necessary. It takes the place of article 4 of the 1999 law, «يجوز بقرار من الوزير تعديل المجموعات الملحقة بهذا القانون بالحذف أو الإضافة أو تغيير النسب كلما اقتضت الظروف ذلك», which gave the same power without the word for quantities and with «الظروف», circumstances, where the 2026 text has «الضرورة», necessity. So a reading of the annex is a reading as of a date, and this one runs to 20 September 2026. Under the 1999 law this page recorded: Group 2 table 2, where serial 10 is ADB-FUBINACA, serial 11 is FUB-AMB, serial 12 is CUMYL-4CN-BINACA and serial 13 is ADB-CHMINACA, all four added by Ministerial Decision 131/2020. The 1999 placements in this cell are this page's earlier reading and are not printed in the quoted extract the dossier carries for this row.

Bulgaria

Legal status: Controlled. Synthetic cannabinoids is a named entry of Списък I of the Наредба за реда за класифициране на растенията и веществата като наркотични, at «(JWH-018)», «АB-CHMINACA», «ADB-PINACA». There is no generic class entry for synthetic cannabinoids. The list names them one molecule at a time, dozens of them, and the amendments of 2016, 2019, 2022 and 2024 each add more, so a given compound is controlled only if its own row is there. One of those rows opens with a Cyrillic А where the code is otherwise Latin, so a Latin only search does not return it. Списък I is the Act's «Растения и вещества с висока степен на риск за общественото здраве поради вредния ефект от злоупотребата с тях, забранени за приложение в хуманната и ветеринарната медицина», and чл. 3, ал. 2 of the Закон за контрол върху наркотичните вещества и прекурсорите puts those names in a Council of Ministers наредба rather than in the Act itself. The list closes with a note carrying it across the related forms, «Към Списък І са и изомерите, естерите, етерите, халогенните производни и солите (включително солите на естерите, етерите, халогенните производни и изомерите) на веществата по Списък І», so salts and isomers of the entry travel with it. The entry was read in Приложение № 1 as wholly replaced by Постановление № 253 of 1 November 2013, as those lists stand after Постановление № 49 of 8 May 2025, which is the last amendment to the наредба recorded by the Council of Ministers legal information system.
Consequences if caught: Capital exposure: none. Bulgaria is in the European Union and the death penalty was abolished in 1998, so no Bulgarian drug provision carries one. The figures in the rest of this paragraph are carried forward from the live Bulgaria cell and were not re-derived in this pass. Possession is not subject to a formal personal-use threshold. Penal Code article 354a(5) lets a judge impose a fine up to about 1,000 leva (about €511) for insignificant quantities, but it remains a criminal conviction. Standard possession of high-risk drugs draws 1 to 6 years. A 2,000 to 10,000 leva fine runs alongside that band. Possession of moderate-risk drugs draws up to 5 years. Trafficking under article 354a draws 2 to 8 years for high-risk drugs and 1 to 6 years for moderate-risk drugs. It rises to up to 15 years for aggravated or particularly large amounts. Cultivation of opium poppy, coca or cannabis is prohibited by article 354c. The high-risk and moderate-risk split those bands run on is drawn by Penal Code articles 354a, 354b and 354c together with the Law on Control of Narcotic Substances and Precursors, the ЗКНВП. Those are Penal Code provisions rather than наредба provisions, and they describe the offences that this row's placement brings into play.
If prescribed / medical: Чл. 58, ал. 1 of the Закон за контрол върху наркотичните вещества и прекурсорите lets a person in transit or temporarily in the country hold medicinal products containing narcotic substances «от списъците по чл. 3, ал. 2, т. 2 и 3» only for treatment and in quantities no greater than 30 days of treatment, and чл. 58, ал. 2 requires a foreign national to hold a document issued by the competent authorities of the country where the treatment was prescribed. Списък I is not one of the two lists that allowance names, and the Act describes that list as «Растения и вещества с висока степен на риск за общественото здраве поради вредния ефект от злоупотребата с тях, забранени за приложение в хуманната и ветеринарната медицина», so there is no Bulgarian prescribing route for the entry at «(JWH-018)» and the 30 day traveller allowance does not reach it. This substance has no Bulgarian medicinal form for a traveller to carry. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Lithuania

Legal status: Synthetic cannabinoids is controlled in Lithuania. Order No. 5 does not name synthetic cannabinoids on its own. It is reached through the printed group entry «Sintetinių kanabinoidų darinių grupė: 1 pogrupis. Indol-, indazol- arba karbazol-3-ilmetanonai ir azaindol-, indol-, indazol-, karbazol- arba 5-halogenfenilpirazol-3-karboksamidai bei 3-karboksilatai», so the result is a fit to that group rather than an entry in its own name. The chain has four links and each one matters. The Narcotic and Psychotropic Substances Control Law, at article 4, delegates classification to the Ministry of Health. Health Minister Order No. 5 of 6 January 2000 is the resulting list and carries Schedules I to IV. Criminal Code article 269(1) makes those ministerial lists the Criminal Code's own drug definition. Criminal Code article 269(2) then sends the quantity question to ministerial recommendations, and Health Minister Order V-239 of 23 April 2003 supplies the figures. The list and the amount table are two different instruments, and a substance can be controlled by Order No. 5 while its cells in Order V-239 are blank. That is the single thing English accounts of Lithuanian law most often get wrong, and it is why control and quantity are stated separately on this row. This reading is stated as in force on 18 September 2026. The current consolidation of Order No. 5 begins on 18 June 2025 and the current consolidation of Order V-239 begins on the same day; the Control Law edition read includes the changes effective 1 November 2025 and the Criminal Code edition read was effective 3 July 2026.
Consequences if caught: Capital exposure: none. Lithuania has no death penalty and no life sentence for a drug offence, so neither is available for synthetic cannabinoids. The ceiling is 15 years under Criminal Code article 260(3), which applies where the amount is very large. The scale is set by which amount band the quantity falls in. Article 259 covers possession without intent to distribute and its subsection (2) is the small-quantity misdemeanour. Article 260(1) punishes distribution-purpose conduct by 2 to 8 years. Article 260(2) applies to a large amount and carries 8 to 10 years. Article 260(3) applies to a very large amount and carries 10 to 15 years. Order V-239 prints three figures for this entry: a small amount of not more than 0,005 g, a large amount of more than 0,5 g, and a very large amount of more than 2,5 g. Those three columns are what select the offence.
If prescribed / medical: Whether there is a lawful route for synthetic cannabinoids depends on which of the four schedules of Order No. 5 carries the entry, and this row does not state the schedule number because the source records the list entry and the amount table rather than the schedule division. Schedule IV matters more than an English reader expects: it carries amyl nitrite, nitrous oxide, gamma-butyrolactone and the other alkyl nitrites, and it ends at item 402. Handling outside an authorisation is what the Criminal Code punishes, so a licensed medical or scientific use runs inside the Control Law rather than around it. Treat the detail of the route for synthetic cannabinoids as unread and put the question to the State Medicines Control Agency of Lithuania.

Estonia

Legal status: Synthetic cannabinoids is a controlled substance in Estonia. The national schedule is Annex 1 to Minister of Social Affairs Regulation No 73, and the entry relied on for synthetic cannabinoids reads «nimekirja kantud sünteetilised kannabinoidid ja ainerühmad». That entry is a category rather than a substance name, so the row rests on the category and on whatever constituents are identified. The source does not state whether that entry names synthetic cannabinoids itself or a constituent of it, because its explanation column carries one sentence for every controlled row, that the annex names the substance or the applicable controlled entry, and that wording covers both cases. The Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act prohibits handling except for authorised medical, scientific and enforcement purposes, and the annex controls the listed isomers, esters, ethers, salts and medicines as the instrument provides. Estonia publishes no gram figure for synthetic cannabinoids, because the boundary that decides the offence is a quantity test rather than a weight. This reading is stated as in force on 18 September 2026, the day the instruments were read, and the schedule review covers the amendment effective 31 December 2024.
Consequences if caught: Capital exposure: none. Estonia has no death penalty, so no quantity of synthetic cannabinoids can carry one. The ceiling is life imprisonment under Penal Code section 184(2) with a superscript one, which is reached when section 184 conduct is committed for large financial gain or by a criminal organisation, and the band immediately below it is 6 to 20 years. Below it the scale runs in three steps: dealing in a small quantity, up to 5 years under Penal Code section 183(2); handling a large quantity, 1 to 10 years under section 184(1); and the aggravated form, 3 to 15 years under section 184(2). What makes a quantity large is not a gram figure. The Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, at section 3(1)(3), defines a large quantity as an amount sufficient to intoxicate at least ten people, so the prosecution must prove the intoxicating dose rather than weigh the seizure. A claim that Estonia allows a fixed personal quantity of synthetic cannabinoids is not the statutory rule, and small personal possession or use can remain an offence under the Act even where section 184 is not reached.
If prescribed / medical: There may be a lawful route and this row cannot tell you whether there is one for synthetic cannabinoids. The Act permits handling for authorised medical, scientific and enforcement purposes, so a medical route exists in principle. Regulation No 73 divides its schedule into six lists, Lists I to VI, and it is the list a substance sits in that decides whether it has a recognised medical use in Estonia. The source read for synthetic cannabinoids names the annex and the entry «nimekirja kantud sünteetilised kannabinoidid ja ainerühmad» and does not record which of the six lists carries it. That is a gap in what was read rather than a finding that no route exists, and the State Agency of Medicines is the body that settles it. Treat the prescription route for synthetic cannabinoids as unread, not as absent.

Latvia

Legal status: Synthetic cannabinoids is controlled in Latvia. The controlling instrument is Annex 2 to the law on the entry into force and application of the Criminal Law, and section 3(2) of the Circulation Law points to it expressly, which is why the former Cabinet Regulation No. 847 is not the current list. Annex 2 names synthetic cannabinoids directly. The entry reads «dibenzopirāni», which is dibenzopyrans. The entry sits at item 11(10) of Annex 2, in Schedule I, which covers prohibited especially dangerous narcotic and equivalent psychotropic substances and plants. Control extends to specified derivatives, isomers, structural analogues, active metabolites, salts, medicines, plant preparations and mixtures under Circulation Law sections 3(3)(5), 3(3)(6) and 3(4) read with Annex 2 paragraphs 2 and 3. This reading is stated as in force on 18 September 2026. Annex 2 identifies its current version as the 29 April 2021 text, as amended to 13 November 2025, with the cited 2025 change taking effect on 1 December 2025.
Consequences if caught: Capital exposure: none. Latvia has no death penalty and no life sentence for a drug offence, so neither is available for synthetic cannabinoids. The ceiling is 15 years under subsection (3) of Criminal Law section 253 with a superscript one, which is reached by an organised group, a large amount, serious consequences, sale to a minor, or sale at specified public or educational venues. The scale runs from an administrative penalty to fifteen years. Circulation Law section 48(1) makes unauthorised acquisition or possession in a small amount, or unauthorised use, punishable by a warning or 10 to 56 fine units, and section 48(3) requires a written warning about criminal liability if it happens again within a year. Criminal Law section 253(1) covers handling without intent to sell at up to 3 years, and section 253(2) reaches 3 to 10 years for a group or a large amount. The sale provision, numbered 253 with a superscript one, covers sale-purpose conduct and sale at 2 to 8 years in its subsection (1), reaches 3 to 10 years in its subsection (2), and reaches 5 to 15 years in its subsection (3). Annex 2 prints the two cut-offs for this entry: the amount up to which a quantity is recognised as small is 0,003 g, and the amount from which a quantity is recognised as large is 1 g. The printed small ceiling and the printed large floor are not the same boundary. A quantity above the small ceiling but below the large floor is neither small nor large under those two columns, and falls into the ordinary band between them.
If prescribed / medical: Latvia places synthetic cannabinoids in the prohibited schedule, so there is no ordinary prescription route. Schedule I of Annex 2 covers prohibited especially dangerous narcotic and equivalent psychotropic substances and plants, and that placement is the strongest control the annex carries. Authorised scientific or forensic handling runs through the Circulation Law licensing provisions rather than through a prescription. Whether such an authorisation could cover synthetic cannabinoids was not audited for this row and is a question for the State Agency of Medicines of Latvia.

Slovenia

Legal status: Not applicable as a class status. The name is a family label covering many different structures. The annex names a great many individual compounds of this kind, and the recent additions were read directly rather than inferred, but a family label does not identify which compound is in hand, so one molecule level outcome does not apply to it. The search behind this row covered the terms sintetski kanabinoidi and JWH-018 across all three groups of the annex to the Uredba o razvrstitvi prepovedanih drog on 20 September 2026, and this does not rule out a later amendment.
Consequences if caught: Capital exposure: none. Slovenia has abolished the death penalty and no Slovenian drug offence carries one, so this is a settled country level fact and not a reading of where any substance sits on the list. The exposure that does attach runs on three provisions. Personal use is handled under article 33 of the Production of and Trade in Illicit Drugs Act, the ZPPPD, which treats a smaller quantity held for one time personal use as a minor offence and carries a fine of roughly 42 to 209 euro, reduced or remitted where the person enters approved treatment. That article states no gram figure at all and it is a lighter route rather than a lawful possession allowance. Trafficking and manufacture fall under article 186 of the Criminal Code, the KZ-1, at one to ten years, rising to three to fifteen years on the aggravated limbs for organised conduct or conduct involving minors or vulnerable persons, and fifteen years under article 186, paragraphs 2 and 3, is the drug offence ceiling in Slovenian law. Facilitating consumption falls under article 187 at six months to twelve years. Which of those three provisions bites depends entirely on what is actually in the sample or the product, because the name on this row does not fix that, so each constituent has to be taken on its own entry.
If prescribed / medical: The source read for this cell carries no prescription column, so no substance specific Slovenian medical route is stated here and none is assumed. The country level traveller rule is the one the source does state: Groups II and III of the annex can include medicines, and lawful travel still turns on the applicable prescription, the original dispensing packaging and any Schengen or Slovenian certificate that is required, with a foreign brand assessed through its proved active ingredients rather than its name. This row is a label rather than a single molecule, so it has no annex placement to attach and no medical route can be stated for it.
Documentation: Carry any controlled medicine in its original dispensing packaging with the prescription, and carry a Schengen certificate where one is required for the substance and the length of stay. Confirm the requirement with the Slovenian embassy or consulate before travelling rather than at the border, and be ready to show the active ingredient, since a foreign brand name is assessed in Slovenia through its proved ingredients and not through the name on the box. For this row the name settles nothing about composition, and the annex search behind that conclusion was run on 20 September 2026. The annex to the Uredba o razvrstitvi prepovedanih drog was read on 20 September 2026. The dossier read for this cell names no edition and no amendment date for that annex, so the horizon of this cell is the reading date and nothing later, and this does not rule out a later amendment. The list moves by amendment of the Uredba itself, because article 2 of the Uredba makes the annex a constituent part of the regulation, so the Criminal Code can stay untouched while the names on the list change.

Serbia

Legal status: This is a family label and not a molecule, and the family is what the cell resolves. The dossier ran a label resolution check for «sintetički kanabinoidi; JWH-018; AM-2201» against Član 2 and Lista 1 to 7 of the Spisak psihoaktivnih kontrolisanih supstanci, Službeni glasnik RS 12/2026, and did not treat it as one molecule level entry, because the label covers many different chemical structures, and it recorded that individual cannabinoid rows were checked separately. Neither of the two named individuals has a row of its own among the 88 substances in this table, so this dossier carries no placement for them, and the two names function here as examples of what the family contains rather than as entries the Spisak is shown to hold. The cell is therefore a label resolution and not a deferral: the family has no single answer because it is not a single compound. The Serbian strings here are the dossier's record in Latin script and are not offered as the Cyrillic wording of the Službeni glasnik RS.
Consequences if caught: Capital exposure: none. The ceiling this dossier records for Serbia is 20 years of imprisonment, by Criminal Code art. 246(5) read with the general maximum in art. 45(1). That figure is document level, the same sentence on all 88 Serbian rows, so it is given here as the dossier's recorded ceiling for the country and not as a measured statement about this substance, and no route in the instruments the dossier cites reaches death. What follows depends entirely on which compound is identified. The dossier's own quantity note on this row is the scheduled form of the note rather than the off list form, recording that the list and arts 246 and 246a give no per substance numeric threshold and divide conduct by manja količina and velika količina without gram values, which is the position that applies to any member the Spisak does name. A product sold as a herbal blend can contain a compound that is listed and another that is not, and the label on the packet is not evidence of either. Identification by a laboratory is what decides the Serbian outcome. Separately from that, and carried forward from this site's published Serbia entry rather than re-derived from the Criminal Code in this pass, the published penalties are these. Drug use itself is not a criminal offence. Possession of a small amount for one's own use under Criminal Code article 246a paragraph 1 draws a fine or up to three years, and punishment may be remitted in minor cases. Small quantity is not numerically defined in law, so there is no fixed statutory quantity. Possession of a large quantity under article 246a paragraph 2 draws three to ten years. Production, circulation or sale under article 246 draws three to twelve years, five to fifteen years if committed by a group, and at least ten years if by an organised group. Cultivation of opium poppy or psychoactive hemp under article 246 draws six months to five years. Facilitating the taking of narcotics is an offence under article 247. The death penalty was abolished in 2002. Every figure in this paragraph is a penalty range or a fine and none of them is a quantity threshold. Whether the offence reaches this row at all is exactly what was not established, so they are recorded as Serbia's published drug penalties and not as this row's exposure.

Iraq

Legal status: Controlled through the entries its members occupy. The class term it is not named in any Iraqi schedule; Schedule Six names eleven individual synthetic cannabinoids, among them JWH-018 at serial 13, AM-2201 at 14, ADB-FUBINACA at 18, CUMYL-4CN-BINACA at 20, ADB-CHMINACA at 21, AB-FUBINACA at 23, 5F-MDMB-PICA at 25 and 4-F-MDMB-BINACA at 26, with ADB-BUTINACA added at serial 31 by Statement 238 of 2023. This placement is stated as those schedules stand after Statement 347 of 2025 of 17 November 2025, the Official Gazette having been checked to issue 4881 of 14 September 2026.
Consequences if caught: Iraq has no generic or analogue clause for this family. A synthetic cannabinoid outside those twelve printed entries is not reached by them. Under the Narcotics and Psychotropic Substances Law No. 50 of 2017, Article 27 punishes importing, bringing in or exporting, producing or manufacturing, and cultivating a producing plant, in each case with intent to trade, by death or life imprisonment. Trafficking possession of a substance on the tables outside Schedule One carries severe detention under Article 28, Sixth. The fine on that offence runs from 5,000,000 to 10,000,000 Iraqi dinars. Possession, purchase, import, production or cultivation for personal use carries one to three years under Article 32. The fine on personal use runs from 5,000,000 to 10,000,000 Iraqi dinars. Article 27 keys on the act rather than on a weight, and the law sets no gram threshold for it. These figures describe the offences that this row's placement brings into play. Iraq enforces the drug death penalty in practice: 144 drug-trafficking death sentences were issued in 2024, a figure carried forward here from the previous cell and not re-derived, on the authority of the US State Department and Iraqi court statements reported by 964media and The New Region.
If prescribed / medical: These substances have no recognised medical use and no lawful prescription route in Iraq.
Documentation: Identify the compound. A named one is a scheduled psychotropic and an unnamed one is not reached by these entries. Running or preparing a place for drug use is Article 28, Fourth, of this law; it is not a Penal Code Article 288 offence. Allowing another person to use drugs on premises of yours carries six months to two years under Article 33, First, with a fine of 3,000,000 to 5,000,000 Iraqi dinars. A doctor who writes a prescription for other than medical treatment faces not less than three months detention or a fine of 3,000,000 to 5,000,000 Iraqi dinars and a one year ban on practice under Article 31. Article 1 defines the ten schedules as the lists adopted by the 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, the 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances and the 1988 United Nations Convention against illicit traffic, each with its amendments, and Article 49, Second, is how Iraq amends them. Article 50 repeals Narcotics Law No. 68 of 1965, so the 1965 law is not the governing Act. Harm Reduction International reported 140 drug death sentences in Iraq between January and August 2024, a figure carried forward here and not re-derived. The US State Department has reported personal-use sentences of up to 15 years, which is longer than the Article 32 range and is carried forward here as that department reported it rather than re-derived from the statute. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with the Iraqi embassy before travel.

Jordan

Legal status: Synthetic cannabinoids is an open class of changing compounds rather than a substance, so Law No. 23 of 2016 has no single entry to give it, and the determination Jordan requires is recorded as «synthetic-cannabinoids: يلزم تحديد كل مكوّن في العينة وفحصه في الجداول الملحقة.», identify and test each constituent in the sample against the attached schedules. The class is open in a way the others are not: manufacturers replace one compound with a structurally adjacent one as each is listed, so the population of compounds sold under the name is different from one year to the next, and a schedule read in December is not a schedule that necessarily answers for a product bought in September. The definition that catches a listed member is the psychotropic definition at article 2, «المؤثرات العقلية: كل مادة طبيعية أو تركيبية من المواد المدرجة في الجداول ذوات الارقام (5) و(6) و(7) و(8) و(9) الملحقة بهذا القانون.», psychotropic substances being every natural or synthetic substance listed in Schedules 5 to 9 attached to this Law. Jordan does list named members of the wider cannabinoid field expressly, including hexahydrocannabinol at Schedule 6 and tetrahydrocannabiphorol and the tetrahydrocannabinol isomers at Schedule 5. Article 37 provides «لمجلس الوزراء بناء على تنسيب الوزير إجراء تعديل على أي من الجداول الملحقة بهذا القانون بحذف أي مادة منه أو إضافة أي مادة أخرى اليه أو تعديل النسب أو المواصفات أو الشروط الخاصة والمتعلقة بأي منها على ان يتم نشر ذلك في الجريدة الرسمية.», and it is that power, exercised by Gazette decision, that keeps the list moving against the market.
Consequences if caught: The consequence is assigned constituent by constituent and never from the class name, and that is not a finding of safety. A constituent listed anywhere in Schedules 1 to 9 engages mandatory life imprisonment under article 19(b), on the wording «تكون العقوبة الأشغال الشاقة المؤبدة», once a listed aggravator is proved, and mandatory death under article 20, on the wording «يعاقب بالإعدام», where the international drug gang or international criminal activity trigger is present. It does so at any quantity, because articles 19 and 20 contain no weight threshold, and a sprayed herbal mixture weighing a few grams is reached exactly as a kilogram would be. Where a constituent is on no schedule at all, the route for that constituent is article 14, which is non-capital. The hazard particular to this class is that the two branches are separated by a compound the user cannot identify and did not choose: the same brand name, the same packet design and the same supplier can carry a listed compound one month and an unlisted analogue the next, and the sentence follows the molecule rather than the packet.
If prescribed / medical: No prescribing answer can be given for synthetic cannabinoids, because the class covers an open set of compounds and none of them is a medicine dispensed in Jordan under that description. Individual cannabinoid compounds that Jordan does schedule are controlled substances rather than available preparations, and a prescription for a licensed cannabinoid medicine in another country does not describe anything in a packet of sprayed herbal material. The country-level position is that Law No. 23 of 2016 fixes control status and does not fix prescribing or dispensing conditions, and Jordan's separate medicines and pharmacy regimes were not audited for this table, so a route there is treated as unread rather than as absent.

Syria

Legal status: Not confirmed, status not individually verified; confirm with Syria's authorities (Narcotic Drugs Law No. 2 of 1993) / your embassy
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not named in the cited Syrian sources (Narcotic Drugs Law No. 2 of 1993, Legislative Decree, Arts 39/43), do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Syria (Narcotic Drugs Law No. 2 of 1993, Legislative Decree), trafficking, cultivation or manufacture is punishable by DEATH (Art 39); a user draws 3-15 years (Art 43); possession not for trafficking draws up to 1 year plus a fine up to 5,000 SYP; trafficking draws life plus a 1-5 million SYP fine. Death applies in aggravated cases (a public official combating drugs, a minor used, or an international smuggling syndicate). [retained; enforcement opaque amid conflict] Syria is retentionist on paper, death applies in aggravated cases (a public official combating drugs, a minor used, or an international smuggling syndicate), but enforcement is opaque amid the conflict, and a September 2019 amnesty reduced some death sentences to life. Active executions are not asserted.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Syria (Narcotic Drugs Law No. 2 of 1993, Legislative Decree), trafficking, cultivation or manufacture is punishable by DEATH (Art 39); a user draws 3-15 years (Art 43); possession not for trafficking draws up to 1 year plus a fine up to 5,000 SYP; trafficking draws life plus a 1-5 million SYP fine. Death applies in aggravated cases (a public official combating drugs, a minor used, or an international smuggling syndicate). There is no medical cannabis. [retained; enforcement opaque amid conflict] Syria is retentionist on paper, death applies in aggravated cases (a public official combating drugs, a minor used, or an international smuggling syndicate), but enforcement is opaque amid the conflict, and a September 2019 amnesty reduced some death sentences to life. Active executions are not asserted. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Narcotic Drugs Law No. 2 of 1993 (Legislative Decree), Arts 39/43 · corroborated by Harm Reduction International, CountryReports and NPA Syria · sherloc.unodc.org · hri.global · Updated July 14, 2026

Yemen

Legal status: Not confirmed, status not individually verified; confirm with Yemen's authorities (Law No. 3 of 1993) / your embassy
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not named in the cited Yemeni sources (Law No. 3 of 1993 on Control of Illicit Trafficking in and Abuse of Narcotics and Psychotropic Substances, Arts 34/39), do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Yemen (Law No. 3 of 1993 on Control of Illicit Trafficking in and Abuse of Narcotics and Psychotropic Substances), trafficking or cultivating schedule-V plants with intent to traffic is punishable by DEATH or 25 years (Art 34); possession not for trafficking draws a lesser penalty (Art 39). The penalty keys on INTENT, not a fixed statutory quantity, there is no fixed gram threshold. [retained; executions rare amid conflict] Yemen is retentionist, death applies for trafficking or cultivation with intent to traffic, but executions are rare amid the conflict. Active executions are not asserted.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Yemen (Law No. 3 of 1993 on Control of Illicit Trafficking in and Abuse of Narcotics and Psychotropic Substances), trafficking or cultivating schedule-V plants with intent to traffic is punishable by DEATH or 25 years (Art 34); possession not for trafficking draws a lesser penalty (Art 39). The penalty keys on INTENT, not a fixed statutory quantity, there is no fixed gram threshold; there is no medical cannabis. [retained; executions rare amid conflict] Yemen is retentionist, death applies for trafficking or cultivation with intent to traffic, but executions are rare amid the conflict. Active executions are not asserted. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Law No. 3 of 1993 on Control of Illicit Trafficking in and Abuse of Narcotics and Psychotropic Substances, Arts 34/39 · corroborated by Harm Reduction International · sherloc.unodc.org · hri.global · Updated July 14, 2026

Libya

Legal status: Not confirmed, status not individually verified; confirm with Libya's authorities (Law No. 7 of 1990 as amended) / your embassy
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not named in the cited Libyan sources (Law No. 7 of 1990 on Narcotics and Psychotropic Substances, as amended), do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Libya (Law No. 7 of 1990 on Narcotics and Psychotropic Substances, amended by Law No. 19 of 1994 and Law No. 19 of 1996), drugs are prohibited and aggravated trafficking is death-eligible. The specific death-penalty article number and any quantity thresholds are NOT individually confirmed in the cited sources (do not rely on a specific article or gram figure), verify; there is no fixed statutory quantity asserted here. [retained; enforcement opaque amid conflict] Libya is on the drug-death-penalty retentionist list and aggravated trafficking is death-eligible under Law No. 7 of 1990 (as amended), but the specific death-penalty article and any quantity thresholds are NOT individually confirmed in the cited sources, verify the specific article before relying on it. Enforcement is opaque amid the conflict; active executions are not asserted.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Libya (Law No. 7 of 1990 on Narcotics and Psychotropic Substances, amended by Law No. 19 of 1994 and Law No. 19 of 1996), drugs are prohibited and aggravated trafficking is death-eligible. The specific death-penalty article number and any quantity thresholds are NOT individually confirmed in the cited sources, verify the specific article before relying on it; there is no fixed statutory quantity asserted here, and there is no medical cannabis. [retained; enforcement opaque amid conflict] Libya is on the drug-death-penalty retentionist list and aggravated trafficking is death-eligible under Law No. 7 of 1990 (as amended), but the specific death-penalty article and any quantity thresholds are NOT individually confirmed in the cited sources, verify the specific article before relying on it. Enforcement is opaque amid the conflict; active executions are not asserted. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Law No. 7 of 1990 on Narcotics and Psychotropic Substances (amended by Law No. 19 of 1994 and Law No. 19 of 1996) · corroborated by Human Rights Watch · security-legislation.ly · unodc.org · Updated July 14, 2026

Sudan

Legal status: Not confirmed, status not individually verified; confirm with Sudan's authorities (Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act of 1994) / your embassy
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not named in the cited Sudanese sources (Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act of 1994, Arts 15/16/17), do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Sudan (Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act of 1994, Arts 15/16/17), the death penalty is conditional and aggravator-based, mandated for trafficking or producing by a recidivist, by an official entrusted with combating drug trafficking, or as part of an international criminal organization (Arts 15/17), and for providing drugs to students or in schools or assisting trafficking generally (Arts 16/17). It is NOT a flat general-trafficking death penalty. [retained for aggravated/recidivist trafficking; enforcement opaque] The death penalty is conditional and aggravator-based, mandated for trafficking or producing by a recidivist, by an official entrusted with combating drug trafficking, or as part of an international criminal organization (Arts 15/17), and for providing drugs to students or in schools or assisting trafficking generally (Arts 16/17). It is NOT a flat general-trafficking death penalty. Sudan is retentionist with a historical execution record (1994), but there is no reliable current execution stream amid the conflict; active executions are not asserted.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Sudan (Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act of 1994, Arts 15/16/17), the death penalty is conditional and aggravator-based, mandated for trafficking or producing by a recidivist, by an official entrusted with combating drug trafficking, or as part of an international criminal organization (Arts 15/17), and for providing drugs to students or in schools or assisting trafficking generally (Arts 16/17). It is NOT a flat general-trafficking death penalty, and there is no medical cannabis. [retained for aggravated/recidivist trafficking; enforcement opaque] The death penalty is conditional and aggravator-based, mandated for trafficking or producing by a recidivist, by an official entrusted with combating drug trafficking, or as part of an international criminal organization (Arts 15/17), and for providing drugs to students or in schools or assisting trafficking generally (Arts 16/17). It is NOT a flat general-trafficking death penalty. Sudan is retentionist with a historical execution record (1994), but there is no reliable current execution stream amid the conflict; active executions are not asserted. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act of 1994, Arts 15/16/17 · Updated July 14, 2026

Albania

Legal status: Not applicable as a class status. Synthetic cannabinoids is a family label and not a molecule, so one status for the whole family would be a claim the tables cannot carry. The record for this row ran the label resolution check «kanabinoide sintetike; JWH-018; AM-2201» and declined to treat it as one molecule level entry, because it is a family label covering many different structures, and the individual cannabinoid rows were checked separately. Every constituent actually detected is classified on its own entry in the tables annexed to Ligji nr. 7975, datë 26.7.1995, për barnat narkotike, psikotrope dhe të kontrolluara. The tables are read here as those tables stand after Ligji nr. 17/2026, the statute that last moved the list by adding substances to the 1971 Convention list annexed to Ligji nr. 7975, datë 26.7.1995, për barnat narkotike, psikotrope dhe të kontrolluara through its shtojca nr. 1, and that does not rule out a later addition under the same power.
Consequences if caught: Capital exposure: none. Albania has abolished the death penalty and no offence in the Criminal Code, Ligji nr. 7895, datë 27.1.1995, carries it, so the abolition is a country level fact and does not turn on where a substance sits in the annexed tables. The drug offences are in that Code: article 283, the narcotics offence, whose first paragraph excludes personal use in a small dose; article 283/a, also cited as 283-a, the trafficking article; and article 284, the cultivation article for narcotic plants. The one figure the Albania dossier prints is the ceiling, twenty years, at article 283/a, second paragraph. The dossier records no numerical substance by substance table behind the small dose exclusion, so nothing in the statute fixes the weight at which a small dose stops being one, and a reduced offence or an exclusion from one trafficking paragraph is not a general lawful possession safe harbour. The figures that follow are carried forward from the Albania entry already published on this site and were not re-derived from the statute text in this pass. Under article 283 the published entry gives five to ten years for manufacturing, selling, transporting or keeping, rising to seven to fifteen years in complicity or on repeat and ten to twenty years for organising, managing or financing. Under article 283/a it gives seven to fifteen years for trafficking by import, export or transit, rising to ten to twenty in complicity or on repeat and fifteen years and above for organising or financing. Under article 283/b it gives three to seven years for facilitating intake or use by administering drugs. Under article 284 it gives three to seven years for cultivating narcotic plants, rising to five to ten in complicity or on repeat and ten to twenty for organising or financing. Those are penalty bands and nothing else: they are not quantities and they are not fines. They sit alongside the ceiling the dossier states, twenty years at article 283/a second paragraph, and this pass did not re-derive either, so whether the published ten to twenty and fifteen years and above limbs state that same ceiling in other words is not resolved here. Quantity is a separate question from any of those bands, and the published entry answers it the same way the dossier does: there is no statutory gram threshold. It records that the Supreme Court, in Decision 1 of 27 March 2008, defined small quantity as a single dose for that individual, decided case by case. Observed practice is a third thing again and it is reported rather than enacted. The published entry records that in practice low level users are still prosecuted under article 283, and that five year minimums have been seen even for roughly 0.4 to 1.9 g. That is a quantity seen in reported cases, not a threshold the statute sets. The published entry also records that personal possession may, in practice, be handled administratively under the Code of Misdemeanors article 121, with a fine of about 10,000 to 50,000 ALL. That is a money figure and not a quantity, and the published entry marks the path reported, not controlling. Which of those articles bites here depends on what is in the material: the label resolution check «kanabinoide sintetike; JWH-018; AM-2201» resolves to whatever constituent is detected, each constituent carries its own placement in the annexed tables, and the label is a family label covering many different structures, and the individual cannabinoid rows were checked separately, so a single figure for it would be a figure for a composition nobody has established.

North Macedonia

Legal status: Not applicable as a class status. The search ran on синтетички канабиноиди; JWH-018; AM-2201 in the classification lists. The family label covers many different structures, so it was stopped as a family label rather than carried through the list as one molecule. The two compounds the source names as examples have no rows of their own in this table, so neither the class label nor its named examples can be resolved here, and the class cannot be closed from what was read. The version read is the classification list published at Службен весник на РСМ бр. 104/2021, read as at 20 September 2026. The power that moves that list is член 21 став 2 of Закон за контрола на опојни дроги и психотропни супстанции, under which the minister of health adopts the lists, so the list can be replaced without the statute changing, and a later amendment is not ruled out by this reading.
Consequences if caught: Capital exposure: none. North Macedonia carries no death penalty, and the dossier read for this pass states that on all 88 of its rows. The drug offence itself is Article 215 of the Кривичен законик, which sits in the chapter on offences against people's health, chapter 21. On penalty: Article 215 carries three to ten years, and the lesser-quantity paragraph added in September 2009 carries six months to three years. Article 216 covers facilitating or enabling the use of drugs, and Article 217 covers causing severe bodily injury or health damage through the Article 215 and Article 216 offences. There is no separate personal-possession offence in the Code, and personal use is often charged under Article 215. On quantity, which is a different question from penalty and must not be read as the same one: small versus large quantity is not defined in the Code. Article 215(2) recognises a smaller quantity for the reduced offence but states no grams and creates no lawful allowance, so there is no statutory quantity band and no weight below which possession becomes lawful. The Public Prosecutor's internal guidelines set non-statutory cut-offs instead, and the reported working thresholds are around 2 g of cocaine, 2 g of heroin and 5 g of cannabis, above which intent to sell is presumed. That is reported prosecutorial practice and not statutory, and that hedge is part of the figure rather than a footnote to it. The penalty bands, the chapter 21 locator, Article 216 and Article 217, the absence of a separate possession offence and the reported thresholds are all carried forward from the published entry for this country and were not re-derived from the Кривичен законик or from any statute text in this pass. The dossier read for this pass records only a ten year ceiling at Article 215(1) and the bare existence of a reduced offence at Article 215(2), so the three year floor, the six months to three years band and the two neighbouring articles are the published entry's material and not the dossier's. Article 215 would engage only through an identified compound, and no compound of this family was shown to be a printed row, so no exposure is established for the family as a family.

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Legal status: Not applicable as a class status. This is a family label covering many unrelated structures. One named compound from the family is recorded in the list, AM-2201, and a second identifier is printed beside it that does not correspond to any compound that could be matched here, so the second is not reproduced here as schedule text. The constituent or compound question has to be answered against the list attached to the 2006 Law, as consolidated through Official Gazette 56/26 with the remifentanil move at 58/26, which was read as at 20 September 2026, and reading it on that date does not rule out a later amendment.
Consequences if caught: Capital exposure: none. Criminal law in Bosnia and Herzegovina runs at state, entity and Brčko District level at once, and the sources read do not establish which code governs a given case: they name the applicable entity or Brčko criminal code without choosing between them, and the only code actually read is the Federation one, where drug trafficking sits at article 238 and the fixed-term ceiling is article 43, «Kazna zatvora ne može biti kraća od trideset dana ni duža od dvadeset godina.», thirty days at the bottom and twenty years at the top. Where in the country the conduct happens is therefore the first thing that has to be settled, and this answer does not settle it. A family label cannot carry one outcome: the compound in a given product has to be identified first, and the record shows the list working compound by compound rather than by family. No quantity band applies on this record: a separate quantity instrument was searched alongside the list and returned no entry for this substance, so nothing in the national material read converts a weight into a tier. The penalty detail that follows is carried forward from this substance's own published entry on 2cb.com and was not re-derived from statute text in this pass, so it is reported as carried forward rather than asserted here: state-level Criminal Code article 195, illicit production and trafficking of narcotics, is charged for cross-entity or organized trafficking, with up to roughly 10 to 20 years for aggravated or organized forms and about 3 to 15 years base per secondary sources; possession for personal use is a misdemeanour under entity or district public-order law, for example the Brčko Law on Public Order article 31, a fine of about €250 to €750, with Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Republika Srpska equivalents, rather than the felony track, but each entity's criminal code can pursue felony charges for cultivation, sale, or possession beyond personal-use quantities; and the 2017 EUDA report notes the misdemeanour penalties do not vary by drug, recidivism or quantity. That published entry also states that the exact article and range a person faces depends on where in the country the offence occurs, Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina versus Republika Srpska versus Brčko, that article 195 at state level is the anchor, and that entity-level article numbers not confirmed there are not pinned. Every figure in that carried-forward detail is a penalty range or a fine and not one of them is a quantity threshold: the published entry itself says there is no uniform statutory gram threshold distinguishing personal use from intent to sell and that it varies by entity, which is the same absence recorded above and not a contradiction of it.

Georgia

Legal status: The label Synthetic cannabinoids covers a product category rather than a single molecule, and Georgia's answer follows the constituent that is actually identified. The dossier records an applicability finding: "sintetski kanabinoidi" and "JWH-018" were searched across the annexes to Law No. 624 and no single entry can be assigned to the label. The label names an open structural family rather than a molecule, and the dossier searched it under the family term and one named indole compound before stopping at applicability. The dossier cites the annexed set as Lists I to IV taken together and never records which of the four lists a row sits on, so the placement is established at the level of the annexes and not of a numbered list. The final consolidated text was read on the Legislative Herald of Georgia, which the dossier calls Matsne, on 20 September 2026. This is a label treatment rather than a deferral: the record says what the label is, not that the question was left open.
Consequences if caught: Capital exposure: none. Georgia has abolished the death penalty and the dossier records no capital route for any substance on these lists. The ceiling is life imprisonment, under Article 260 of the Criminal Code of Georgia for aggravated illegal circulation, and life is where the scale stops. Article 260 reaches an identified constituent and not a label, so the answer is assembled from whatever the material is shown to contain: the offence follows an identified molecule, and the dossier records no generic or structural class entry in the lists, so the family label reaches nothing until a specific compound is named. The official quantity table assigns a small, a large and an especially large quantity by substance, and the dossier records that the table is applied through the matched entry without reproducing any of its figures, so no weight is stated in this cell and none should be inferred from one. A label cannot be read against that table at all. There is no general lawful personal use allowance, and the absence of a small quantity figure for a substance is not permission to hold it.
If prescribed / medical: The prescription position is deferred here rather than stated. No Georgian rule on a traveller carrying a prescribed supply has been established for this substance, so whether a foreign prescription is recognised has to be settled with the Georgian authorities before travel. There is no placement to attach at all, because the label does not resolve to one entry. There is no medicinal preparation of any of them, so the prescription branch does not open.
Documentation: The dossier records no documentary requirement for Georgia and carries no column for one, so nothing is prescribed in this cell. What the row fixes is that the label does not resolve to an entry, so no document about the label can answer the question. The analytical identification of the specific compound is the only thing that makes this row answerable, and a product name on a packet is not that. The record and its outcome were read on 20 September 2026 and this cell is dated 21 September 2026.

Armenia

Legal status: Not applicable as a class status for Armenia. The applicability answer holds and the evidence the applied cell gave for it is corrected. The label names an open structural family with no fixed membership, and the հավելված to Government Decision N 1129-Ն of 21 August 2003 answers by printed line, so an identified molecule is required before any line can be matched. That much stands. The applied cell then described the annex as carrying named substances and one isomer clause, the clause reaching all isomers of tetrahydrocannabinol, «Տետրահիդրոկանաբինոլի բոլոր իզոմերները», and reported that a search under one named compound found nothing. The second half is wrong. Ցուցակ N 1 prints a long uninterrupted run of individually named synthetic cannabinoids, beginning at ACBM-018 and running through the AM, CP, HU, JWH and MDMB series, and the compound the applied cell searched for is in it: «JWH-018» is printed against «1-պենտիլ-3-(նաֆթալին-1-իլ) ինդոլ», between JWH-015 and JWH-019. The applicability conclusion survives that correction because the run is an enumeration. Unlike its neighbours in this set, this annex carries no clause reaching a synthetic cannabinoid structural group at group level, and the one family clause it does carry is about the isomers of a natural cannabinoid. Read on 21 September 2026.
Consequences if caught: Capital exposure: none. Armenia has abolished the death penalty and Article 393 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Armenia provides no life sentence for a drug offence, so the real exposure is a term of years. The 12 year ceiling under Article 393(3) and the bands at Article 393(4) to (6) apply to a listed substance, and the exposure follows each constituent actually identified rather than the label on the package. The correction to make is that identifying the constituent is far more likely to produce a placement than the applied cell implied, because Ցուցակ N 1 prints a long run of these compounds by name and the prohibited list is where they sit. A compound made after the last amendment read here may still have no line at all, which is what keeps the family question open at family level.
If prescribed / medical: Armenia states no lawful personal use allowance for a scheduled substance, and Article 393(4) to (6) measures its significant, large and especially large bands from the minimum small amount figure the Government sets, which is a criminal threshold and never a traveller quota. A scheduled medicine must in addition satisfy the law on medicines, «Դեղերի մասին» Հայաստանի Հանրապետության օրենք, together with the prescription, packaging, import and customs rules that law carries. There is no class placement for this row, because the annex carries named lines and one clause about the isomers of a natural cannabinoid, neither of which bounds an open family. Where a constituent is identified it will usually be found among the named synthetic cannabinoids of Ցուցակ N 1, and that is the prohibited list, so no medicinal route runs through it. The enquiry has to name a molecule.

Montenegro

Legal status: Not applicable as a class status. Montenegro's own reason on this row is that the label was stopped as a family label rather than treated as an unsearched molecule: the Pravilnik o utvrđivanju spiska droga, psihotropnih supstanci i bilja koje se može koristiti za proizvodnju droga, 56/2012 as amended by 54/2015, was opened for «sintetički kanabinoidi; JWH-018; AM-2201» as a label resolution check and the label was not accepted as one molecule level entry. The dossier records one further step on this row: individual cannabinoid rows checked separately. The two compounds the label was resolved through have no rows at all in this set of 88, so the pointer to individual cannabinoid rows reaches nothing here. Of the cannabinoid rows that do exist, one is printed in the schedule and three returned no accepted entry, which is the same individual naming pattern. The list is not the criminal code's to move. Član 4 of the Zakon o sprječavanju zloupotrebe droga gives it to the state administration body responsible for health and requires publication in the official gazette: «Spisak droga donosi organ državne uprave nadležan za poslove zdravlja... Spisak droga se objavljuje u Službenom listu Crne Gore.» The version read is the Prilog as those tables stand after the 54/2015 amendment, read on 20 September 2026, and because Član 4 leaves the list with the health administration this does not rule out a later amendment.
Consequences if caught: Capital exposure: none. Montenegro's criminal code carries no death penalty and the dossier records none. The ceiling it records is fifteen years under Article 300 of the Krivični zakonik, the aggravated drug offence, read with the Code's imprisonment rules, and that is the only criminal article this reading names. That ceiling reaches a proved constituent and not the label, because Article 300 depends on a placement and a label with no fixed composition has none of its own. What is in the packet decides the exposure, and the label does not disclose it. No numerical lawful personal use threshold was found in the controlling Act or in the list, so there is no stated weight below which the question changes, and a reduced offence or an exclusion from one trafficking paragraph is not described here as a general lawful possession safe harbour. Separately from that, and carried forward from this site's published Montenegro entry rather than re-derived from the Code in this pass: production, distribution or trafficking are reported at roughly two to fifteen years, the source given there being the United States State Department narcotics report, which also records that the individual paragraph ranges of Article 300(1) to (5) are not pinned in the sources it cites. The Article 300(6) offence of unlawfully making, acquiring, possessing, transporting or supplying equipment, material or substances knowing they are intended for narcotics production is reported at six months to five years. An addiction driven offender may receive mandatory treatment as a security measure to a maximum of three years, alongside or in place of imprisonment, and possession is reported as handled inside Article 300 with treatment diversion available. A foreigner faces expulsion for one to ten years or permanently. Every figure in this paragraph is a penalty band and none of them is a quantity threshold, which is the separate point made above. These bands describe the Article 300 drug offence, and whether it reaches this row at all is exactly what was not established, so they are recorded as Montenegro's published drug penalties and not as this row's exposure. What this row rests on is the label resolution check that stopped it as a family label.

Kazakhstan

Legal status: Synthetic cannabinoids is named in Kazakhstan's controlled list. The first of the three documents Government Resolution No. 470 of 3 July 2019 approves, the Список наркотических средств, психотропных веществ и прекурсоров, подлежащих контролю в Республике Казахстан, carries the entry Синтетические каннабиноиды at item 61 of section В of Таблица I of the Список, the schedule whose substances are prohibited from use for medical purposes. The second document, the Сводная таблица of small, large and particularly large sizes, then carries the row Синтетические каннабиноиды and sets небольшой размер at 0-0,01 grams, крупный размер at 0,01-1,0 grams and особо крупный размер above 1,0 grams. Item 61 is not a formula, it is a heading followed by an enumeration of well over a hundred named compounds, from the CP-47,497 homologues and HU-210 through the JWH series to the indazole carboxamides such as AB-PINACA, 5F-ADB, MDMB-CHMINACA and CUMYL-4CN-BINACA. The Сводная таблица then gives the whole heading a single size row, so an unnamed compound that answers the heading is measured on the same grams as a named one. The copy read carries the amendment of 24 February 2026 made by Government Resolution No. 111, and the Сводная таблица is wholly in that redaction, so every size quoted here is the 24 February 2026 text, not an earlier one. [Certain] on the placement and the figures, both re-derived from the instrument in this pass.
Consequences if caught: Capital exposure: none. Kazakhstan has abolished the death penalty. No capital punishment remains available anywhere in its Criminal Code, because the law of 29 December 2021 numbered 89-VII on abolition replaced the words carrying it in Article 11 with life imprisonment, and Article 46 now names life imprisonment as the heaviest penalty the Code holds. Those sizes decide the charge. Under Criminal Code Article 296 a quantity below крупный draws a fine of up to 160 monthly calculation indices or arrest of up to 40 days, a крупный quantity up to 200 indices or 50 days, and only an особо крупный quantity carries prison, three to seven years under part 4. Article 296 part 1 is the separate offence of non-medical consumption in a public place. Anything done with intent to supply moves to Article 297, five to eight years with confiscation at part 1 and fifteen to twenty years at part 4, while Article 297-1, which the law of 2 January 2025 No. 150-VIII inserted, punishes manufacture and processing for supply and reaches life imprisonment. The row that carries those figures is Синтетические каннабиноиды, and for Synthetic cannabinoids the custodial rung therefore opens above 1,0 grams. Article 296 also carries a note releasing from liability under that article a person who voluntarily hands the substance over, seeks medical help or actively assists in uncovering a related offence. [Likely] The Criminal Code articles and their year ranges in this cell were read from secondary consolidations rather than from an official publisher in this pass. Two independent consolidations agree on them, and the Code's own article text was not reached: the state portal served only its contents list. The abolition of the death penalty, by contrast, was confirmed against the Code itself and is tagged [Certain] where it appears. [Likely] Carried from the entry published before this batch and not re-derived in this pass: the two middle rungs of that ladder are six to ten years for part 2 and seven to twelve years for part 3.

Cuba

Legal status: Not confirmed for Cuba, and the reason is structural rather than a gap in searching. It is a class and not a substance, and each member is judged on its own effect because there is no scaffold definition to apply, and it is named nowhere in the Código Penal, which names only cocaína and Cannabis. Article 236(c) is a residual limb reaching «drogas ilícitas o sustancias de efectos similares no comprendidas en los apartados anteriores», punished by six months to one year or a fine. So if this substance is an illicit drug in Cuba it is caught, and the tier depends on whether a court reads it as «de efectos similares o superiores» to cocaine under article 236(a). Cuba operates no national list of controlled substances. The Código Penal creates the offences and names the subject matter only as «drogas ilícitas o sustancias de efectos similares», an undefined term. Across all 470,392 characters of the Code the words estupefaciente and psicotrópico appear zero times, and the only substances named anywhere are cocaína once and Cannabis, conocida por marihuana, twice.
Consequences if caught: Capital exposure: not established. Trafficking, production, transport, possession with intent to traffic and cultivation are article 235.1, punished by four to ten years. Simple possession without authorisation or a medical prescription is article 236, which sets three tiers, and the residual limb article 236(c) reaches «drogas ilícitas o sustancias de efectos similares no comprendidas en los apartados anteriores» and is punished by six months to one year or a fine. Article 237 covers a professional prescribing outside therapeutic purposes and article 238 covers breach of the control measures. Article 235.5 adds confiscation of assets. Article 235.2 provides: «La sanción es de privación de libertad de diez a treinta años, privación perpetua de libertad o muerte» where any of eight aggravating circumstances applies, among them «si los hechos se realizan con cantidades relativamente grandes de drogas ilícitas o sustancias de efectos similares», international trafficking, use of a person under eighteen, commission near a school, and a link to organised crime. The quantity that triggers it is not stated as a number anywhere in the Code: the phrase is «cantidades relativamente grandes» and no gramme figure appears. It is not mandatory: article 33.1 provides that «La sanción de muerte se ejecuta por fusilamiento y solo se aplica, excepcionalmente por el tribunal, en las formas más graves de consumación de los delitos para los que está establecida», and article 33.2 excludes persons under twenty and women who were pregnant at the time of the act or at sentencing. Those are Cuba's published drug penalties and they are NOT this row's exposure. Whether this substance is a «droga ilícita o sustancia de efectos similares» is exactly the question the source did not settle, and the Code names no substance but cocaína and Cannabis. So no article above is asserted against this row, and none is ruled out. [Likely] That the Code names no substance but cocaína and Cannabis is carried forward from the entry published before this batch and was not re-derived from the Gaceta in this pass; the dossier's own reading agrees with it, placing Cannabis at arts 235.1(d) and 236(b) and cocaína at art 236(a).

Guyana

Legal status: This is a label rather than a substance, and that is the confirmed answer and not an unresolved one. The dossier records «cannabinoides sintéticos» against the First and Second Schedules to the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (Control) Act, Cap. 10:10 as a name that fixes no composition. Synthetic cannabinoids are an open chemical class and not one molecule, and new compounds enter it continuously. Receptor activity is a pharmacological description and it does not define a schedule entry. The consequence is definite: no entry can be applied until the constituent is identified, and a laboratory result rather than the name decides which row of this corpus governs. The label analysis was recorded on 20 September 2026.
Consequences if caught: Capital exposure: none. Guyana's Cap. 10:10 carries no death penalty at any tier; section 5(1) sets the indictable trafficking ceiling at life imprisonment, so the worst outcome this Act reaches is a life sentence. Which ceiling reaches a given seizure of this material cannot be answered from the label, because the dossier assigns it no single ceiling and requires the constituent, the authorisation and the conduct to be established first. Sprayed plant material looks identical whichever compound is on it, and the compound is what any charge would have to name. If the constituent proves to be a scheduled compound the life ceiling is in play; if it is not scheduled, no offence under this Act is made out. Neither branch is capital.
If prescribed / medical: Not a medicine question, because there is no single active ingredient for a prescription to name. None of these compounds is a dispensed medicine, so no prescription route exists. The dossier carries no Guyanese prescription rule, import permit or personal allowance in any event.
Documentation: Herbal packaging naming a blend is not an ingredient list. A certificate of analysis naming the actual constituents is the only document that means anything for this row, and it identifies the material rather than permitting it. The label record was read on 20 September 2026 against «cannabinoides sintéticos».

Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (Control) Act, Cap. 10:10, First and Second Schedules, read for this row as a label analysis rather than a placement · the label recorded is «cannabinoides sintéticos» and the row boundary the dossier records for it is «requires the exact molecule because receptor activity does not define one schedule entry.» · read at https://mola.gov.gy/laws-of-guyana, the Ministry of Legal Affairs Laws of Guyana collection. The citation behind this cell is document level and not per substance. The source document carries exactly one hyperlink target for all 88 of its rows, and what it calls a links column holds constructed text such as «synthetic-cannabinoids schedule | synthetic-cannabinoids penalty» rather than a web address, so no page, paragraph or deep link exists for this row and none is invented here. Many of the dossier's entry and search strings are recorded in Spanish language or international nonproprietary form rather than in the English wording a Guyanese statute prints, so every string here is reproduced exactly as the dossier holds it and is not offered as the literal printed text of the Schedules · Updated September 21, 2026

Bahamas

Legal status: Not listed in the Schedule to the Dangerous Drugs Act (Application) Order, 1994 (S.I. 77 of 1994) as those schedules stand after S.I. 50 of 1996, and not named in section 6 or section 11(1) of the Dangerous Drugs Act, Chapter 228. Searched case insensitively across all three held instruments for synthetic cannabinoid, for cannabimimetic, for JWH and for the common core names: zero hits in the Act and zero in the operative 1994 Order. JWH occurs twice, only in the 2024 draft Order. This is an open chemical class rather than one molecule, so the search was run on the class terms and on the named series prefixes as well. The nearest entries read and rejected are the six tetrahydrocannabinol isomers in Substances in Schedule I of the Psychotropic Convention list and «delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol» in Schedule II. All seven are dibenzopyrans and none of the indole or indazole derived compounds this class denotes shares that skeleton, so no listed entry reaches them.
Consequences if caught: No offence under Chapter 228 attaches to a substance that neither the Act nor the Application Order reaches, because every offence in the Act is framed around a drug to which the Act or a Part of it applies. One offence is still capable of applying: section 29(1)(f) with section 29(10) makes it an offence to solicit a person for the purpose of selling a dangerous drug, or to obtain money by representing that a substance is a dangerous drug when it is not.
If prescribed / medical: Chapter 228 does not reach it, so no authority under section 24 of that Act is needed to hold it. Chapter 228 is not the only law that can apply. The Pharmacy Act, the medicines law and the food and excise law of The Bahamas were not read for this cell and may regulate manufacture, sale or import independently of the drugs Act.
Documentation: A traveller carrying it into The Bahamas is not carrying a drug to which Chapter 228 applies on the reading above, but should expect the question to be settled at the border by the substance rather than by the brand name on the packet. The schedule placement stated here is not printed in the quotation column of the dossier read for this cell; it was read directly from the instrument text. No Ministerial Order later than S.I. 50 of 1996 was read for this cell, so a later addition by Order under section 6, section 11(3) or section 12(3) of the Act is not excluded. The Dangerous Drugs (Application) Order, 2024 was read and is not relied on: it carries no Statutory Instrument number, no signature and a blank execution block reading Made this day of 2024, and the Bahamas legislation portal serves it from its Bills directory rather than its subsidiary legislation directory.

Dangerous Drugs Act, Chapter 228, Statute Law of The Bahamas, LRO 1/2017 · laws.bahamas.gov.bs · Updated October 2, 2026

Lebanon

Legal status: Controlled. The class name is not named in the four tables annexed to Law 673 of 16 March 1998, as those tables stand after Decree 343 of 16 May 2025, the last table change the publisher records, read on 22 September 2026 in the Ministry of Public Health consolidated annex carrying the seventh modification of January 2019 and in the Lebanese University consolidation note, and eleven individual synthetic cannabinoids are placed in Table 1, spread across the blocks headed with the 1961 Convention schedule and with the 1971 Convention Schedule II.
Consequences if caught: The entries read are «(XRL 11) (1-(5-fluoropentyl)-1H-Indole-3-yl)( 2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone», «PB-22 (1-Pentyl-1H-Indole-3-carboxylic acid 8- quinolinyl ester) et ses derivés», «5F-Fubinaca et ses derivés», «AB-Pinaca et ses derivés», «AB-Fubinaca et ses derivés», «ADB- Pinaca et ses derivés» and «THJ-018 et ses derivés» in the first block, and «AB-CHMINACA», «5F-MDMB-PINACA (5F-ADB)», «UR 144» and «5F- PB 22» in the block headed with the 1971 Convention Schedule II. Six of them carry an express derivatives clause and five do not. The University consolidation note adds «NM-2201» and «EMB -fubianca» by Decree 343 of 16 May 2025. Article 125 of Law 673 of 16 March 1998 on narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and precursors punishes an intentional breach of the article 13 prohibition on Table 1 substances, and an unlicensed dealing in Table 2 substances contrary to article 15, with hard labour for life. The same article adds a fine of 25,000,000 to 100,000,000 Lebanese pounds. Article 125 states no quantity threshold and no table states one. Article 126 puts the same penalty and the same fine on ten further classes of conduct, among them selling to another person for his own consumption, facilitating another person's use for payment or for nothing, keeping a place for consumption, and adding the substance to food or drink without the consumer's knowledge. Article 127 punishes holding, acquiring or buying a small quantity without a prescription and for the purpose of use, where the smallness allows it to be treated as destined for personal consumption, with imprisonment of three months to three years. Article 127 adds a fine of 2,000,000 to 5,000,000 Lebanese pounds for that lesser offence. Article 127 fixes no figure for the small quantity and leaves it to be judged case by case. Article 150 doubles the maximum penalty in a list of aggravating cases that includes organising, directing or financing the offence, repeat offending, membership of an international smuggling ring, use of violence or a weapon, holding public office, working in health care, and supplying the drug to a minor. Article 148 gives the accomplice, the instigator and the intervener the penalty fixed for the principal. Article 155 makes confiscation of the substance and of the vehicles, equipment and other movable property used or prepared for the offence mandatory in every case. Article 152 lets the court expel a convicted foreign national from Lebanon permanently in felony and repeat misdemeanour cases, and remove him for one to five years in a misdemeanour case, taking him to the border once the prison term has run. Article 159 converts an unpaid fine into one day's imprisonment for every 25,000 Lebanese pounds. Article 161 bars suspension, splitting, day release, early release and conditional release during the first two thirds of any unsuspended sentence of a year or more. Articles 182 to 190 carry the treatment route the cell this replaces described: a user may come forward before any prosecution, article 189 exempts him from prosecution and puts the cost on the State once the addiction committee certifies his recovery, and article 190 arranges the aftercare. Articles 193 to 195 extend the same route into an investigation or a trial, with proceedings stayed definitively on recovery, and article 197 applies the articles 127 and 130 penalties where treatment is refused. Law 673 puts no capital penalty on any drug offence, and the one death penalty in it, article 140, attaches to killing a public official enforcing the Law or to an assault on one that causes a death. The cell this replaces stated that use or possession for personal use is punished by up to about 6 months' imprisonment plus a fine. That figure is carried here from the cell it replaces and it is not supported by the text: article 127 sets three months to three years, and article 130 sets two months to two years. The same cell put the treatment route at arts 182 to 190, which is right as far as it goes, and the route in fact runs to article 200. Its description of enforcement as uneven and of the treatment diversion as only partly implemented is carried forward from that cell and was not re-derived here. The figures above are Lebanon's published drug penalties and they describe the offences that this row's placement brings into play.

Tunisia

Legal status: Not confirmed, status not individually verified; confirm with Tunisia's authorities (Law No. 92-52 of 18 May 1992, 'Law 52' / 'Law 92-52') / your embassy
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not named in the cited Tunisian source (Law No. 92-52 of 18 May 1992 on Narcotics, 'Law 52' / 'Law 92-52', as amended April 2017), do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Tunisia, drugs fall under Law No. 92-52 of 18 May 1992 on Narcotics ('Law 52' / 'Law 92-52'), as amended in April 2017. Use or possession for personal use carries 1-5 years' imprisonment plus a fine of 1,000-3,000 dinars; the April 2017 reform removed the mandatory-minimum sentence for a first offence and gave judges sentencing discretion for first and second offences (previously a near-automatic minimum applied). Cultivation or distribution carries 6-10 years plus a fine of 5,000-10,000 TND. Offences linked to organized gangs or smuggling carry 20 years to life imprisonment plus a fine of 100,000-1,000,000 TND.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Tunisia, drugs fall under Law No. 92-52 of 18 May 1992 on Narcotics ('Law 52' / 'Law 92-52'), as amended in April 2017. Use or possession for personal use carries 1-5 years' imprisonment plus a fine of 1,000-3,000 dinars; the April 2017 reform removed the mandatory-minimum sentence for a first offence and gave judges sentencing discretion for first and second offences (previously a near-automatic minimum applied). Cultivation or distribution carries 6-10 years plus a fine of 5,000-10,000 TND. Offences linked to organized gangs or smuggling carry 20 years to life imprisonment plus a fine of 100,000-1,000,000 TND. Cannabis is controlled under the same Law 92-52 framework, with no legal recreational or medical regime asserted. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Law No. 92-52 of 18 May 1992 on Narcotics ("Law 52" / "Law 92-52"), as amended in April 2017 · UNODC SHERLOC legal database (statute named in free text) · sherloc.unodc.org · Updated July 14, 2026

Cyprus

Legal status: Not confirmed, the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Law of 1977 (Law No. 29(I)/1977, as amended) is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for synthetic cannabinoids in Cyprus is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Cyprus's drug schedule; the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Law of 1977 (Law No. 29(I)/1977, as amended) is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Cyprus, drugs fall under the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Law of 1977 (Law No. 29(I)/1977), as amended, which sorts controlled substances into Classes A, B and C. Personal possession is a criminal offence, punishable by up to 12 years for a Class A drug, up to 8 years for Class B, and up to 4 years for Class C, though small-cannabis first offences in practice draw fines of about €400-1,000. Since 2003, possession at or above set quantities, three or more cannabis plants, 30 g or more of cannabis, or 10 g or more of prepared cocaine or opium, raises a presumption of intent to supply. Trafficking of a Class A or Class B drug is punishable by up to life imprisonment (a maximum not yet imposed in practice), and Class C trafficking by up to 8 years.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Cyprus, drugs fall under the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Law of 1977 (Law No. 29(I)/1977), as amended, which sorts controlled substances into Classes A, B and C. Personal possession is a criminal offence, punishable by up to 12 years for a Class A drug, up to 8 years for Class B, and up to 4 years for Class C, though small-cannabis first offences in practice draw fines of about €400-1,000. Since 2003, possession at or above set quantities, three or more cannabis plants, 30 g or more of cannabis, or 10 g or more of prepared cocaine or opium, raises a presumption of intent to supply. Trafficking of a Class A or Class B drug is punishable by up to life imprisonment (a maximum not yet imposed in practice), and Class C trafficking by up to 8 years. Cannabis is a Class B drug; recreational use is illegal and only a limited medical-cannabis framework exists. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Law of 1977 (Law No. 29(I)/1977), as amended (classes A/B/C) · naac.org.cy · Updated July 14, 2026

Iceland

Legal status: Controlled in Iceland, and the route to that answer is not the printed name of this row. The class name is not named in Fylgiskjal I: Iceland prints no generic clause for synthetic cannabinoids and lists them compound by compound. Individual compounds are printed in quantity, among them "JWH-018" with "AM-678" beside it and "AM-2201" at P II with an "x" in column B, and MDMB-4en-PINACA, 4F-MDMB-BINACA, 5F-MDMB-PICA and CUMYL-PeGACLONE, against each of which reglugerð nr. 879/2025 entered P II. The same reglugerð added ADB-5Br-INACA. Because the listing is name by name, a compound synthesised after the last amendment is reached only if it is a salt, ester, amide, peptide or derivative of a printed row, which is the one general clause Iceland does provide, and whether any particular new compound is such a derivative is a chemical question this cell does not answer. Column B of its row prints "x", and that mark is the operative one: 2. gr. of the reglugerð makes import, export, sale, purchase, exchange, delivery, receipt, production, preparation and possession of a substance marked "x" in the "dálki B í fylgiskjali I" "óheimil á íslensku forráðasvæði", unlawful on Icelandic territory. That prohibition is not absolute on its face. 2. gr. lifts it for a substance exempted under 3. mgr. 2. gr. of lög nr. 65/1974, for a medicine holding an Icelandic marketing authorisation from Lyfjastofnun, for a medicine otherwise permitted under the Medicines Act, and for a substance that may be imported, manufactured or wholesaled under 1. mgr. 6. gr. and Lyfjastofnun may exempt for scientific research or other special reasons.
Consequences if caught: The offence provisions reach this row through its placement, so they are set out here in full. The custodial ceiling for an offence against the Act and against the regulations made under it is imprisonment for up to 6 years, which 5. gr. of lög nr. 65/1974, the Narcotics Act, prints as "fangelsi allt að 6 árum", and the aggravated offence at article 173a of almenn hegningarlög nr. 19/1940, the General Penal Code, carries imprisonment for up to 12 years. Iceland prints no quantity band: neither the Act nor the reglugerð sets a weight, a purity or a number of doses that moves an offence from one tier to another, and article 173a turns instead on supplying narcotics to many people, on handing them over for substantial payment, or on doing so in another particularly culpable way, its second paragraph extending the same ceiling to production, preparation, import, export, purchase, delivery, receipt and possession carried out for that purpose. The fine is separate again: 5. gr. of lög nr. 65/1974 sets a fine as the alternative to imprisonment for the base offence, the same article makes the substances, the proceeds of unlawful sale and the articles used forfeit to the Treasury, and it directs increased punishment for a repeat offence involving import or distribution. The 12 year ceiling is not the original figure: 1. gr. of lög nr. 32/2001 raised the aggravated ceiling from 10 to 12 years at article 173a of the General Penal Code, where 10 years had stood since lög nr. 64/1974, and that Act prints the substitution as "kemur: 12 árum". Possession is unlawful and consumption is not among the conduct the two instruments enumerate. 2. gr. of lög nr. 65/1974 and 2. gr. of the reglugerð, headed "Bannákvæði", both list import, export, sale, purchase, exchange, delivery, receipt, production, preparation and possession, and neither of them prints consumption in that list. Iceland has not decriminalised possession. What it has done instead is 2. gr. a of the Act, inserted by lög nr. 48/2020 and amended by lög nr. 41/2025, which lets the Directorate of Health licence a "neyslurými", a supervised consumption room governed by reglugerð nr. 170/2021, in which a user may hold the quantity he intends to consume there. Those figures are not recited here as general background: they describe the offences that this row's placement brings into play. The list read for this cell is Fylgiskjal I of reglugerð nr. 233/2001, read at api.reglugerd.is on 22 September 2026 in the consolidation the publisher serves as current, which carries amendments 1 to 19 and its own last amendment date of 9 August 2025 from reglugerð nr. 879/2025. That consolidation is one amendment behind the law and this cell says so: the 20th amendment, reglugerð nr. 1036/2025, is flagged pending by the publisher although its own 3. gr. commences it on 1 November 2025, and the two texts of 5. gr. visibly differ, the served one opening at pharmacy stock sent to Lyfjastofnun and the amending one opening at the holder of a pharmacy, wholesale or manufacturing licence. It was read in full and it rewrites 5. gr. and the heading of 7. gr. and nothing else, leaving both Fylgiskjöl untouched and printing no transitory article. The Act and the penal code were read in the Lagasafn consolidation stamped "Íslensk lög 1. september 2026", útgáfa 157c, whose own note records that lög nr. 85/2026 will amend the Act from 1 January 2027; that Act was read and its 51. gr. only renames the authority in 2. gr. b. A scan of the 360 regulations the publisher issued between 27 November 2025 and 7 September 2026 found no further amendment, so this cell does not rule out a later change to the list.

Luxembourg

Legal status: Not confirmed, the Narcotics Law of 1973 (as amended by the Law of 10 July 2023) is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for synthetic cannabinoids in Luxembourg is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Luxembourg's drug schedule; the Narcotics Law of 1973 (as amended by the Law of 10 July 2023) is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Luxembourg, drugs fall under the Narcotics Law of 1973, amended by the Law of 10 July 2023. For drugs other than cannabis, possession remains criminal under the 1973 law, minor possession draws imprisonment of 8 days to 6 months plus fines, and trafficking and large-scale supply carry heavier penalties under the separate provisions of that law.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Luxembourg, drugs fall under the Narcotics Law of 1973, amended by the Law of 10 July 2023. For drugs other than cannabis, possession remains criminal under the 1973 law, minor possession draws imprisonment of 8 days to 6 months plus fines, and trafficking and large-scale supply carry heavier penalties under the separate provisions of that law. For cannabis specifically, the Law of 10 July 2023 legalised home cultivation of up to four plants per household and private consumption at home for adults; public possession of 3 g or less draws a €145 administrative fine with no criminal record. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Law of 10 July 2023 amending the Narcotics Law of 19 February 1973 · police.public.lu · Updated July 14, 2026

Malta

Legal status: Synthetic cannabinoids are governed by both Maltese drug ordinances, which is the uncommon case. Malta runs two drug ordinances and a cell that answers from one when the substance sits in the other is wrong. Here the answer is that the Dangerous Drugs Ordinance, Chapter 101, reaches it through article 2 and Parts II and III of the Fifth Schedule, covering psychoactive and synthetic cannabinoids, and the Medical and Kindred Professions Ordinance, Chapter 31, reaches named entries of this family through its Third Schedule. Penalties therefore run through article 22 of Chapter 101 or article 120A of Chapter 31 depending on which limb catches the particular compound. The relevant text reads Synthetic cannabinoids "shall be deemed to constitute a prohibited drug punishable in the same manner and to the same extent as offences relating to cannabis". Chapter 101 directly controls the category, while Chapter 31 Part A and Part B also name numerous individual synthetic cannabinoids. Chapter 101 says synthetic cannabinoids are prohibited and punishable in the same manner as cannabis offences, so the plant cannabis allowances are not available for them. The power to amend the Fifth Schedule is article 34(3), which lets the Minister responsible for the cannabis authority classify non-psychoactive phytocannabinoids, psychoactive cannabinoids and synthetic cannabinoids by regulation.
Consequences if caught: Capital exposure: none. Malta has no death penalty and no Maltese drug offence can bring one. The ceiling is life. A controlled synthetic or psychotropic cannabinoid offence can reach life under article 22 of Chapter 101 or under article 120A of Chapter 31 where Part A applies, so which ordinance supplies the ceiling depends on which limb catches the particular compound, but the ceiling itself is life either way. The plant cannabis allowances are not available to synthetic cannabinoids. The seven gram personal possession exclusion in Chapter 537 article 4A is written for cannabis and is not assumed here, and Chapter 101 provides that synthetic cannabinoids are punishable in the same manner as cannabis offences rather than benefiting from the cannabis allowances. The general Chapter 537 article 4 route applies only if the substance is a prohibited drug, the amount is ‘less than two grams or of two pills of the drug ecstacy or of two other prohibited pills’, and the personal use circumstances are satisfied. The penalty there is ‘penalty of between seventy-five euro (€75) and one hundred and twenty-five euro (€125)’.
If prescribed / medical: Both ordinances reach synthetic cannabinoids. The Dangerous Drugs Ordinance, Chapter 101, catches it through the Fifth Schedule and the Medical and Kindred Professions Ordinance, Chapter 31, catches named entries of the family through its Third Schedule, so which one answers a prescription question depends on the particular compound. The penalty article does not attach its ceiling to possession as such. Article 22 of Chapter 101 and article 120A of Chapter 31 alike reaches dealing and possession that is not for the exclusive use of the possessor, so a supply lawfully dispensed to you and held for your own use is not the conduct the ceiling is written for. That is a statement about the offence definition and not a permission. No therapeutic use is identified for this compound in either schedule, so there is no medical form of it for a route to attach to on the face of these texts. What this source does not establish is the prescribing and dispensing conditions themselves. The dossier read the two controlled drug ordinances and Chapter 537 and says in terms that it ‘did not attempt to decide separate medicines, pharmacy, veterinary, poisons, tobacco, alcohol, food, product-safety, or driving laws’. Treat the prescribing route as unread here rather than as absent. No Maltese personal import permit, traveller certificate or advance declaration route for a controlled medicine was found in the texts that were read, and none of Chapter 31, Chapter 101 or Chapter 537 carries a travellers provision. That is an absence in what was read rather than proof that no scheme exists, so confirm with a Maltese mission before you travel. One further point bears on any prescribed supply: the schedule entry prints the name Synthetic cannabinoids itself, so there is no argument that the control reaches this substance only by inference, and a product labelled with that name is the listed thing. The entry is transcribed in full in the legal status for this cell.

El Salvador

Legal status: Not confirmed. The synthetic cannabinoids is not named in the Listado de sustancias estupefacientes, psicotropicos, precursores y agregados 2026, approved by Acuerdo SI.2026.03.20-01 of the Superintendencia de Regulacion Sanitaria, and the absence does not settle the row, because Article 2 of the Ley Reguladora de las Actividades Relativas a las Drogas, Decreto Legislativo 153 of 2 October 2003 does not stop at the lists: it also reaches, in its own words, substances that act on the central nervous system and whose misuse can cause physical or psychological dependence, and Article 3 letter f lets the health regulator prohibit a further substance. Whether either limb reaches this row was not settled from the documents read here. No entry names the class. The Listado instead prints individual compounds, among them AM-2201 at entry 42, then JWH-018 at entry 68, then MDMB-CHMICA at entry 80, and three more indazole carboxamides after it, so an identified compound must be matched to its own entry and an unidentified one has none.
Consequences if caught: No entry names the class. The Listado instead prints individual compounds, among them AM-2201 at entry 42, then JWH-018 at entry 68, then MDMB-CHMICA at entry 80, and three more indazole carboxamides after it, so an identified compound must be matched to its own entry and an unidentified one has none. The synthetic cannabinoids was not settled against El Salvador's drug control regime, and the penalties below are set out because whether the offence reaches this row at all is exactly what was not established. Article 34 divides possession from trafficking by a 2 gram line: possession of under 2 grams carries 1 to 3 years, possession of 2 grams or more carries 3 to 6 years, and possession of any quantity with the object of doing anything Article 33 lists carries 6 to 10 years. Article 34 closes by providing that it does not apply where the conduct fits a graver offence. There is no personal use exemption anywhere in the Ley. Article 31 sets 5 to 15 years for sowing, cultivating or harvesting, and Article 33 sets 10 to 15 years for acquiring, transferring, importing, exporting, storing, transporting, distributing, supplying or selling. Article 33's second paragraph raises the trafficking penalty by one third of the stated maximum where the act is international trafficking, so the ceiling on that route is 20 years, and Article 54 allows a court to raise the penalty by up to one third of the maximum on any of nine listed aggravating circumstances, which is a discretion and not the mandatory increase Article 33 creates. Article 55 allows the penalty to be cut to half the minimum where the accused names others or enables a seizure. The ceiling on every one of these routes is imprisonment, because the severest sanction is constitutionally barred for ordinary offences in El Salvador, so no offence in this Ley carries it. The Ley creates no lawful recreational regime and no medical regime for any substance it reaches, cannabis included: Article 3's final paragraph permits a listed substance to be imported, produced, made, extracted, possessed or used only in the quantities strictly necessary for scientific research, for making medicines, for medical treatment or for making products of industrial use, and only with the health regulator's authorisation. On the fine, the Sala de lo Constitucional struck the multa in each of these three articles as a penal consequence, Article 34 by the accumulated 2006 judgments published on 22 October 2007, Article 33 by the 92-2007 judgments published on 19 August 2009 and Article 31 by judgment 45-2010 published on 23 October 2013, so no fine now attaches to cultivation, trafficking or possession under this Ley. On quantity, the 2 gram line in Article 34 is the only weight the Ley fixes; it sets no substance by substance threshold and no quantity table, so the same 2 grams applies whatever the substance is. The 2 gram line and the bands of 1 to 3, 3 to 6, 6 to 10, 5 to 15 and 10 to 15 years and the one third increase are carried forward from the live cell and were re-read against the Asamblea Legislativa text for this pass; the Article 34 graver offence proviso, the Article 54 and Article 55 provisions and the three unconstitutionality rulings are new to this cell.

Honduras

Legal status: Controlled. Synthetic cannabinoids is reached through the substances it contains, and the entries read were PJ 001 JWH-018, PA 008 AM-2201, PA 009 5F-APINACA, PA 010 5F-AMB, PC 011 AB-CHMINACA, PF 010 AB-FUBINACA, PM 025 MDMB-CHMICA, PM 028 5F-MDMB-PICA, PM 029 4F-MDMB-BINACA, PM 030 MDMB-4en-PINACA, PP 011 5F-ADB, PP 018 AB-PINACA and PP 026 5F-PB-22, each on its own line. Synthetic cannabinoids under that name is not named in Listas I, II or IV of the 1961 Convention or in Listas I to IV of the 1971 Convention, and Article 321 of the Código Penal defines the offence by those schedules: «Por droga, estupefaciente o sustancia psicotrópica, se entiende cualquiera de las sustancias incluidas en las Listas I, II y IV de la Convención Única y sus Protocolos de Naciones Unidas sobre estupefacientes, hecha en Nueva York de 1961 y en las Listas I, II, III y IV del Convenio y sus Protocolos de Naciones Unidas sobre sustancias psicotrópicas, hecho en Viena, el 21 de febrero de 1971.»
Consequences if caught: Synthetic cannabinoids is inside Honduras's drug offence through what it contains rather than under its own name. What distinguishes this row is that thirteen separate molecules are listed and the class word is not, and none of them is a derivative of the cannabis plant, which decides which penalty band they fall in. Art. 311 sets 4 to 7 years where the drug does not cause grave harm to health and 7 to 10 years in every other case, and Art. 321 confines the lighter band to the cannabis derivatives, so 7 to 10 years is this row's band. The fine under Art. 311 is 100 to 500 days. Art. 311's second paragraph allows 1 to 3 years or 2 to 5 years instead where the facts and the offender's own circumstances show lesser gravity, and that reduction is closed once an Art. 312 aggravator applies. Art. 312 replaces those terms with 10 to 15 years and a fine of 300 to 500 days on any of nine listed aggravators, and adds a further third where the organised group aggravator meets either the special quantity or the extraordinary transport one. Art. 313 cuts the Art. 311 first paragraph terms and the Art. 312 terms by a third on confession or on cooperation with the authorities. The special quantity that triggers that aggravator is set by Art. 321 and for this row is 200 grams of a synthetic drug, or 400 millilitres where it is in solution. Art. 26 of Decreto 126/89, which set a first offence internment of up to 30 days in a rehabilitation centre with a fine, was repealed by Art. 632 of the Código Penal, which repeals Arts 16 to 30 and 41 of that law by name, so the 30 day figure is corrected here rather than restated. Nothing replaced it inside the Code's drug chapter, and Art. 311 reaches possession only where the substance is held for the purposes that article lists, so neither the Código Penal nor Decreto 126/89 as it now stands fixes a personal use quantity or a personal use measure. Those are the two instruments read for this cell, and other Honduran law was not searched for one. The Art. 311 bands of 4 to 7 and 7 to 10 years, the Art. 312 band of 10 to 15 years and the 30 day figure from Art. 26 are carried forward from the live cell and not re-derived here, and they describe the offences that this row's placement brings into play. The Art. 311 fine, the lesser gravity terms, Art. 313 and the Art. 321 quantities are read from the Gaceta text and are new to this cell.

Maldives

Legal status: Controlled. Synthetic cannabinoids are controlled under the Drugs Act (Act No. 17/2011), whose schedules incorporate internationally controlled substances including the synthetic cannabinoids added to Schedule II of the 1971 Convention. Trafficking carries a mandatory lengthy term (base 20 years for scheduled drugs), but no synthetic-cannabinoid-specific capital treatment is published, so capital reach for this class is left to confirmation.
Consequences if caught: Illegal; trafficking carries a mandatory lengthy term (base 20 years) under the Drugs Act. Do NOT carry.
If prescribed / medical: These synthetic cannabinoids have no recognised medical use and no lawful prescription route in the Maldives.
Documentation: No lawful personal-import route for controlled synthetic cannabinoids; do not carry.

unodc.org · Updated July 14, 2026

Afghanistan

Legal status: Not confirmed, the Law on Campaign Against Intoxicants, Drugs and their Control (with the 2005 Counter-Narcotics Law) is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for synthetic cannabinoids in Afghanistan is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Afghanistan's drug schedule; the Law on Campaign Against Intoxicants, Drugs and their Control (with the 2005 Counter-Narcotics Law) is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Afghanistan, drugs fall under the Law on Campaign Against Intoxicants, Drugs and their Control (with the 2005 Counter-Narcotics Law). Trafficking penalties are graduated by weight: trafficking heroin, morphine or cocaine caps at 20 years (Art. 42), and the largest quantities reach life imprisonment, the named statute's drug-trafficking ceiling is imprisonment. Drug use carries roughly a short prison term (about 3 months). Enforcement since 2021 under the de facto authorities is opaque and may diverge from the statute on the books; any sanction beyond what the named statute provides is not confirmed here, verify against current practice.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Afghanistan, drugs fall under the Law on Campaign Against Intoxicants, Drugs and their Control (with the 2005 Counter-Narcotics Law). Trafficking penalties are graduated by weight: trafficking heroin, morphine or cocaine caps at 20 years (Art. 42), and the largest quantities reach life imprisonment, the named statute's drug-trafficking ceiling is imprisonment. Drug use carries roughly a short prison term (about 3 months). Enforcement since 2021 under the de facto authorities is opaque and may diverge from the statute on the books; any sanction beyond what the named statute provides is not confirmed here, verify against current practice. Cannabis is controlled under the same framework; cultivation and trafficking are prohibited, with penalties graduated by weight up to imprisonment. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Law on Campaign Against Intoxicants, Drugs and their Control (Arts 41-47) + the 2005 Counter-Narcotics Law · sherloc.unodc.org · Updated July 14, 2026

Belarus

Legal status: The applicability answer holds for Belarus and the reasoning under it is corrected, because the annex does print this family under its own name. The республиканский перечень annexed to Постановление Министерства здравоохранения № 19 от 11 февраля 2015 г. carries, inside Список 1, a group heading at 1.2.ПК reading «Синтетические каннабиноиды», with structurally defined subgroups under it, the first of which gathers the 3-carbonylindoles and states a base structure for them. The applied cell said there is no printed entry a label of this kind can be matched to and that the list names members rather than families. The heading and the stated base structure are both against that. The applied cell also reported that a search under one named compound found nothing: «JWH-018» is printed at serial 1.2.ПК1.22 against the chemical description (нафталин-1-ил)(1-пентил-1H-индол-3-ил)метанон, between 1.2.ПК1.21 EAM-2201 and 1.2.ПК1.23 JWH-019. What survives is the operative point and it is narrow: the group heading organises an enumeration, the rows under it are individually numbered compounds, and a compound made after the last amendment has no row. The amendment of 10 March 2026 read here adds further rows to subgroup 1.2.ПК2, which is how that enumeration keeps pace. An identified molecule is still required before a row can be matched. Read on 21 September 2026.
Consequences if caught: Capital exposure: none. Belarus retains capital punishment in its general criminal law, and that is a separate question from what a drug offence carries. Criminal Code Article 328 provides neither the death penalty nor life imprisonment, so a term of years is the whole of the drug scale. The figure is disputed inside this set, this repair reading Article 328(5) as a twenty year ceiling where the cell it replaced read twelve to twenty five years, and nothing read here settles that, so treat both the article range and the figure as open. The scale is applied to whichever listed compound is actually present rather than to the label. The correction to make here is that the annex gathers this family under a printed group heading and numbers its members, so identifying the compound gives a serial as well as a name, and the compounds sit in Список 1, whose heading says its substances are not used for medical purposes. Belarus sets no lawful personal use allowance, and a mixture is not made safer by being unnameable.
If prescribed / medical: The traveller rule is stated at country level and it is the same for every substance in this set: Belarus provides no lawful personal use allowance and no traveller exemption, and a scheduled medicine has to satisfy Закон Республики Беларусь «О лекарственных средствах» as well as the narcotics annexes. The placement follows each identified constituent rather than the label, so there is no single placement for this row and no single prescription answer either. Where a constituent is identified it will usually be found under the group heading 1.2.ПК «Синтетические каннабиноиды» in Список 1, and that list is the one for substances not used for medical purposes, so no medicinal route runs through it. For a compound made after the last amendment there may be no row to match at all.

Kyrgyzstan

Legal status: Not confirmed. The dossier did not establish whether Cabinet of Ministers Resolution No. 152 of 26 March 2025 reaches synthetic cannabinoids. Its search record, as checked on 18 September 2026: «synthetic cannabinoids» was searched by exact name, synonym and any stated salt, isomer or analogue rule in the resolution's controlled list and in the narcotic, psychotropic and plant tables of its criteria and sizes annex. The near entry «named synthetic cannabinoids and structural families» was rejected because it does not by itself establish the same molecule, branded mixture or legal preparation. No substance specific quantity row was established in the annex. Criminal Code articles 282 to 284 were checked and supply consequences, but did not settle the missing substance match. Synthetic cannabinoids is a class, and this row quotes no named member or structural family clause.
Consequences if caught: Capital exposure: none. The dossier records for this row that no death penalty applies to the drug offences in Criminal Code articles 282 to 284. No other penalty is stated for synthetic cannabinoids, because whether Resolution No. 152 reaches it is open and the dossier quotes no quantity row for it.
If prescribed / medical: No prescription route is stated for synthetic cannabinoids, because whether the controlled list reaches it is open.
Documentation: No traveller rule is stated for synthetic cannabinoids. The open point the dossier names for this row is whether a different schedule synonym or group rule legally reaches synthetic-cannabinoids, and, if so, which quantity rule applies.

Cabinet of Ministers Resolution No. 152 of 26 March 2025, controlled list and criteria and sizes annex, with Criminal Code articles 282 to 284, as checked on 18 September 2026 · cbd.minjust.gov.kg · Updated October 3, 2026

Uzbekistan

Legal status: Controlled in Uzbekistan compound by compound, not as a whole class. List I of Resolution 330 carries a block headed «Группы синтетических каннабиноидов» with named compounds in its groups, among them JWH-018 at row 197, AM-2201 at row 190, UR-144 at row 237, XLR-11 at row 238, AKB-48 at row 239, AB-CHMINACA at row 262 and 5F-APINACA at row 263 [Certain]. A compound not named in the block is reached only through the isomer, ester or salt clauses of the List I note, or as an analogue under article 3 of Law No. 813-I, which defines analogues as substances «кимёвий тузилиши ва хоссаларига кўра гиёҳвандлик воситалари ва психотроп моддаларга ўхшаш» (similar in chemical structure and properties to narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances), and article 5 prohibits their circulation [Certain]. Whether a given product is an analogue is decided case by case [Likely].
Consequences if caught: Capital exposure: none. Article 25 of the Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan of 30 April 2023 provides «Ўзбекистон Республикасида ўлим жазоси тақиқланади», in the Russian text «В Республике Узбекистан смертная казнь запрещается» (the death penalty is prohibited in the Republic of Uzbekistan), read in both texts on lex.uz on 3 October 2026 [Certain]. Every named synthetic cannabinoid row in List I prints «0,1», a range from 0,1 to 0,5 and «0,5» grams [Certain]. The List I note sets the amounts of an analogue «такие же, как для наркотических средств, аналогом которых они являются» (the same as for the drug of which it is an analogue) [Certain]. The drug offences sit in articles 270 to 276 and 276-1 to 276-8 of the Criminal Code, several of them restated by Law ZRU-1151 of 11 June 2026, published on 12 June 2026, and the Code was read in that version [Certain]. Article 276 punishes making, keeping, acquiring, carrying or sending narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances or their analogues without intent to sell with a fine of up to fifty times the base calculation amount, up to three hundred and sixty hours of compulsory community work, up to three years of correctional labour, one to three years of restricted liberty or up to three years of deprivation of liberty, and with three to five years where it is done «кўп миқдорда» (in a large amount) or by a repeat offender [Certain]. Article 273 punishes the same conduct with intent to sell, and selling: up to three years under part one, three to five years where the amount is «кўп бўлмаган» (not large), five to seven years where it is «озгинадан кўпроқ» (more than a little), seven to ten years under part four for a repeat offence, a group by prior agreement, a prison, an educational setting, a minor or use of the internet, ten to fifteen years under part five for an especially dangerous recidivist or an organised group, and fifteen to twenty years under part six for a large amount or an organised group acting in two or more states or online [Certain]. Twenty years is the highest term in articles 270 to 276 as read [Certain]. Below the criminal level, Administrative Code article 56, restated by the same law, punishes the same conduct without intent to sell in a small amount («оз миқдорда») with confiscation and a fine of one to two times the base calculation amount or administrative arrest of up to fifteen days, and article 187-1 punishes use in a public place with a fine of twenty to forty times the base calculation amount or arrest of up to fifteen days, except use on prescription for medical purposes [Certain]. Resolution 330 is repealed from 12 January 2027 by Cabinet of Ministers Resolution No. 359 of 2 July 2026, published on 11 July 2026, whose paragraph 7 brings it into force six months after official publication and whose annex 10 lists Resolution 330 among the repealed acts; lex.uz records the entry into force as 12.01.2027 [Certain]. Resolution 359 extends the block, adding named compounds such as MDMB-4en-PINACA at row 316, ADB-BUTINACA at row 317 and 4F-MDMB-BUTINACA at row 311 [Certain].

Tanzania

Legal status: Synthetic cannabinoids is a class name, and the Drug Control and Enforcement Act, Cap 95, prints no class entry or generic clause for it; it prints named compounds, each as a row of Schedule II of the 1971 Convention list in its First Schedule, as the Schedules stand after GN No. 189 of 2024, read on 3 October 2026. The Revised Edition 2023 prints «JWH-018», «AM-2201» and «XLR-11». GN No. 189 of 2024 adds «AB-CHMINACA», «5F-ADB / 5F-MDMB-PINACA», «AB-PINACA», «5F-PB-22», «UR-144», «ADB-FUBINACA», «FUB-AMB (MMB-FUBINACA, AMB-FUBINACA)», «CUMYL-4CN-BINACA», «ADB-CHMINACA (MAB-CHMINACA)», «AB-FUBINACA», «5F-AMB-PINACA (5F-AMB, 5F-MMB-PINACA)», «5F-MDMB-PICA (5F-MDMB-2201)», «4-F-MDMB-BINACA», «CUMYL-PEGACLONE», «MDMB-4en-PINACA», «5F-APINACA, 5F-AKB-48» and «MDMB-CHMICA». A product holding one of those is a psychotropic substance on the mainland; a product holding only an unnamed compound is not listed and is reached, if at all, by section 15(2).
Consequences if caught: Capital exposure: none. Cap 95 prints no sentence of death: its text, read in full on 3 October 2026, was searched for death and the word does not occur in it. Section 1(2) says «This Act shall apply to Mainland Tanzania.», and section 1(3) extends Parts III and IV to some conduct outside the mainland, including by «a citizen or a person who ordinarily resides in the United Republic». Zanzibar has its own Zanzibar Drugs Control and Enforcement Authority Act, No. 8 of 2021, whose English text is a scanned image that was read here by OCR; its sections 19, 21 and 22 set life imprisonment as the highest drug penalty and the search found no sentence of death in it. Section 2 defines trafficking to include «the importation, exportation, buying, sale, giving, supplying, storing, possession, production, manufacturing, conveyance, delivery or distribution». Section 15(1) punishes trafficking with life imprisonment where, by section 15(3)(i), a person trafficks «narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances weighing more than two hundred grams», and section 16(1) sets «imprisonment for a term of not less than thirty years» where, by section 16(2)(a), they weigh «200 grams or below». Small quantity possession proved to be for personal consumption, and consumption, fall under section 18(1): where the drug «is cocaine, morphine, diacetyl-morphine or any other narcotic drug or any psychotropic substance specified by the Minister by notice in the Gazette», a fine of not less than one million shillings or imprisonment for a term of five years or both, and otherwise a fine of not less than five hundred thousand shillings or imprisonment for a term of three years or both. Section 18(2) puts on the possessor the burden of proving personal consumption, and section 18(3) leaves «small quantity» to the Minister's regulations, which were not read, nor was any notice under section 18(1)(a), so which paragraph applies to a product containing a named compound is not settled here. Section 19 punishes a person who «smokes, inhales, sniffs, injects or otherwise uses» a narcotic drug or psychotropic substance with a fine of not less than one million shillings or imprisonment for a term of three years or both.

Azerbaijan

Legal status: Not confirmed, the Criminal Code (adopted 30 December 1999, in force 1 September 2000) is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for synthetic cannabinoids in Azerbaijan is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Azerbaijan's drug schedule; the Criminal Code (adopted 30 December 1999, in force 1 September 2000) is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Azerbaijan, drugs fall under the Criminal Code (adopted 30 December 1999, in force 1 September 2000). Illegal acquisition and possession of narcotic or psychotropic substances without intent to sell is the lower tier (Art. 234), while illegal manufacture, production, sale and trafficking (Art. 235), cultivation (Art. 237) and related conduct (Art. 240) escalate with quantity and aggravating factors, the Code's punishment ceiling being life imprisonment. Penalties were tightened by 2022 amendments to Articles 235, 237 and 240.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Azerbaijan, drugs fall under the Criminal Code (adopted 30 December 1999, in force 1 September 2000). Illegal acquisition and possession of narcotic or psychotropic substances without intent to sell is the lower tier (Art. 234), while illegal manufacture, production, sale and trafficking (Art. 235), cultivation (Art. 237) and related conduct (Art. 240) escalate with quantity and aggravating factors, the Code's punishment ceiling being life imprisonment. Penalties were tightened by 2022 amendments to Articles 235, 237 and 240. Cannabis is controlled under the same Criminal Code framework, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Criminal Code of Azerbaijan (adopted 30 December 1999, in force 1 September 2000), Arts 234/235/237/240 · track.unodc.org · Updated July 14, 2026

Mongolia

Legal status: Not confirmed, the Criminal Code of Mongolia (revised, in force 1 July 2017) is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for synthetic cannabinoids in Mongolia is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Mongolia's drug schedule; the Criminal Code of Mongolia (revised, in force 1 July 2017) is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Mongolia, drugs fall under the Criminal Code of Mongolia (revised, in force 1 July 2017). The core offences are drug trafficking, the illegal manufacture, sale or distribution of drugs, and drug possession; trafficking carries imprisonment up to life, while use or possession of small amounts carries lesser imprisonment. Mongolia's drug law does not provide a life-or-higher term for simple use; trafficking is the serious tier.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Mongolia, drugs fall under the Criminal Code of Mongolia (revised, in force 1 July 2017). The core offences are drug trafficking, the illegal manufacture, sale or distribution of drugs, and drug possession; trafficking carries imprisonment up to life, while use or possession of small amounts carries lesser imprisonment. Mongolia's drug law does not provide a life-or-higher term for simple use; trafficking is the serious tier. Cannabis is controlled under the same Criminal Code framework, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Criminal Code of Mongolia (revised, in force 1 July 2017) · legalinfo.mn · Updated July 14, 2026

Moldova

Legal status: Not applicable as a class status. An open structural family is not a molecule, and a national list entry is matched to a molecule. The repair searched Hotărârea Guvernului nr. 79/2006 for "sintetski kanabinoidi", "JWH-018" and stopped at applicability rather than running on to an absence, recording that decision immediately as record MOL-83. The repair searched a group term and one named compound and stopped at applicability, because a structural family is not a molecule. Its group term is not written in Romanian, so even the search that was run was run in the wrong language for the text it was run against. The route to an answer is therefore through each identified constituent: prove what is in the sample, then read the decision's printed entry for that molecule. This is a confirmed cell and not a deferral, because the repair reached a settled conclusion about the question rather than failing to settle it. Read as at 20 September 2026. and the applicability answer survives while the evidence under it does not. An open structural family is not a molecule and a national list entry is matched to a molecule, which is a conclusion about the label and it holds. Instrument correction, and it is the substance of this repair. Every cell in the applied Moldova set sources its placement to Hotărârea Guvernului nr. 79 din 23 ianuarie 2006. That decision is not the control list. Read in the Supreme Court plenum's own list of governing instruments, it is «Privind aprobarea Listei drogurilor, etnobotanicelor şi a plantelor care conţin astfel de substanţe depistate în trafic ilicit, precum şi cantităţile acestora», which is the table of quantities used to grade an offence once a substance is already controlled. The instrument that approves the control lists is Hotărârea Guvernului nr. 1088 din 5 octombrie 2004, «Cu privire la aprobarea tabelelor şi listelor drogurilor, etnobotanicelor şi precursorilor acestora, supuse controlului». So the applied cell attached its placement to a sentencing table rather than to the schedule, and this correction moves the citation to the schedule. The framework statute has also moved. The applied cell cites Legea nr. 382/1999. The Government's own March 2026 decision papers are made under Legea nr. 201/2025 cu privire la circulația substanțelor stupefiante, psihotrope și a plantelor care conțin astfel de substanțe, a precursorilor, a substanțelor psihoactive noi și a substitutelor de droguri, published at Monitorul Oficial 2025, nr. 233 to 236 to 374, art. 277, and they direct the approval of new national tables. Which of the two statutes governs on the day of travel was not settled here. What could not be done, stated plainly: the in force text of the tables could not be opened. The publisher legis.md answers an automated client with a security verification page and a CAPTCHA, and it did so to a direct request, to a request through a rendering proxy and to the document download path, on four separate document identifiers. The Internet Archive holds only the portal's script shell for those pages. So no entry is quoted here from the operative annex, and the Romanian forms below were searched in the Government's own published table set of March 2026 rather than in the operative one. Two statements in the applied cell are corrected. Its search was logged under a Latin South Slavic group term and one named compound, and it reported that the named compound returned nothing. In the Government's own March 2026 table set that compound is printed: «JWH-018» stands at Tabelul II, Lista nr. 3, Substanțe și plante aflate sub control național, serial 15, at registry number 209414-07-3, between Hexahidrocanabinol and Levamfetamina, and a further run of JWH compounds is printed in the national control list of Tabelul I. So Moldova does name members of this family, and the route to an answer runs through the identified constituent rather than through the label. Romanian forms searched, in the script the Moldovan tables are printed in: «canabis», «cannabis», «rezină de canabis», «tetrahidrocanabinol», «acid gama-hidroxibutiric», «GHB», «butirolactona», «protoxid de azot», «oxid de azot», «diazot», «canabinoizi sintetici», «JWH-018». The applied cell logged a Latin South Slavic term against a Romanian text and that search could not have reached these rows.

Turkmenistan

Legal status: Not confirmed, the Criminal Code (No. 222-1 of 1997, as amended) is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for synthetic cannabinoids in Turkmenistan is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Turkmenistan's drug schedule; the Criminal Code (No. 222-1 of 1997, as amended) is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Turkmenistan, drugs fall under the Criminal Code (No. 222-1 of 1997, as amended). The illegal manufacture, processing, acquisition, storage, transport or transfer of narcotic or psychotropic substances for the purpose of sale (Art. 292) and related articles are the trafficking offences: production, storage or transport for sale carries 3-10 years, escalating to 12-20 years with confiscation for large-quantity, official-position or otherwise aggravated cases, while use or possession carries up to 5 years.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Turkmenistan, drugs fall under the Criminal Code (No. 222-1 of 1997, as amended). The illegal manufacture, processing, acquisition, storage, transport or transfer of narcotic or psychotropic substances for the purpose of sale (Art. 292) and related articles are the trafficking offences: production, storage or transport for sale carries 3-10 years, escalating to 12-20 years with confiscation for large-quantity, official-position or otherwise aggravated cases, while use or possession carries up to 5 years. Cannabis is controlled under the same Criminal Code framework, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Criminal Code of Turkmenistan (No. 222-1 of 1997, as amended), Art. 292 · bwcimplementation.org · Updated July 14, 2026

Senegal

Legal status: Not confirmed, the Code des Drogues (Loi No. 97-18 of 1997, amended by Loi Latif Guèye No. 2007-31 of 27 December 2007) is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for synthetic cannabinoids in Senegal is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Senegal's drug schedule; the Code des Drogues (Loi No. 97-18 of 1997, amended by Loi Latif Guèye No. 2007-31 of 27 December 2007) is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Senegal, drugs fall under the Code des Drogues (Loi No. 97-18 of 1997, amended by the 'Loi Latif Guèye' No. 2007-31 of 27 December 2007). For Tableau I high-risk drugs, cultivation, production or manufacture (Art. 95) and international import, export or transport (Art. 96) carry 5-10 years and a fine equal to triple the value of the drugs seized; offer, sale, distribution, brokerage, transport, purchase, possession or use of Tableau I drugs (Art. 97) carries 5-10 years and a 2,000,000-10,000,000 franc fine, raised by the 2007 amendment to fixed-term hard labour of 10-20 years for aggravated offering or sale. Facilitating others' use (Art. 98) carries 2-5 years, and personal-use possession or purchase (Art. 109) two months to one year.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Senegal, drugs fall under the Code des Drogues (Loi No. 97-18 of 1997, amended by the 'Loi Latif Guèye' No. 2007-31 of 27 December 2007). For Tableau I high-risk drugs, cultivation, production or manufacture (Art. 95) and international import, export or transport (Art. 96) carry 5-10 years and a fine equal to triple the value of the drugs seized; offer, sale, distribution, brokerage, transport, purchase, possession or use of Tableau I drugs (Art. 97) carries 5-10 years and a 2,000,000-10,000,000 franc fine, raised by the 2007 amendment to fixed-term hard labour of 10-20 years for aggravated offering or sale. Facilitating others' use (Art. 98) carries 2-5 years, and personal-use possession or purchase (Art. 109) two months to one year. Cannabis (chanvre indien) is a Tableau I drug under the same Code des Drogues, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Code des Drogues (Loi No. 97-18 of 1997, amended by Loi Latif Guèye No. 2007-31 of 27 December 2007), Arts 95/96/97/98/109 · sherloc.unodc.org · Updated July 14, 2026

Nicaragua

Legal status: Not confirmed. Synthetic cannabinoids was not settled against Nicaragua's controlled list in this pass. This is an open chemical class and not a single substance, and the annex carries no class rule for it. A constituent has to be identified before any entry or article can be tested against it. The lists relied on are those as annexed in 1999 and carried into Ley No. 735 by article 101 of the consolidated text published in La Gaceta Diario Oficial No. 32 of 20 February 2024. That reading does not rule out a later incorporation by the Ministry of Health, which article 1 permits to be published in any newspaper of national circulation before it reaches the gazette.
Consequences if caught: Synthetic cannabinoids was not settled against Nicaragua's controlled list in this pass, and it should not be treated as permitted on that account. This is an open chemical class and not a single substance, and the annex carries no class rule for it. A constituent has to be identified before any entry or article can be tested against it. Trafficking under article 359 of Ley No. 641 carries 5 to 15 years of prison, rising to 10 to 20 years where the trafficking is international. Article 358, as reformed in September 2024, bands simple possession at more than 1 gram and under 5 grams for cocaine or any other controlled substance, at more than 5 grams and under 20 grams for marihuana, and at 1 to 5 psychoactive plants, with a heavier band of 3 to 8 years above those figures. The fine article 359 attaches is 300 to 800 day fines, and 500 to 1000 day fines for the international form. Whether the offence reaches this row at all is exactly what was not established.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: Nicaragua controls by three limbs at once: the lists and tables annexed to the law, whatever the Ministry of Health incorporates afterwards, and whatever the international instruments in force contain. The first limb is readable and was read for this cell. The second is published by the Ministry of Health and article 1 allows it to appear in any newspaper of national circulation before the gazette carries it, so it cannot be enumerated from the gazette alone. The third moves whenever the international schedules move. The same title prices the other conduct separately: financing at 10 to 25 years under article 348, sowing, growing or harvesting at 5 to 10 under article 349, industrial or artisanal processing at 5 to 20 under article 351, transport at 5 to 15 under article 352, carrying on the body at 2 to 8 under article 353, and storage at 5 to 15 under article 355. Carry any controlled medicine in its original labelled packaging with the prescription and confirm the position with a Nicaraguan consulate before travelling. The lists relied on are those as annexed in 1999 and carried into Ley No. 735 by article 101 of the consolidated text published in La Gaceta Diario Oficial No. 32 of 20 February 2024. That reading does not rule out a later incorporation by the Ministry of Health, which article 1 permits to be published in any newspaper of national circulation before it reaches the gazette.

Uganda

Legal status: Not confirmed, the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (Control) Act, 2016 (Act No. 3 of 2016) is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for synthetic cannabinoids in Uganda is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Uganda's drug schedule; the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (Control) Act, 2016 (Act No. 3 of 2016) is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Uganda, drugs fall under the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (Control) Act, 2016 (Act No. 3 of 2016). Possession (s.4) carries imprisonment, substantial fixed terms up to around 25 years depending on the substance and quantity, while trafficking, smuggling and dealing (s.5 and related provisions) carry up to life imprisonment. The maximum penalty for drug offences is imprisonment; the separate provisions for the gravest non-drug crimes do not extend to drug offences. A later 2023 consolidation/amendment of the drug law has been reported; this entry states the 2016 Act as in force and any subsequent amendment should be confirmed.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Uganda, drugs fall under the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (Control) Act, 2016 (Act No. 3 of 2016). Possession (s.4) carries imprisonment, substantial fixed terms up to around 25 years depending on the substance and quantity, while trafficking, smuggling and dealing (s.5 and related provisions) carry up to life imprisonment. The maximum penalty for drug offences is imprisonment; the separate provisions for the gravest non-drug crimes do not extend to drug offences. A later 2023 consolidation/amendment of the drug law has been reported; this entry states the 2016 Act as in force and any subsequent amendment should be confirmed. Cannabis is controlled under the same Act, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (Control) Act, 2016 (Act No. 3 of 2016), ss.4-5 · media.ulii.org · Updated July 14, 2026

Zimbabwe

Legal status: Not confirmed, the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23] and the Dangerous Drugs Act [Chapter 15:02] is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for synthetic cannabinoids in Zimbabwe is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Zimbabwe's drug schedule; the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23] and the Dangerous Drugs Act [Chapter 15:02] is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Zimbabwe, drugs fall under the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23] (dangerous-drugs provisions, s.155 onward), together with the Dangerous Drugs Act [Chapter 15:02]. Use, possession or cultivation for one's own use carries a fine and/or imprisonment of up to 5 years, while dealing and trafficking carry long fixed-term imprisonment that rises with quantity and aggravation. The maximum penalty for drug offences is imprisonment; the separate provisions for the gravest non-drug crimes do not extend to drug offences.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Zimbabwe, drugs fall under the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23] (dangerous-drugs provisions, s.155 onward), together with the Dangerous Drugs Act [Chapter 15:02]. Use, possession or cultivation for one's own use carries a fine and/or imprisonment of up to 5 years, while dealing and trafficking carry long fixed-term imprisonment that rises with quantity and aggravation. The maximum penalty for drug offences is imprisonment; the separate provisions for the gravest non-drug crimes do not extend to drug offences. Cannabis is controlled under the same framework, with no legal recreational regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23] (dangerous-drugs provisions, s.155 onward) + Dangerous Drugs Act [Chapter 15:02] · zimlii.org · Updated July 14, 2026

Ethiopia

Legal status: Not confirmed, the Criminal Code of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (Proclamation No. 414/2004) is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for synthetic cannabinoids in Ethiopia is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Ethiopia's drug schedule; the Criminal Code of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (Proclamation No. 414/2004) is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Ethiopia, drugs fall under the Criminal Code of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (Proclamation No. 414/2004). Trafficking in narcotic or psychotropic substances (Art. 525) carries rigorous imprisonment of 5-15 years plus a fine, while lesser dealing sub-articles carry rigorous imprisonment in the 5-7 year range. The maximum penalty for drug offences is imprisonment; the separate provisions for the gravest non-drug crimes do not extend to drug offences.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Ethiopia, drugs fall under the Criminal Code of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (Proclamation No. 414/2004). Trafficking in narcotic or psychotropic substances (Art. 525) carries rigorous imprisonment of 5-15 years plus a fine, while lesser dealing sub-articles carry rigorous imprisonment in the 5-7 year range. The maximum penalty for drug offences is imprisonment; the separate provisions for the gravest non-drug crimes do not extend to drug offences. Khat (chat) is lawful and culturally significant in Ethiopia and is not a prohibited substance under the Criminal Code. Cannabis, by contrast, is controlled under the same Criminal Code, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Criminal Code of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (Proclamation No. 414/2004), Art. 525 · wipo.int · Updated July 14, 2026

Algeria

Legal status: Not confirmed, Law No. 04-18 of 25 December 2004 (as amended by Law No. 23-05 of 7 May 2023) is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for synthetic cannabinoids in Algeria is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Algeria's drug schedule; Law No. 04-18 of 25 December 2004 (as amended by Law No. 23-05 of 7 May 2023) is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Algeria, drugs fall under Law No. 04-18 of 25 December 2004 on the prevention and suppression of the illicit use and trafficking of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances, as amended by Law No. 23-05 of 7 May 2023. Trafficking, production, manufacture, sale or transport with intent, carries imprisonment of 10-20 years plus a fine of DZD 5,000,000-50,000,000, rising to 20-30 years where committed by a public official or a health professional or in aggravated circumstances; personal-use possession carries lesser imprisonment and/or a fine. The maximum penalty for drug offences is imprisonment; the separate provisions for the gravest non-drug crimes do not extend to drug offences.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Algeria, drugs fall under Law No. 04-18 of 25 December 2004 on the prevention and suppression of the illicit use and trafficking of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances, as amended by Law No. 23-05 of 7 May 2023. Trafficking, production, manufacture, sale or transport with intent, carries imprisonment of 10-20 years plus a fine of DZD 5,000,000-50,000,000, rising to 20-30 years where committed by a public official or a health professional or in aggravated circumstances; personal-use possession carries lesser imprisonment and/or a fine. The maximum penalty for drug offences is imprisonment; the separate provisions for the gravest non-drug crimes do not extend to drug offences. (Reported/unverified: human-rights reporting in 2025 referred to legislative efforts to expand the death penalty to certain drug offences; this is a reported proposal and is NOT reflected as enacted in the statute cited here, confirm against the current law.) Cannabis is controlled under the same statute, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Law No. 04-18 of 25 December 2004 on the prevention and suppression of illicit use and trafficking of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances, as amended by Law No. 23-05 of 7 May 2023 · unodc.org · Updated July 14, 2026

Tajikistan

Legal status: Controlled compound by compound. The National List approved by Government Resolution No. 121 of 27 February 2020 has no class entry for synthetic cannabinoids; it names dozens of them one at a time in Перечень 2, among them «5F-ADB/5F-MDMB-PINACA» (item 37), «UR-144» (39), «XLR-11» (40), «AM-2201, JWH 2201» (51), «JWH-018, AM-678» (114) and «MDMB-CHMICA» (164). A product is placed when the compound in it is named. A compound that is not named can still be reached as an analogue: articles 200 and 201 of the Criminal Code cover substances «или их аналогов», and article 2 of Law No. 873 defines an analogue as a substance not on the National List «химическая структура и свойства которых сходны с химической структурой и свойствами наркотиков, психоактивное действие которых они воспроизводят». Whether a given unnamed compound meets that test is decided case by case and is not settled here. The 2020 text is the National List as approved. The Drug Control Agency's consolidation names two amending resolutions, No. 507 of 25 November 2021 and No. 87 of 2 March 2023, and zakon.kz, which shares its publisher with prg.kz, gives 2 March 2023 as the last amendment. The text of No. 507 was not read, No. 87 was read only in its opening, and the Agency's consolidation is headed «Проект», so this placement is stated as at the 2020 text and the 2026 annex, and a later amendment is not ruled out.
Consequences if caught: Capital exposure: none. Article 59(1) of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Tajikistan reserves the death penalty for «убийство (часть вторая статьи 104), изнасилование (часть третья статьи 138), терроризм (часть третья статьи 179), геноцид (статья 398), биоцид (статья 399)», that is murder, rape, terrorism, genocide and biocide, and names no drug offence. Article 58(1), the article on life imprisonment, provides that a life term «назначается только как альтернатива смертной казни», only as an alternative to the death penalty, so no drug offence carries a life term either. Conduct distinction. Article 200 covers production, manufacture, processing, acquisition, storage, transport or sending with intent to sell, and sale itself: up to five years for a «мелком» (smallest) size, five to eight years for a «небольшом» (small) size, eight to twelve years for a «крупных» (large) size or a repeat or group offence or one committed in a school or at a place for public events, and twelve to twenty years for an «особо крупных» (especially large) size or an organised group. Article 201 covers the same conduct without intent to sell, which is where possession for one's own use falls: a fine of one hundred to five hundred calculation indicators or up to two years for the smallest size, two to five years for the small size, five to eight years for the large size or a repeat or group offence, and eight to twelve years for the especially large size. In the 2026 text confiscation of property is mandatory under article 200(4), «с конфискацией имущества», and optional under articles 200(2), 200(3), 201(3) and 201(4). Moving a narcotic or psychotropic substance across the customs border is article 289(3), eight to twelve years, when it is done «помимо или с сокрытием от таможенного контроля, либо использование документов или средств таможенной идентификации обманным путем, либо сопряжено с недекларированием или недостоверным декларированием», that is outside or hidden from customs control, with deceptive documents, or undeclared or falsely declared; that part states no size threshold. The sizes come from Annex 1 to the Code, under note 2 to article 200. The texts read do not say what applies below the smallest size, so nothing is stated for it. Sizes. Annex 1, Перечень 2, row 114, «JWH-018, AM-678», sets the smallest size at «0,02-0,05гр», the small size at «0,05-10гр», the large size at «10-20гр», and the especially large size at over «20гр». Note 4 to article 200 gives an analogue the sizes of the substance it is an analogue of.

Papua New Guinea

Legal status: Not confirmed, the Controlled Substances Act 2021 is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for synthetic cannabinoids in Papua New Guinea is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Papua New Guinea's drug schedule; the Controlled Substances Act 2021 is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Papua New Guinea, drugs fall under the Controlled Substances Act 2021, which replaced the Dangerous Drugs Act 1952 (whose penalties had been capped at around two years). The 2021 Act substantially increased the penalties for possession, dealing and trafficking, modelled on the imprisonment-based regimes of comparable Pacific and Commonwealth jurisdictions; Papua New Guinea repealed the death penalty in 2022, so the ceiling for all offences, drug offences included, is imprisonment. The maximum penalty for drug offences is imprisonment. The precise penalty quantities and section numbers under the 2021 Act are not pinned in this cell and should be confirmed against the current statute.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Papua New Guinea, drugs fall under the Controlled Substances Act 2021, which replaced the Dangerous Drugs Act 1952 (whose penalties had been capped at around two years). The 2021 Act substantially increased the penalties for possession, dealing and trafficking, modelled on the imprisonment-based regimes of comparable Pacific and Commonwealth jurisdictions; Papua New Guinea repealed the death penalty in 2022, so the ceiling for all offences, drug offences included, is imprisonment. The maximum penalty for drug offences is imprisonment. The precise penalty quantities and section numbers under the 2021 Act are not pinned in this cell and should be confirmed against the current statute. Cannabis is controlled under the same Act, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Controlled Substances Act 2021 (replacing the Dangerous Drugs Act 1952), specific penalty terms not pinned · reported by The National (thenational.com.pg, 2021) · Updated July 14, 2026

Angola

Legal status: Not confirmed, Lei n.º 3/99 (Lei sobre o Tráfico e Consumo de Estupefacientes, Substâncias Psicotrópicas e Precursores) is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for synthetic cannabinoids in Angola is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Angola's drug schedule; Lei n.º 3/99 (Lei sobre o Tráfico e Consumo de Estupefacientes, Substâncias Psicotrópicas e Precursores) is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Angola, drugs fall under Lei n.º 3/99 (Lei sobre o Tráfico e Consumo de Estupefacientes, Substâncias Psicotrópicas e Precursores), a six-table Portuguese-model statute. The cultivation, production, manufacture, trade, distribution, import, export, transport and possession of Table substances are prohibited; trafficking carries lengthy imprisonment, with severe cases reaching the 10-25 year range characteristic of this statutory model. The precise trafficking-article number is not separately pinned here, verify the exact article and term against the current statute. The maximum penalty for drug offences is imprisonment.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Angola, drugs fall under Lei n.º 3/99 (Lei sobre o Tráfico e Consumo de Estupefacientes, Substâncias Psicotrópicas e Precursores), a six-table Portuguese-model statute. The cultivation, production, manufacture, trade, distribution, import, export, transport and possession of Table substances are prohibited; trafficking carries lengthy imprisonment, with severe cases reaching the 10-25 year range characteristic of this statutory model. The precise trafficking-article number is not separately pinned here, verify the exact article and term against the current statute. The maximum penalty for drug offences is imprisonment. Cannabis (liamba) is a controlled drug under the same statute, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Lei n.º 3/99 (Lei sobre o Tráfico e Consumo de Estupefacientes, Substâncias Psicotrópicas e Precursores) · unodc.org · Updated July 14, 2026

Côte d'Ivoire

Legal status: Not confirmed, Loi n° 2022-407 du 13 juin 2022 (lutte contre le trafic et l'usage illicites des stupéfiants, des substances psychotropes et leurs précurseurs) is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for synthetic cannabinoids in Côte d'Ivoire is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Côte d'Ivoire's drug schedule; Loi n° 2022-407 du 13 juin 2022 (lutte contre le trafic et l'usage illicites des stupéfiants, des substances psychotropes et leurs précurseurs) is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Côte d'Ivoire, drugs fall under Loi n° 2022-407 du 13 juin 2022 (lutte contre le trafic et l'usage illicites des stupéfiants, des substances psychotropes et leurs précurseurs), a four-table system that repealed Loi 88-686 of 1988. Trafficking-type offences, cultivation, production, manufacture, import, export, transport and the offer, sale or distribution of Table I high-risk drugs, carry imprisonment of 5 to 10 years plus fines; supplying drugs to a minor carries 5 to 10 years; and personal use carries 1 to 3 months. Penalties are doubled in aggravated cases (violence or a weapon, or commission by a public official). The maximum penalty for drug offences is imprisonment.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Côte d'Ivoire, drugs fall under Loi n° 2022-407 du 13 juin 2022 (lutte contre le trafic et l'usage illicites des stupéfiants, des substances psychotropes et leurs précurseurs), a four-table system that repealed Loi 88-686 of 1988. Trafficking-type offences, cultivation, production, manufacture, import, export, transport and the offer, sale or distribution of Table I high-risk drugs, carry imprisonment of 5 to 10 years plus fines; supplying drugs to a minor carries 5 to 10 years; and personal use carries 1 to 3 months. Penalties are doubled in aggravated cases (violence or a weapon, or commission by a public official). The maximum penalty for drug offences is imprisonment. Cannabis is a Table I high-risk drug under the same statute, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Loi n° 2022-407 du 13 juin 2022 (lutte contre le trafic et l'usage illicites des stupéfiants, des substances psychotropes et leurs précurseurs) · agp.africanlii.org · Updated July 14, 2026

Rwanda

Legal status: Not confirmed, Law n° 03/2012 of 15/02/2012 (governing narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and precursors) together with the Penal Code (Law n° 68/2018) is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for synthetic cannabinoids in Rwanda is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Rwanda's drug schedule; Law n° 03/2012 of 15/02/2012 (governing narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and precursors) together with the Penal Code (Law n° 68/2018) is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Rwanda, drugs fall under Law n° 03/2012 of 15/02/2012 governing narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and precursors, together with the Penal Code (Law n° 68/2018, Official Gazette 27/09/2018). The unlawful manufacture, transformation, import, transport, sale or distribution of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances is the serious tier, while use and possession sit at lower tiers; the 2018 Penal Code substantially raised drug-offence penalties, serious trafficking reaching long fixed-term to life imprisonment. The exact current Penal Code article year-terms are not separately pinned here, verify against the current Penal Code. The maximum penalty for drug offences is imprisonment.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Rwanda, drugs fall under Law n° 03/2012 of 15/02/2012 governing narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and precursors, together with the Penal Code (Law n° 68/2018, Official Gazette 27/09/2018). The unlawful manufacture, transformation, import, transport, sale or distribution of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances is the serious tier, while use and possession sit at lower tiers; the 2018 Penal Code substantially raised drug-offence penalties, serious trafficking reaching long fixed-term to life imprisonment. The exact current Penal Code article year-terms are not separately pinned here, verify against the current Penal Code. The maximum penalty for drug offences is imprisonment. Cannabis is controlled under the same framework, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Law n° 03/2012 of 15/02/2012 governing narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and precursors + Penal Code (Law n° 68/2018, Official Gazette 27/09/2018) · rwandalii.org · Updated July 14, 2026

Mozambique

Legal status: Not confirmed, Lei n.º 3/97 (combate ao tráfico e consumo de estupefacientes e substâncias psicotrópicas) is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for synthetic cannabinoids in Mozambique is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Mozambique's drug schedule; Lei n.º 3/97 (combate ao tráfico e consumo de estupefacientes e substâncias psicotrópicas) is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Mozambique, drugs fall under Lei n.º 3/97 (combate ao tráfico e consumo de estupefacientes e substâncias psicotrópicas), a six-table Portuguese-model statute. Trafficking, manufacture, import, export and distribution of controlled substances carry lengthy imprisonment, the ceiling being life imprisonment for the gravest cases. The precise trafficking-article number and terms are not separately pinned here, verify the exact article and term against the current statute. The maximum penalty for drug offences is imprisonment.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Mozambique, drugs fall under Lei n.º 3/97 (combate ao tráfico e consumo de estupefacientes e substâncias psicotrópicas), a six-table Portuguese-model statute. Trafficking, manufacture, import, export and distribution of controlled substances carry lengthy imprisonment, the ceiling being life imprisonment for the gravest cases. The precise trafficking-article number and terms are not separately pinned here, verify the exact article and term against the current statute. The maximum penalty for drug offences is imprisonment. Cannabis is a controlled drug under the same statute, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Lei n.º 3/97 (combate ao tráfico e consumo de estupefacientes e substâncias psicotrópicas) · loc.gov · Updated July 14, 2026

Mauritius

Legal status: Not confirmed, the Dangerous Drugs Act 2000 (Act No. 41 of 2000, as amended) is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for synthetic cannabinoids in Mauritius is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Mauritius's drug schedule; the Dangerous Drugs Act 2000 (Act No. 41 of 2000, as amended) is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Mauritius, drugs fall under the Dangerous Drugs Act 2000 (Act No. 41 of 2000), as amended, a three-schedule system (Schedules I, II and III). Drug-dealing and trafficking offences (s.30 and s.29) carry a fine together with penal servitude (imprisonment); for a person averred to be a drug trafficker where the street value of the drugs exceeds one million rupees, the penalty is a fine of up to 2,000,000 rupees together with penal servitude for a term of up to 60 years. The maximum penalty for drug offences is imprisonment (penal servitude).
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Mauritius, drugs fall under the Dangerous Drugs Act 2000 (Act No. 41 of 2000), as amended, a three-schedule system (Schedules I, II and III). Drug-dealing and trafficking offences (s.30 and s.29) carry a fine together with penal servitude (imprisonment); for a person averred to be a drug trafficker where the street value of the drugs exceeds one million rupees, the penalty is a fine of up to 2,000,000 rupees together with penal servitude for a term of up to 60 years. The maximum penalty for drug offences is imprisonment (penal servitude). Cannabis is a controlled drug under the same Act, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Dangerous Drugs Act 2000 (Act No. 41 of 2000), as amended, ss.29-30 · health.govmu.org · Updated July 14, 2026

Bhutan

Legal status: Not confirmed, the Narcotic Drugs, Psychotropic Substances and Substance Abuse Act of Bhutan 2015 (as amended 2018) is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for synthetic cannabinoids in Bhutan is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Bhutan's drug schedule; the Narcotic Drugs, Psychotropic Substances and Substance Abuse Act of Bhutan 2015 (as amended 2018) is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Bhutan, drugs fall under the Narcotic Drugs, Psychotropic Substances and Substance Abuse Act of Bhutan 2015 (as amended 2018), a six-schedule system. Illegal possession (s.137) and illicit trafficking (s.139, possessing, importing, exporting, storing, selling, purchasing, transporting, distributing or supplying Schedule I/II substances) are graded by quantity against the Schedule VII thresholds, with penalties set by reference to the sentencing tiers (felony degrees) of the Penal Code of Bhutan and ranging up to long fixed-term imprisonment. The exact year-terms keyed to those Penal Code felony-degree tiers are not separately pinned here, verify against the current Act and Penal Code. The maximum penalty for drug offences is imprisonment.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Bhutan, drugs fall under the Narcotic Drugs, Psychotropic Substances and Substance Abuse Act of Bhutan 2015 (as amended 2018), a six-schedule system. Illegal possession (s.137) and illicit trafficking (s.139, possessing, importing, exporting, storing, selling, purchasing, transporting, distributing or supplying Schedule I/II substances) are graded by quantity against the Schedule VII thresholds, with penalties set by reference to the sentencing tiers (felony degrees) of the Penal Code of Bhutan and ranging up to long fixed-term imprisonment. The exact year-terms keyed to those Penal Code felony-degree tiers are not separately pinned here, verify against the current Act and Penal Code. The maximum penalty for drug offences is imprisonment. Cannabis is a controlled drug under the same Act, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Narcotic Drugs, Psychotropic Substances and Substance Abuse Act of Bhutan 2015 (as amended 2018), ss.137/139 · oag.gov.bt · Updated July 14, 2026

Botswana

Legal status: Not confirmed, the Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 2018 is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for synthetic cannabinoids in Botswana is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Botswana's drug schedule; the Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 2018 is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Botswana, drugs fall under the Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 2018. Trafficking (s.5) carries imprisonment of up to 25 years together with a fine of up to P500,000, and cultivation (s.6) up to 20 years; the precise quantity bands are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. Botswana retains and uses the death penalty for the gravest non-drug crimes (murder, treason, piracy under the Penal Code); it does NOT extend to drug offences, the maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. A 2024 government white paper reportedly recommended introducing a death penalty for drug trafficking; this was a recommendation only and has NOT been enacted; verify against the current statute. botswanalaws.com is a lead for the consolidated text only, never a cited source.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Botswana, drugs fall under the Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 2018. Trafficking (s.5) carries imprisonment of up to 25 years together with a fine of up to P500,000, and cultivation (s.6) up to 20 years; the precise quantity bands are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. Botswana retains and uses the death penalty for the gravest non-drug crimes (murder, treason, piracy under the Penal Code); it does NOT extend to drug offences, the maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. A 2024 government white paper reportedly recommended introducing a death penalty for drug trafficking; this was a recommendation only and has NOT been enacted; verify against the current statute. botswanalaws.com is a lead for the consolidated text only, never a cited source. Cannabis is a controlled drug under the same Act, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 2018, ss.5-6 · sherloc.unodc.org · Updated July 14, 2026

Zambia

Legal status: Not confirmed, the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act No. 35 of 2021 is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for synthetic cannabinoids in Zambia is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Zambia's drug schedule; the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act No. 35 of 2021 is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Zambia, drugs fall under the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act No. 35 of 2021, which repealed the former Cap. 96 of 1993. Possession carries up to 15 years and trafficking up to 25 years; the precise quantity bands are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. Zambia retains the death penalty for murder and treason only and is abolitionist in practice (commutations in 2022); it does NOT extend to drug offences, the maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Zambia, drugs fall under the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act No. 35 of 2021, which repealed the former Cap. 96 of 1993. Possession carries up to 15 years and trafficking up to 25 years; the precise quantity bands are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. Zambia retains the death penalty for murder and treason only and is abolitionist in practice (commutations in 2022); it does NOT extend to drug offences, the maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. Cannabis is a controlled drug under the same Act, with no legal recreational regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act No. 35 of 2021 (repealed Cap. 96 of 1993) · zambialii.org · loc.gov · Updated July 14, 2026

Cameroon

Legal status: Not confirmed, Loi n° 97/19 du 7 août 1997 is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for synthetic cannabinoids in Cameroon is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Cameroon's drug schedule; Loi n° 97/19 du 7 août 1997 is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Cameroon, drugs fall under Loi n° 97/19 du 7 août 1997. Trafficking offences (Sections 91-95) carry imprisonment of 10 to 20 years together with a fine of up to 250,000,000 FCFA; cannabis, heroin and cocaine are high-risk drugs. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. Cameroon retains the death penalty for terrorism and murder and is abolitionist in practice (no executions since 1997); the drug statute does NOT provide a death penalty, the maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. droitcamerounais.info and vertic.org are leads for the consolidated text only, never cited sources.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Cameroon, drugs fall under Loi n° 97/19 du 7 août 1997. Trafficking offences (Sections 91-95) carry imprisonment of 10 to 20 years together with a fine of up to 250,000,000 FCFA; cannabis, heroin and cocaine are high-risk drugs. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. Cameroon retains the death penalty for terrorism and murder and is abolitionist in practice (no executions since 1997); the drug statute does NOT provide a death penalty, the maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. droitcamerounais.info and vertic.org are leads for the consolidated text only, never cited sources. Cannabis is a high-risk drug under the same statute, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Loi n° 97/19 du 7 août 1997 (relative au contrôle des stupéfiants, des substances psychotropes et des précurseurs), Sections 91-95 · loc.gov · Updated July 14, 2026

Fiji

Legal status: Not confirmed, the Illicit Drugs Control Act 2004 is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for synthetic cannabinoids in Fiji is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Fiji's drug schedule; the Illicit Drugs Control Act 2004 is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Fiji, drugs fall under the Illicit Drugs Control Act 2004. The unlawful import, export, manufacture, possession, supply or trafficking of illicit drugs (s.4) carries a fine of up to FJ$1,000,000 together with imprisonment up to life. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is life imprisonment. A March 2026 proposal to reintroduce the death penalty amid trafficking concerns was reported; it has NOT been enacted; verify against the current statute.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Fiji, drugs fall under the Illicit Drugs Control Act 2004. The unlawful import, export, manufacture, possession, supply or trafficking of illicit drugs (s.4) carries a fine of up to FJ$1,000,000 together with imprisonment up to life. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is life imprisonment. A March 2026 proposal to reintroduce the death penalty amid trafficking concerns was reported; it has NOT been enacted; verify against the current statute. Cannabis is an illicit drug under the same Act, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Illicit Drugs Control Act 2004, s.4 · laws.gov.fj · Updated July 14, 2026

Liechtenstein

Legal status: Not confirmed, the Betäubungsmittelgesetz of 20 April 1983 is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for synthetic cannabinoids in Liechtenstein is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Liechtenstein's drug schedule; the Betäubungsmittelgesetz of 20 April 1983 is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Liechtenstein, drugs fall under the Betäubungsmittelgesetz of 20 April 1983, which follows the Austrian/Swiss model. Trafficking and the unlawful supply of narcotic drugs carry imprisonment; cannabis containing more than 1% THC is prohibited. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Liechtenstein, drugs fall under the Betäubungsmittelgesetz of 20 April 1983, which follows the Austrian/Swiss model. Trafficking and the unlawful supply of narcotic drugs carry imprisonment; cannabis containing more than 1% THC is prohibited. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. Cannabis containing more than 1% THC is prohibited under the same Act, with no legal recreational regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Betäubungsmittelgesetz of 20 April 1983 · gesetze.li · Updated July 14, 2026

Macau

Legal status: Not confirmed. Synthetic cannabinoids is an open chemical family, not one substance. The dossier records that item 18 of the II-B table defines particular synthetic cannabinoid structures and names others, and that the open family label has no single item; it quotes none of that wording. This record names no constituent placed by a quoted entry, so no placement is stated for synthetic cannabinoids here. This deferral does not mean that use or supply is lawful.
Consequences if caught: Not confirmed. The dossier leaves the penalty for synthetic cannabinoids unassigned until the actual molecule and its table are identified, and no single quantity attaches to the label.
If prescribed / medical: Not confirmed. The dossier does not state a prescription or medical route for synthetic cannabinoids.
Documentation: Not confirmed, because the label does not identify one molecule. The dossier's own search for this row: Query: 合成大麻素受體致效劑; synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists; chemical family. Inspected Macau Table I-A/I-B/I-C, II-A/II-B/II-C, III, IV, V and VI by Chinese name, Portuguese name and chemical structure; result: structural families and individual entries. The dossier row for this substance carries no URL, so the instrument is cited by name.

Law 17/2009 of Macau, Articles 2 and 4 and Tables I-A to VI, as amended through Law 12/2026, in force 18 August 2026 (amended by Laws 4/2014, 10/2016, 10/2019, 22/2020, 10/2021, 4/2023, 18/2023, 16/2024, 2/2025 and 12/2026) · Updated October 3, 2026

Namibia

Legal status: Not confirmed, the Abuse of Dependence-Producing Substances and Rehabilitation Centres Act 41 of 1971 is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for synthetic cannabinoids in Namibia is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Namibia's drug schedule; the Abuse of Dependence-Producing Substances and Rehabilitation Centres Act 41 of 1971 is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Namibia, drugs fall under the Abuse of Dependence-Producing Substances and Rehabilitation Centres Act 41 of 1971. Dealing in a dangerous dependence-producing drug (s.2) and possession (s.3) carry imprisonment together with a fine, case law has seen sentences of around 12 years for cocaine dealing, and cannabis possession or dealing draws fines and imprisonment of up to about 10 years; the precise trafficking-quantity bands are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Namibia, drugs fall under the Abuse of Dependence-Producing Substances and Rehabilitation Centres Act 41 of 1971. Dealing in a dangerous dependence-producing drug (s.2) and possession (s.3) carry imprisonment together with a fine, case law has seen sentences of around 12 years for cocaine dealing, and cannabis possession or dealing draws fines and imprisonment of up to about 10 years; the precise trafficking-quantity bands are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. Cannabis is a prohibited dependence-producing drug under the same Act, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Abuse of Dependence-Producing Substances and Rehabilitation Centres Act 41 of 1971, ss.2-3 · namiblii.org · Updated July 14, 2026

Madagascar

Legal status: Not confirmed, Loi n° 97-039 sur le contrôle des stupéfiants, des substances psychotropes et des précurseurs is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for synthetic cannabinoids in Madagascar is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Madagascar's drug schedule; Loi n° 97-039 sur le contrôle des stupéfiants, des substances psychotropes et des précurseurs is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Madagascar, drugs fall under Loi n° 97-039 sur le contrôle des stupéfiants, des substances psychotropes et des précurseurs, which classifies drugs across a six-table/high-risk model. Trafficking in a high-risk (Tableau I) drug carries imprisonment; the precise article and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Madagascar, drugs fall under Loi n° 97-039 sur le contrôle des stupéfiants, des substances psychotropes et des précurseurs, which classifies drugs across a six-table/high-risk model. Trafficking in a high-risk (Tableau I) drug carries imprisonment; the precise article and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. Cannabis is a controlled drug under the same law, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Loi n° 97-039 sur le contrôle des stupéfiants, des substances psychotropes et des précurseurs · unodc.org · loc.gov · Updated July 14, 2026

Burkina Faso

Legal status: Not confirmed, Burkina Faso's national drug code (loi sur les stupéfiants) is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for synthetic cannabinoids in Burkina Faso is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Burkina Faso's drug schedule; Burkina Faso's national drug code (loi sur les stupéfiants) is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Burkina Faso, drugs fall under the national drug code (loi sur les stupéfiants). Drug use is punishable by 1 to 6 months' imprisonment, and trafficking or import carries imprisonment; the precise trafficking article and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Burkina Faso, drugs fall under the national drug code (loi sur les stupéfiants). Drug use is punishable by 1 to 6 months' imprisonment, and trafficking or import carries imprisonment; the precise trafficking article and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. Cannabis is a controlled drug under the same law, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Loi sur les stupéfiants (national drug code) · unodc.org · legislationline.org · Updated July 14, 2026

Benin

Legal status: Not confirmed, the Code des Drogues is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for synthetic cannabinoids in Benin is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Benin's drug schedule; the Code des Drogues is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Benin, drugs fall under the Code des Drogues. Cannabis, heroin and cocaine are classified as drogues à haut risque, and any export regardless of quantity is treated as trafficking; trafficking in a high-risk drug carries imprisonment; the precise article and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Benin, drugs fall under the Code des Drogues. Cannabis, heroin and cocaine are classified as drogues à haut risque, and any export regardless of quantity is treated as trafficking; trafficking in a high-risk drug carries imprisonment; the precise article and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. Cannabis is a drogue à haut risque under the same Code, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Code des Drogues (Loi) · unodc.org · loc.gov · Updated July 14, 2026

Mali

Legal status: Not confirmed, Mali's national drug law (loi portant répression du trafic et de l'usage illicite des stupéfiants) is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for synthetic cannabinoids in Mali is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Mali's drug schedule; Mali's national drug law (loi portant répression du trafic et de l'usage illicite des stupéfiants) is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Mali, drugs fall under the national drug law (loi portant répression du trafic et de l'usage illicite des stupéfiants). Trafficking carries imprisonment; the precise article and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. A primary statute portal for the current Malian drug law was not located; this cell is sourced via the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) and the Library of Congress pending a primary portal.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Mali, drugs fall under the national drug law (loi portant répression du trafic et de l'usage illicite des stupéfiants). Trafficking carries imprisonment; the precise article and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. A primary statute portal for the current Malian drug law was not located; this cell is sourced via the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) and the Library of Congress pending a primary portal. Cannabis is a controlled drug under the same law, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Loi portant répression du trafic et de l'usage illicite des stupéfiants · unodc.org · https://www.loc.gov/item/global-legal-monitor/ [primary statute portal pending] · Updated July 14, 2026

Togo

Legal status: Not confirmed, the Code des Drogues (loi sur les stupéfiants) is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for synthetic cannabinoids in Togo is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Togo's drug schedule; the Code des Drogues (loi sur les stupéfiants) is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Togo, drugs fall under the Code des Drogues (loi sur les stupéfiants). Trafficking carries imprisonment; the precise article and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Togo, drugs fall under the Code des Drogues (loi sur les stupéfiants). Trafficking carries imprisonment; the precise article and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. Cannabis is a controlled drug under the same law, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Code des Drogues / loi sur les stupéfiants · unodc.org · legislationline.org · Updated July 14, 2026

DR Congo

Legal status: Not confirmed, the Ordonnance of 1903 on chanvre (approved by the Décret of 10 March 1917) is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for synthetic cannabinoids in the DR Congo is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against the DR Congo's drug schedule; the Ordonnance of 1903 on chanvre (approved by the Décret of 10 March 1917) is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In the Democratic Republic of the Congo, drugs fall under the Ordonnance of 1903 on chanvre (approved by the Décret of 10 March 1917), which prohibits the cultivation, sale, transport, possession and consumption of drugs. Trafficking offences carry 5 to 20 years' servitude pénale principale under Congolese penal doctrine; the precise trafficking article is left to confirmation against the current statute (the 1903/1917 ordinance is old and not granular). The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. The Democratic Republic of the Congo retains the death penalty for the gravest non-drug crimes, but its drug legislation does not provide a death penalty, the maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment (servitude pénale).
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In the Democratic Republic of the Congo, drugs fall under the Ordonnance of 1903 on chanvre (approved by the Décret of 10 March 1917), which prohibits the cultivation, sale, transport, possession and consumption of drugs. Trafficking offences carry 5 to 20 years' servitude pénale principale under Congolese penal doctrine; the precise trafficking article is left to confirmation against the current statute (the 1903/1917 ordinance is old and not granular). The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. The Democratic Republic of the Congo retains the death penalty for the gravest non-drug crimes, but its drug legislation does not provide a death penalty, the maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment (servitude pénale). Cannabis (chanvre) is the drug specifically prohibited by the same Ordonnance, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Ordonnance de 1903 sur le chanvre (approuvée par le Décret du 10 mars 1917) · leganet.cd · unodc.org · Updated July 14, 2026

Malawi

Legal status: Not confirmed, the Dangerous Drugs Act (Cap. 35:02) is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for synthetic cannabinoids in Malawi is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Malawi's drug schedule; the Dangerous Drugs Act (Cap. 35:02) is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Malawi, drugs fall under the Dangerous Drugs Act (Cap. 35:02). Trafficking and the unlawful possession or supply of dangerous drugs carry imprisonment; the precise penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Malawi, drugs fall under the Dangerous Drugs Act (Cap. 35:02). Trafficking and the unlawful possession or supply of dangerous drugs carry imprisonment; the precise penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. Cannabis is a controlled drug under the same Act, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Dangerous Drugs Act (Cap. 35:02) · malawilii.org · Updated July 14, 2026

Lesotho

Legal status: Not confirmed, the Drugs of Abuse Act No. 6 of 2008 is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for synthetic cannabinoids in Lesotho is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Lesotho's drug schedule; the Drugs of Abuse Act No. 6 of 2008 is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Lesotho, drugs fall under the Drugs of Abuse Act No. 6 of 2008. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise article and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. Lesotho retains the death penalty for the gravest non-drug crimes and is abolitionist in practice; its drug legislation does not provide a death penalty, the maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Lesotho, drugs fall under the Drugs of Abuse Act No. 6 of 2008. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise article and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. Lesotho retains the death penalty for the gravest non-drug crimes and is abolitionist in practice; its drug legislation does not provide a death penalty, the maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. Cannabis is a controlled drug under the same Act, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Drugs of Abuse Act No. 6 of 2008 · lesotholii.org · Updated July 14, 2026

Eswatini

Legal status: Not confirmed, the Opium and Habit-Forming Drugs Act (with Pharmacy Act provisions) is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for synthetic cannabinoids in Eswatini is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Eswatini's drug schedule; the Opium and Habit-Forming Drugs Act (with Pharmacy Act provisions) is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Eswatini, drugs fall under the Opium and Habit-Forming Drugs Act together with provisions of the Pharmacy Act. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise statute and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current law. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. Eswatini retains the death penalty for the gravest non-drug crimes and is abolitionist in practice (no executions in decades); its drug legislation does not provide a death penalty, the maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Eswatini, drugs fall under the Opium and Habit-Forming Drugs Act together with provisions of the Pharmacy Act. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise statute and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current law. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. Eswatini retains the death penalty for the gravest non-drug crimes and is abolitionist in practice (no executions in decades); its drug legislation does not provide a death penalty, the maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. Cannabis is a controlled drug under the same law, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Opium and Habit-Forming Drugs Act / Pharmacy Act provisions · unodc.org · loc.gov · Updated July 14, 2026

Mauritania

Legal status: Not confirmed, Mauritania's national drug control statute (within a sharia-influenced criminal law) is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for synthetic cannabinoids in Mauritania is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Mauritania's drug schedule; Mauritania's national drug control statute (within a sharia-influenced criminal law) is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Mauritania, drugs fall under the national drug control statute within a sharia-influenced criminal law. Trafficking carries imprisonment; the precise article and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty asserted for a drug offence under the named drug law is imprisonment. Not confirmed, Mauritania's criminal law is sharia-influenced and reportedly permits the death penalty for some trafficking offences, but a specific drug death-penalty statute article is not confirmed here. The country has observed a de facto execution moratorium since 1987. Verify against the current statute.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Mauritania, drugs fall under the national drug control statute within a sharia-influenced criminal law. Trafficking carries imprisonment; the precise article and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty asserted for a drug offence under the named drug law is imprisonment. Not confirmed, Mauritania's criminal law is sharia-influenced and reportedly permits the death penalty for some trafficking offences, but a specific drug death-penalty statute article is not confirmed here. The country has observed a de facto execution moratorium since 1987. Verify against the current statute. Cannabis is a controlled drug under the same law, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Mauritania national drug control statute (sharia-influenced criminal law) · unodc.org · loc.gov · Updated July 14, 2026

Sierra Leone

Legal status: Not confirmed, the National Drugs Control Act 2008 is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for synthetic cannabinoids in Sierra Leone is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Sierra Leone's drug schedule; the National Drugs Control Act 2008 is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Sierra Leone, drugs fall under the National Drugs Control Act 2008, which schedules drugs as Prohibited, High-Risk and Risk drugs. Trafficking carries imprisonment; the precise penalty bands are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Sierra Leone, drugs fall under the National Drugs Control Act 2008, which schedules drugs as Prohibited, High-Risk and Risk drugs. Trafficking carries imprisonment; the precise penalty bands are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. Cannabis is a controlled drug under the same Act, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

National Drugs Control Act 2008 · sierra-leone.org · Updated July 14, 2026

Seychelles

Legal status: Not confirmed, the Misuse of Drugs Act 2016 is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for synthetic cannabinoids in Seychelles is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Seychelles' drug schedule; the Misuse of Drugs Act 2016 is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Seychelles, drugs fall under the Misuse of Drugs Act 2016. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine, with aggravated trafficking punishable by up to life imprisonment; the precise terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Seychelles, drugs fall under the Misuse of Drugs Act 2016. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine, with aggravated trafficking punishable by up to life imprisonment; the precise terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. Cannabis is a controlled drug under the same Act, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Misuse of Drugs Act, 2016 · seylii.org · Updated July 14, 2026

Cabo Verde

Legal status: Not confirmed, Lei n.º 78/IV/93 (the drug law) is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for synthetic cannabinoids in Cabo Verde is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Cabo Verde's drug schedule; Lei n.º 78/IV/93 (the drug law) is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Cabo Verde, drugs fall under Lei n.º 78/IV/93, which follows the Lusophone six-table model. Trafficking carries imprisonment; the precise article and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. A primary statute portal for the current Cabo Verdean drug law was not located; this cell is sourced via the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) and the Library of Congress pending a primary portal.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Cabo Verde, drugs fall under Lei n.º 78/IV/93, which follows the Lusophone six-table model. Trafficking carries imprisonment; the precise article and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. A primary statute portal for the current Cabo Verdean drug law was not located; this cell is sourced via the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) and the Library of Congress pending a primary portal. Cannabis is a controlled drug under the same law, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Lei n.º 78/IV/93 (Lusophone six-table model) · unodc.org · loc.gov · Updated July 14, 2026

Gambia

Legal status: Not confirmed, the Drug Control Act 2014 (as amended) is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for synthetic cannabinoids in the Gambia is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against the Gambia's drug schedule; the Drug Control Act 2014 (as amended) is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In the Gambia, drugs fall under the Drug Control Act 2014 (as amended). Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise article and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. A primary statute portal for the current Gambian drug law was not located; this cell is sourced via the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) and the Library of Congress pending a primary portal.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In the Gambia, drugs fall under the Drug Control Act 2014 (as amended). Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise article and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. A primary statute portal for the current Gambian drug law was not located; this cell is sourced via the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) and the Library of Congress pending a primary portal. Cannabis is a controlled drug under the same Act, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Drug Control Act 2014 (as amended) · unodc.org · loc.gov · Updated July 14, 2026

Belize

Legal status: Synthetic cannabinoids is a family label covering hundreds of distinct compounds, and Belize's subsidiary volume prints no family entry for them. The nearest printed thing is the Schedule I entry Cannabinol derivatives, and the Act defines that narrowly at section 2(1)(f) as the tetrahydro derivatives of cannabinol and the 3-alkyl homologues of cannabinol or of its tetrahydro derivatives, except where contained in cannabis or cannabis resin. That definition is about cannabinol itself. It does not describe an indole or indazole carboxamide, which is what most compounds sold as synthetic cannabinoids are. No JWH, AM, XLR, AB-, MDMB- or cumyl name appears anywhere in the volume, and neither does the word cannabimimetic. The schedule placement in this cell is read off the instrument and is not printed in the quoted dossier extract, which names the Act's schedules only as a range.
Consequences if caught: No penalty is stated for this row. The individual compounds are unnamed, the one possible route to them is a definition written about a different chemical family, and the Act's Second Schedule, which is where a national class list for such compounds would sit, was not in the material read. One caution about section numbers. The Act text read here is the Misuse of Drugs Act 1990, Act 22 of 1990, as UNODC holds it, and the current Chapter 103 has been renumbered since. The Cannabis Violation Tickets Regulations cite section 12 for the smoking offence the 1990 text puts at section 11, and section 18 for the school premises presumption the 1990 text puts at section 17, so the current numbering runs one ahead from about section 11. Section 7 is the possession section in both, which the ticket schedule confirms independently. The same amendments that renumbered the Act may also have changed what these provisions say, so every figure quoted here from the 1990 text is the figure as enacted in 1990 and its currency is not established.
If prescribed / medical: No prescription route is stated for this row, because a prescribing rule in these Regulations attaches to a schedule and this substance is in none of them. Regulation 4 is the rule a traveller would want, and it operates only on Schedules IV and V: it lifts the section 5(1) import and export prohibition for both, and the section 7(1) possession prohibition for a Schedule IV drug in a medicinal product and for a Schedule V preparation outright. Whether this substance is reached by the Act's own Second Schedule, and so is a controlled drug taking none of those exemptions, was not settled here.
Documentation: Nothing on this row identifies a single substance, so there is nothing to carry against it. If a prescribed medicine is involved, carry it in the pharmacy's original labelled packaging with the prescription and a prescriber's letter naming the patient, the active ingredient, the dose, the quantity and the treatment period. The Chapter 103 subsidiary volume was searched in full for this row on 22 September 2026 and the label itself appears nowhere in it.

Kosovo

Legal status: Not confirmed, the Criminal Code of Kosovo (narcotics articles) together with the Law on Narcotic Drugs, Psychotropic Substances and Precursors is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for synthetic cannabinoids in Kosovo is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Kosovo's drug schedule; the Criminal Code of Kosovo (narcotics articles) together with the Law on Narcotic Drugs, Psychotropic Substances and Precursors is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Kosovo, drugs fall under the Criminal Code of Kosovo (narcotics articles) together with the Law on Narcotic Drugs, Psychotropic Substances and Precursors. Trafficking carries imprisonment; the precise article and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Kosovo, drugs fall under the Criminal Code of Kosovo (narcotics articles) together with the Law on Narcotic Drugs, Psychotropic Substances and Precursors. Trafficking carries imprisonment; the precise article and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. Cannabis is a controlled drug under the same framework, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Criminal Code of Kosovo (narcotics articles) · Law on Narcotic Drugs, Psychotropic Substances and Precursors · gzk.rks-gov.net · unodc.org · Updated July 14, 2026

Timor-Leste

Legal status: Not confirmed, the Penal Code of Timor-Leste (drug-trafficking articles) is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for synthetic cannabinoids in Timor-Leste is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Timor-Leste's drug schedule; the Penal Code of Timor-Leste (drug-trafficking articles) is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Timor-Leste, drug trafficking falls under the Penal Code of Timor-Leste (drug-trafficking articles), backed by the country's adhesion to the UN 1988 Convention. Trafficking carries imprisonment; the Penal Code's maximum term is 30 years, with no life imprisonment; the precise drug-trafficking article and penalty bands are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Timor-Leste, drug trafficking falls under the Penal Code of Timor-Leste (drug-trafficking articles), backed by the country's adhesion to the UN 1988 Convention. Trafficking carries imprisonment; the Penal Code's maximum term is 30 years, with no life imprisonment; the precise drug-trafficking article and penalty bands are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. Cannabis is a controlled drug under the same framework, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Penal Code of Timor-Leste (drug-trafficking articles) · UN 1988 Convention (adhesion) · unodc.org · loc.gov · Updated July 14, 2026

Eritrea

Legal status: Not confirmed, the Penal Code of Eritrea 2015 (drug-control provisions) is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for synthetic cannabinoids in Eritrea is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Eritrea's drug schedule; the Penal Code of Eritrea 2015 (drug-control provisions) is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Eritrea, drugs fall under the Penal Code of Eritrea 2015 (drug-control provisions), which grades drug trafficking by scale: small-scale trafficking carries 3 to 5 years, a commercial quantity 5 to 7 years, a large commercial quantity 7 to 10 years, and supply to a minor 16 to 19 years; personal-use possession is a lesser offence; the precise article is left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. Eritrea retains the death penalty for the gravest non-drug crimes, but its Penal Code drug provisions do not provide a death penalty, the maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Eritrea, drugs fall under the Penal Code of Eritrea 2015 (drug-control provisions), which grades drug trafficking by scale: small-scale trafficking carries 3 to 5 years, a commercial quantity 5 to 7 years, a large commercial quantity 7 to 10 years, and supply to a minor 16 to 19 years; personal-use possession is a lesser offence; the precise article is left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. Eritrea retains the death penalty for the gravest non-drug crimes, but its Penal Code drug provisions do not provide a death penalty, the maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. Cannabis is a controlled drug under the same Penal Code, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Penal Code of Eritrea 2015 (drug-control provisions) · unodc.org · loc.gov · Updated July 14, 2026

Somalia

Legal status: Not confirmed, the Somali Penal Code of 1964 (unrevised) is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for synthetic cannabinoids in Somalia is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Somalia's drug schedule; the Somali Penal Code of 1964 (unrevised) is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Somalia, drug offences fall under the Somali Penal Code of 1964 (unrevised); Somalia has ratified the UN narcotic conventions but has no modern codified drug-control statute with quantified penalties, so the precise penalty is not cleanly pinned. The maximum penalty asserted under the named (dated) Penal Code is imprisonment; the specific penalty is left to confirmation against the current statute. Not confirmed, Somalia carries out executions for the gravest non-drug crimes, but no codified drug-death-penalty statute article is confirmed here; the 1964 Penal Code governs drug offences and its specific penalties are not confirmed. Verify against the current statute.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Somalia, drug offences fall under the Somali Penal Code of 1964 (unrevised); Somalia has ratified the UN narcotic conventions but has no modern codified drug-control statute with quantified penalties, so the precise penalty is not cleanly pinned. The maximum penalty asserted under the named (dated) Penal Code is imprisonment; the specific penalty is left to confirmation against the current statute. Not confirmed, Somalia carries out executions for the gravest non-drug crimes, but no codified drug-death-penalty statute article is confirmed here; the 1964 Penal Code governs drug offences and its specific penalties are not confirmed. Verify against the current statute. Cannabis is a controlled drug under the same dated Penal Code, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Somali Penal Code of 1964 (unrevised) · unodc.org · loc.gov · Updated July 14, 2026

Congo

Legal status: Not confirmed, the Republic of the Congo's Penal Code drug provisions (national drug law) is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for synthetic cannabinoids in the Republic of the Congo is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against the Republic of the Congo's drug schedule; the Republic of the Congo's Penal Code drug provisions (national drug law) is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In the Republic of the Congo (Congo-Brazzaville), drugs fall under the Penal Code drug provisions / national drug law. Trafficking carries imprisonment; the precise article and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In the Republic of the Congo (Congo-Brazzaville), drugs fall under the Penal Code drug provisions / national drug law. Trafficking carries imprisonment; the precise article and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. Cannabis is a controlled drug under the same law, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Republic of the Congo Penal Code drug provisions / national drug law · unodc.org · loc.gov · Updated July 14, 2026

Burundi

Legal status: Not confirmed, Burundi's Penal Code 2009 drug provisions (loi sur les stupéfiants) is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for synthetic cannabinoids in Burundi is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Burundi's drug schedule; Burundi's Penal Code 2009 drug provisions (loi sur les stupéfiants) is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Burundi, drugs fall under the Penal Code 2009 drug provisions (loi sur les stupéfiants). Trafficking carries imprisonment; the precise article and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Burundi, drugs fall under the Penal Code 2009 drug provisions (loi sur les stupéfiants). Trafficking carries imprisonment; the precise article and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. Cannabis is a controlled drug under the same law, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Burundi Penal Code 2009 drug provisions / loi sur les stupéfiants · unodc.org · loc.gov · Updated July 14, 2026

Djibouti

Legal status: Not confirmed, Djibouti's national drug law (Penal Code drug provisions) is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for synthetic cannabinoids in Djibouti is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Djibouti's drug schedule; Djibouti's national drug law (Penal Code drug provisions) is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Djibouti, drugs fall under the national drug law (Penal Code drug provisions). Trafficking carries imprisonment; the precise article and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Djibouti, drugs fall under the national drug law (Penal Code drug provisions). Trafficking carries imprisonment; the precise article and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. Cannabis is a controlled drug under the same law, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Djibouti national drug law / Penal Code drug provisions · unodc.org · loc.gov · Updated July 14, 2026

Gabon

Legal status: Not confirmed, Gabon's Penal Code drug provisions (loi sur les stupéfiants) is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for synthetic cannabinoids in Gabon is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Gabon's drug schedule; Gabon's Penal Code drug provisions (loi sur les stupéfiants) is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Gabon, drugs fall under the Penal Code drug provisions (loi sur les stupéfiants). Trafficking carries imprisonment; the precise article and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Gabon, drugs fall under the Penal Code drug provisions (loi sur les stupéfiants). Trafficking carries imprisonment; the precise article and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. Cannabis is a controlled drug under the same law, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Gabon Penal Code drug provisions / loi sur les stupéfiants · unodc.org · loc.gov · Updated July 14, 2026

Guinea

Legal status: Not confirmed, Guinea's drug-control law (Loi L/2016/035/AN; Loi sur le contrôle des drogues) is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for synthetic cannabinoids in Guinea is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Guinea's drug schedule; Guinea's drug-control law (Loi L/2016/035/AN; Loi sur le contrôle des drogues) is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Guinea, drugs fall under the national drug-control law (Loi L/2016/035/AN; Loi sur le contrôle des drogues). Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise article and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. A primary statute portal for the current Guinean drug law was not located; this cell is sourced via the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) and the Library of Congress pending a primary portal.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Guinea, drugs fall under the national drug-control law (Loi L/2016/035/AN; Loi sur le contrôle des drogues). Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise article and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. A primary statute portal for the current Guinean drug law was not located; this cell is sourced via the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) and the Library of Congress pending a primary portal. Cannabis is a controlled drug under the same law, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Guinea drug-control law (Loi L/2016/035/AN · Loi sur le contrôle des drogues) · unodc.org · loc.gov · Updated July 14, 2026

Niger

Legal status: Not confirmed, Niger's drug law (Loi n° 99-42 du 23 septembre 1999 sur la lutte contre la drogue) is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for synthetic cannabinoids in Niger is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Niger's drug schedule; Niger's drug law (Loi n° 99-42 du 23 septembre 1999 sur la lutte contre la drogue) is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Niger, drugs fall under Loi n° 99-42 du 23 septembre 1999 sur la lutte contre la drogue. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise article and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. A primary statute portal for the current Nigerien drug law was not located; this cell is sourced via the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) and the Library of Congress pending a primary portal.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Niger, drugs fall under Loi n° 99-42 du 23 septembre 1999 sur la lutte contre la drogue. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise article and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. A primary statute portal for the current Nigerien drug law was not located; this cell is sourced via the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) and the Library of Congress pending a primary portal. Cannabis is a controlled drug under the same law, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Loi n° 99-42 du 23 septembre 1999 sur la lutte contre la drogue (Niger) · unodc.org · loc.gov · Updated July 14, 2026

Chad

Legal status: Not confirmed, Chad's drug law (Loi n° 31/PR/2018 / Penal Code drug provisions) is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for synthetic cannabinoids in Chad is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Chad's drug schedule; Chad's drug law (Loi n° 31/PR/2018 / Penal Code drug provisions) is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Chad, drugs fall under Loi n° 31/PR/2018 together with the Penal Code drug provisions. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise article and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. A primary statute portal for the current Chadian drug law was not located; this cell is sourced via the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) and the Library of Congress pending a primary portal.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Chad, drugs fall under Loi n° 31/PR/2018 together with the Penal Code drug provisions. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise article and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. A primary statute portal for the current Chadian drug law was not located; this cell is sourced via the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) and the Library of Congress pending a primary portal. Cannabis is a controlled drug under the same law, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Loi n° 31/PR/2018 / Penal Code drug provisions (Chad) · unodc.org · loc.gov · Updated July 14, 2026

Central African Republic

Legal status: Not confirmed, the Central African Republic's Penal Code drug provisions (national drug law) is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for synthetic cannabinoids in the Central African Republic is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against the Central African Republic's drug schedule; the Central African Republic's Penal Code drug provisions (national drug law) is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In the Central African Republic, drugs fall under the Penal Code drug provisions / national drug law. Trafficking carries imprisonment; the precise article and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. A primary statute portal for the current Central African drug law was not located; this cell is sourced via the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) and the Library of Congress pending a primary portal.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In the Central African Republic, drugs fall under the Penal Code drug provisions / national drug law. Trafficking carries imprisonment; the precise article and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. A primary statute portal for the current Central African drug law was not located; this cell is sourced via the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) and the Library of Congress pending a primary portal. Cannabis is a controlled drug under the same law, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Central African Republic Penal Code drug provisions / national drug law · unodc.org · loc.gov · Updated July 14, 2026

Liberia

Legal status: Not confirmed, the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act 2014 (as amended in 2022) is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for synthetic cannabinoids in Liberia is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Liberia's drug schedule; the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act 2014 (as amended in 2022) is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Liberia, drugs fall under the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act 2014, as amended in 2022 to reclassify drug offences as a first-degree felony. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. Liberia retains the death penalty in law for the gravest non-drug crimes (it has not carried out an execution in decades and has acceded to the Second Optional Protocol to the ICCPR), but its drug legislation does not provide a death penalty, the maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Liberia, drugs fall under the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act 2014, as amended in 2022 to reclassify drug offences as a first-degree felony. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. Liberia retains the death penalty in law for the gravest non-drug crimes (it has not carried out an execution in decades and has acceded to the Second Optional Protocol to the ICCPR), but its drug legislation does not provide a death penalty, the maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. Cannabis is a controlled drug under the same Act, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Controlled Drugs and Substances Act 2014 (as amended 2022) (Liberia) · unodc.org · loc.gov · Updated July 14, 2026

Equatorial Guinea

Legal status: Not confirmed, Equatorial Guinea's Penal Code 2022 drug provisions (national drug law) is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for synthetic cannabinoids in Equatorial Guinea is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Equatorial Guinea's drug schedule; Equatorial Guinea's Penal Code 2022 drug provisions (national drug law) is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Equatorial Guinea, drugs fall under the Penal Code 2022 drug provisions / national drug law. Trafficking carries imprisonment; the precise article and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. A primary statute portal for the current Equatoguinean drug law was not located; this cell is sourced via the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) and the Library of Congress pending a primary portal.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Equatorial Guinea, drugs fall under the Penal Code 2022 drug provisions / national drug law. Trafficking carries imprisonment; the precise article and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. A primary statute portal for the current Equatoguinean drug law was not located; this cell is sourced via the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) and the Library of Congress pending a primary portal. Cannabis is a controlled drug under the same law, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Equatorial Guinea Penal Code 2022 drug provisions / national drug law · unodc.org · loc.gov · Updated July 14, 2026

Guinea-Bissau

Legal status: Not confirmed, Guinea-Bissau's drug-control law (Lei n.º 7/2008) is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for synthetic cannabinoids in Guinea-Bissau is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Guinea-Bissau's drug schedule; Guinea-Bissau's drug-control law (Lei n.º 7/2008) is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Guinea-Bissau, drugs fall under Lei n.º 7/2008 (the national drug-control law); the country is a known trans-shipment state. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise article and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. A primary statute portal for the current Bissau-Guinean drug law was not located; this cell is sourced via the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) and the Library of Congress pending a primary portal.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Guinea-Bissau, drugs fall under Lei n.º 7/2008 (the national drug-control law); the country is a known trans-shipment state. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise article and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. A primary statute portal for the current Bissau-Guinean drug law was not located; this cell is sourced via the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) and the Library of Congress pending a primary portal. Cannabis is a controlled drug under the same law, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Lei n.º 7/2008 / Guinea-Bissau national drug-control law · unodc.org · loc.gov · Updated July 14, 2026

Comoros

Legal status: Not confirmed, Comoros' national drug law (Penal Code drug provisions) is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for synthetic cannabinoids in Comoros is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Comoros' drug schedule; Comoros' national drug law (Penal Code drug provisions) is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Comoros, drugs fall under the Penal Code drug provisions / national drug law. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise article and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. A primary statute portal for the current Comorian drug law was not located; this cell is sourced via the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) and the Library of Congress pending a primary portal.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Comoros, drugs fall under the Penal Code drug provisions / national drug law. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise article and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. A primary statute portal for the current Comorian drug law was not located; this cell is sourced via the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) and the Library of Congress pending a primary portal. Cannabis is a controlled drug under the same law, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Comoros Penal Code drug provisions / national drug law · unodc.org · loc.gov · Updated July 14, 2026

South Sudan

Legal status: Not confirmed, the Penal Code Act, 2008 (South Sudan) is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for synthetic cannabinoids in South Sudan is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against South Sudan's drug schedule; the Penal Code Act, 2008 (South Sudan) is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In South Sudan, drugs fall under the Penal Code Act, 2008. Under the Penal Code Act 2008, high-level/aggravated drug trafficking is a capital offence, the Penal Code enumerates the offences punishable by death, which include high-level drug trafficking alongside murder, treason and terrorism resulting in death; lower-level drug offences and personal-use possession carry imprisonment and/or a fine. South Sudan actively carries out executions (140+ between 2011 and 2018, with 300+ reported on death row), and a death sentence must be confirmed by the President and the Supreme Court. The specific Penal Code article for the drug capital provision is left to confirmation against the current Penal Code; the capital-for-high-level-trafficking assertion itself stands.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In South Sudan, drugs fall under the Penal Code Act, 2008. Under the Penal Code Act 2008, high-level/aggravated drug trafficking is a capital offence, the Penal Code enumerates the offences punishable by death, which include high-level drug trafficking alongside murder, treason and terrorism resulting in death; lower-level drug offences and personal-use possession carry imprisonment and/or a fine. South Sudan actively carries out executions (140+ between 2011 and 2018, with 300+ reported on death row), and a death sentence must be confirmed by the President and the Supreme Court. The specific Penal Code article for the drug capital provision is left to confirmation against the current Penal Code; the capital-for-high-level-trafficking assertion itself stands. Cannabis is a controlled drug under the same Penal Code, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

The Penal Code Act, 2008 (South Sudan) · wipo.int · loc.gov · Updated July 14, 2026

Vanuatu

Legal status: Not confirmed, the Dangerous Drugs Act (Cap. 12) (Vanuatu) is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for synthetic cannabinoids in Vanuatu is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Vanuatu's drug schedule; the Dangerous Drugs Act (Cap. 12) (Vanuatu) is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Vanuatu, drugs fall under the Dangerous Drugs Act (Cap. 12). Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. A primary statute portal for the current Ni-Vanuatu drug law was not located; this cell is sourced via the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) and the Library of Congress pending a primary portal.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Vanuatu, drugs fall under the Dangerous Drugs Act (Cap. 12). Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. A primary statute portal for the current Ni-Vanuatu drug law was not located; this cell is sourced via the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) and the Library of Congress pending a primary portal. Cannabis is a controlled drug under the same Act, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Dangerous Drugs Act, Cap. 12 (Vanuatu) · unodc.org · loc.gov · Updated July 14, 2026

Samoa

Legal status: Not confirmed, the Narcotics Act 1967 (Samoa) is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for synthetic cannabinoids in Samoa is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Samoa's drug schedule; the Narcotics Act 1967 (Samoa) is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Samoa, drugs fall under the Narcotics Act 1967. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. A primary statute portal for the current Samoan drug law was not located; this cell is sourced via the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) and the Library of Congress pending a primary portal.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Samoa, drugs fall under the Narcotics Act 1967. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. A primary statute portal for the current Samoan drug law was not located; this cell is sourced via the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) and the Library of Congress pending a primary portal. Cannabis is a controlled drug under the same Act, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Narcotics Act 1967 (Samoa) · unodc.org · loc.gov · Updated July 14, 2026

Solomon Islands

Legal status: Not confirmed, the Dangerous Drugs Act (Cap. 98) (Solomon Islands) is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for synthetic cannabinoids in Solomon Islands is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Solomon Islands' drug schedule; the Dangerous Drugs Act (Cap. 98) (Solomon Islands) is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Solomon Islands, drugs fall under the Dangerous Drugs Act (Cap. 98). Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. A primary statute portal for the current Solomon Islands drug law was not located; this cell is sourced via the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) and the Library of Congress pending a primary portal.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Solomon Islands, drugs fall under the Dangerous Drugs Act (Cap. 98). Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. A primary statute portal for the current Solomon Islands drug law was not located; this cell is sourced via the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) and the Library of Congress pending a primary portal. Cannabis is a controlled drug under the same Act, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Dangerous Drugs Act, Cap. 98 (Solomon Islands) · unodc.org · loc.gov · Updated July 14, 2026

Andorra

Legal status: Not confirmed, Andorra's Penal Code (Codi Penal) drug-trafficking provisions is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for synthetic cannabinoids in Andorra is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Andorra's drug schedule; Andorra's Penal Code (Codi Penal) drug-trafficking provisions is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Andorra, drugs fall under the Penal Code (Codi Penal) drug-trafficking provisions. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise article and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. A primary statute portal for the current Andorran drug law was not located; this cell is sourced via the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) and the Library of Congress pending a primary portal.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Andorra, drugs fall under the Penal Code (Codi Penal) drug-trafficking provisions. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise article and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. A primary statute portal for the current Andorran drug law was not located; this cell is sourced via the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) and the Library of Congress pending a primary portal. Cannabis is a controlled drug under the same Penal Code provisions, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Andorra Penal Code (Codi Penal) drug-trafficking provisions · unodc.org · loc.gov · Updated July 14, 2026

Monaco

Legal status: Not confirmed, Monaco's drug law (Penal Code / Loi sur les stupéfiants) is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for synthetic cannabinoids in Monaco is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Monaco's drug schedule; Monaco's drug law (Penal Code / Loi sur les stupéfiants) is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Monaco, drugs fall under the Penal Code together with the Loi sur les stupéfiants. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise article and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. A primary statute portal for the current Monégasque drug law was not located; this cell is sourced via the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) and the Library of Congress pending a primary portal.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Monaco, drugs fall under the Penal Code together with the Loi sur les stupéfiants. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise article and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. A primary statute portal for the current Monégasque drug law was not located; this cell is sourced via the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) and the Library of Congress pending a primary portal. Cannabis is a controlled drug under the same law, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Monaco Penal Code / Loi sur les stupéfiants · unodc.org · loc.gov · Updated July 14, 2026

San Marino

Legal status: Not confirmed, San Marino's Penal Code drug provisions is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for synthetic cannabinoids in San Marino is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against San Marino's drug schedule; San Marino's Penal Code drug provisions is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In San Marino, drugs fall under the Penal Code drug provisions. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise article and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. A primary statute portal for the current Sammarinese drug law was not located; this cell is sourced via the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) and the Library of Congress pending a primary portal.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In San Marino, drugs fall under the Penal Code drug provisions. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise article and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. A primary statute portal for the current Sammarinese drug law was not located; this cell is sourced via the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) and the Library of Congress pending a primary portal. Cannabis is controlled under the same provisions, with a regulated medical-cannabis regime permitted while recreational supply remains prohibited. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

San Marino Penal Code drug provisions · unodc.org · loc.gov · Updated July 14, 2026

Cook Islands

Legal status: Not confirmed, the Cook Islands' Narcotics and Misuse of Drugs Act 2004 is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for synthetic cannabinoids in the Cook Islands is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against the Cook Islands' drug schedule; the Cook Islands' Narcotics and Misuse of Drugs Act 2004 is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In the Cook Islands, drugs fall under the Narcotics and Misuse of Drugs Act 2004. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise section and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. This cell is sourced via the Pacific Islands Legal Information Institute (paclii.org) with UNODC (unodc.org/cld) and Library of Congress corroboration.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In the Cook Islands, drugs fall under the Narcotics and Misuse of Drugs Act 2004. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise section and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. This cell is sourced via the Pacific Islands Legal Information Institute (paclii.org) with UNODC (unodc.org/cld) and Library of Congress corroboration. Cannabis is a controlled drug under the same Act, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Narcotics and Misuse of Drugs Act 2004 (Cook Islands) · paclii.org · unodc.org · loc.gov · Updated July 14, 2026

Nauru

Legal status: Not confirmed, Nauru's drug law (Illicit Drugs Control Act 2004 / Crimes Act 2016 drug provisions) is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for synthetic cannabinoids in Nauru is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Nauru's drug schedule; Nauru's drug law (Illicit Drugs Control Act 2004 / Crimes Act 2016 drug provisions) is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Nauru, drugs fall under the Illicit Drugs Control Act 2004 together with the Crimes Act 2016 drug provisions. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise section and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. This cell is sourced via the Pacific Islands Legal Information Institute (paclii.org) with UNODC (unodc.org/cld) and Library of Congress corroboration.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Nauru, drugs fall under the Illicit Drugs Control Act 2004 together with the Crimes Act 2016 drug provisions. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise section and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. This cell is sourced via the Pacific Islands Legal Information Institute (paclii.org) with UNODC (unodc.org/cld) and Library of Congress corroboration. Cannabis is a controlled drug under the same law, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Illicit Drugs Control Act 2004 / Crimes Act 2016 drug provisions (Nauru) · paclii.org · unodc.org · loc.gov · Updated July 14, 2026

Palau

Legal status: Not confirmed, Palau's National Code Title 34 (Crimes) controlled-substances provisions is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for synthetic cannabinoids in Palau is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Palau's drug schedule; Palau's National Code Title 34 (Crimes) controlled-substances provisions is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Palau, drugs fall under the National Code Title 34 (Crimes) controlled-substances provisions. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise section and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. This cell is sourced via the Pacific Islands Legal Information Institute (paclii.org) with UNODC (unodc.org/cld) and Library of Congress corroboration.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Palau, drugs fall under the National Code Title 34 (Crimes) controlled-substances provisions. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise section and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. This cell is sourced via the Pacific Islands Legal Information Institute (paclii.org) with UNODC (unodc.org/cld) and Library of Congress corroboration. Cannabis is a controlled drug under the same Title 34 provisions, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Palau National Code Title 34 (Crimes) controlled-substances provisions · paclii.org · unodc.org · loc.gov · Updated July 14, 2026

Tonga

Legal status: Not confirmed, Tonga's Illicit Drugs Control Act (as amended in 2020 and 2021) is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for synthetic cannabinoids in Tonga is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Tonga's drug schedule; Tonga's Illicit Drugs Control Act (as amended in 2020 and 2021) is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Tonga, drugs fall under the Illicit Drugs Control Act, as amended in 2020 and 2021. The 2020 amendment toughened penalties (modelled on New Zealand's drug law); trafficking and serious offences carry up to life imprisonment, and the precise article and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment (up to life). Tonga retains the death penalty in law for murder and treason under the Criminal Offences Act (abolitionist in practice, no execution since 1982), but its drug legislation does NOT provide a death penalty: a 2021 bill to extend the death penalty to serious drug trafficking was debated and REJECTED by the Legislative Assembly (the death-penalty provisions were withdrawn before the Illicit Drugs Control Bill passed 19-0), and a 2004 proposal to add the death penalty for drug possession was likewise defeated. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment (up to life).
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Tonga, drugs fall under the Illicit Drugs Control Act, as amended in 2020 and 2021. The 2020 amendment toughened penalties (modelled on New Zealand's drug law); trafficking and serious offences carry up to life imprisonment, and the precise article and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment (up to life). Tonga retains the death penalty in law for murder and treason under the Criminal Offences Act (abolitionist in practice, no execution since 1982), but its drug legislation does NOT provide a death penalty: a 2021 bill to extend the death penalty to serious drug trafficking was debated and REJECTED by the Legislative Assembly (the death-penalty provisions were withdrawn before the Illicit Drugs Control Bill passed 19-0), and a 2004 proposal to add the death penalty for drug possession was likewise defeated. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment (up to life). [reported, NOT enacted] A 2021 private member's bill proposed a mandatory death sentence for trafficking 5 kg or more of a Class A drug; it was rejected and is NOT law. Verify against the current statute. Cannabis is a controlled drug under the same Act, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

· Updated July 14, 2026

Kiribati

Legal status: Not confirmed, Kiribati's Penal Code / drug-control provisions is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for synthetic cannabinoids in Kiribati is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Kiribati's drug schedule; Kiribati's Penal Code / drug-control provisions is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Kiribati, drugs fall under the Penal Code / drug-control provisions. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise section and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. This cell is sourced via the Pacific Islands Legal Information Institute (paclii.org) with UNODC (unodc.org/cld) and Library of Congress corroboration.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Kiribati, drugs fall under the Penal Code / drug-control provisions. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise section and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. This cell is sourced via the Pacific Islands Legal Information Institute (paclii.org) with UNODC (unodc.org/cld) and Library of Congress corroboration. Cannabis is a controlled drug under the same provisions, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Kiribati Penal Code / drug-control provisions · paclii.org · unodc.org · loc.gov · Updated July 14, 2026

Tuvalu

Legal status: Not confirmed, Tuvalu's Penal Code / drug-control provisions is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for synthetic cannabinoids in Tuvalu is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Tuvalu's drug schedule; Tuvalu's Penal Code / drug-control provisions is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Tuvalu, drugs fall under the Penal Code / drug-control provisions. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise section and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. This cell is sourced via the Pacific Islands Legal Information Institute (paclii.org) with UNODC (unodc.org/cld) and Library of Congress corroboration.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Tuvalu, drugs fall under the Penal Code / drug-control provisions. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise section and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. This cell is sourced via the Pacific Islands Legal Information Institute (paclii.org) with UNODC (unodc.org/cld) and Library of Congress corroboration. Cannabis is a controlled drug under the same provisions, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Tuvalu Penal Code / drug-control provisions · paclii.org · unodc.org · loc.gov · Updated July 14, 2026

Marshall Islands

Legal status: Not confirmed, the Marshall Islands Revised Code (Title 25 / controlled-substances provisions) is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for synthetic cannabinoids in the Marshall Islands is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against the Marshall Islands' drug schedule; the Marshall Islands Revised Code (Title 25 / controlled-substances provisions) is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In the Marshall Islands, drugs fall under the Revised Code, Title 25 (controlled-substances provisions). Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise section and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. This cell is sourced via the Pacific Islands Legal Information Institute (paclii.org) with UNODC (unodc.org/cld) and Library of Congress corroboration.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In the Marshall Islands, drugs fall under the Revised Code, Title 25 (controlled-substances provisions). Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise section and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. This cell is sourced via the Pacific Islands Legal Information Institute (paclii.org) with UNODC (unodc.org/cld) and Library of Congress corroboration. Cannabis is a controlled drug under the same Code, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Marshall Islands Revised Code (Title 25 / controlled-substances provisions) · paclii.org · unodc.org · loc.gov · Updated July 14, 2026

Micronesia

Legal status: Not confirmed, the FSM Code Title 11 (Crimes) / controlled-substances provisions is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for synthetic cannabinoids in Micronesia is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Micronesia's drug schedule; the FSM Code Title 11 (Crimes) / controlled-substances provisions is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Micronesia (the Federated States of Micronesia), drugs fall under the FSM Code, Title 11 (Crimes) / controlled-substances provisions. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise section and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. This cell is sourced via the Pacific Islands Legal Information Institute (paclii.org) with UNODC (unodc.org/cld) and Library of Congress corroboration.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Micronesia (the Federated States of Micronesia), drugs fall under the FSM Code, Title 11 (Crimes) / controlled-substances provisions. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise section and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. This cell is sourced via the Pacific Islands Legal Information Institute (paclii.org) with UNODC (unodc.org/cld) and Library of Congress corroboration. Cannabis is a controlled drug under the same Code, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

FSM Code Title 11 (Crimes) / controlled-substances provisions · paclii.org · unodc.org · loc.gov · Updated July 14, 2026

Suriname

Legal status: Synthetic cannabinoids is an open chemical class rather than a substance, and its members are not listed in either annex. The particular molecule has to be identified before any entry can be applied, and the act provides nothing that would catch the class as a class. The text read for this cell is the consolidation that stops at S.B. 2002 no. 68, so it is twenty four years old. Article 3 lid 2 lets further middelen be designated by Staatsbesluit and article 3 lid 3 lets the Minister designate one at short notice with the approval of the Procureur-Generaal, and article 4 lid 2 does the same for lijst II. No register of those designations was located, so anything added since 2002 is outside what was read and this does not rule out a later designation.
Consequences if caught: Capital exposure: none. This act carries no death penalty and its heaviest sentence is levenslange gevangenisstraf, life imprisonment, under article 11 lid 1. Searched as 'synthetisch', 'JWH', 'cannabinoïde' and 'tetrahydrocannabinol'. Only the last returns, and it returns the single entry at lijst I onderdeel C with footnote 10, 'Met inbegrip van de (stereo-) isomeren'. A synthetic cannabinoid of the indole or indazole carboxamide families shares a receptor with tetrahydrocannabinol and shares no part of its structure, so it is not an isomer of the entry on any reading of that footnote. The act carries no analogue limb, no receptor based definition and no generic formula of the kind several countries have adopted for this class since 2002. 'Parahexyl' and 'DMHP' are printed in the same part and are early synthetic cannabinoids named individually, which shows the drafting method the act uses and its limit. One structural point governs how far an entry reaches. Only lijst I onderdeel A closes with the isomer, ester, ether and salt clauses; lijst I onderdeel B closes with an isomer and salt clause; and lijst I onderdeel C, lijst I onderdeel D and both parts of lijst II onderdeel A close with a single sentence, 'Preparaten die één of meer van vorengenoemde substanties bevatten', preparations containing one or more of the substances named above, and nothing else. There is no analogue limb and no definition by effect anywhere in the act. No offence in this act attaches to a middel that is not on lijst I or lijst II and has not been designated under article 3 lid 2, article 3 lid 3 or article 4 lid 2, because every prohibition in articles 3 and 4 is framed by reference to those lists and those designations, and the act contains no analogue limb and no definition by effect. If a designation has been made, the bands are the ones the act sets for the list the substance is put on. On lijst I, possession and use are article 3 lid 1 under C and carry at most thirteen years under article 11 lid 3, while supply, manufacture and the import, export and transit limb carry levenslange gevangenisstraf under article 11 lid 1. On lijst II, supply, possession and manufacture all carry at most thirteen years under article 11 lid 3 and only the import, export and transit limb carries levenslange gevangenisstraf. Because no register of designations was read, a reader cannot be told which of those applies, and that is why this row is left unresolved rather than reported as permitted.

North Korea

Legal status: Not confirmed, the DPRK Criminal Code (2013 revision and later amendments) is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for synthetic cannabinoids in North Korea is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against North Korea's drug schedule; the DPRK Criminal Code (2013 revision and later amendments) is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In North Korea, drugs fall under the Criminal Code of the DPRK (2013 revision and later amendments). The 2013 penal code revision designated illegal drug production a capital offence, and serious drug trafficking and smuggling are treated as grave crimes that can carry the death penalty; lower-level offences carry imprisonment or corrective labour. North Korea is among the small group of states with believed or confirmed drug-related executions in recent years (per the Harm Reduction International Global Overview); independent verification is constrained by extreme state opacity, and the specific Criminal Code article is left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for the gravest drug offences is death. A primary statute portal for DPRK law was not located; this cell is sourced via the Library of Congress Global Legal Monitor (loc.gov) and the UNODC legal database, with Harm Reduction International as a corroborating record.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In North Korea, drugs fall under the Criminal Code of the DPRK (2013 revision and later amendments). The 2013 penal code revision designated illegal drug production a capital offence, and serious drug trafficking and smuggling are treated as grave crimes that can carry the death penalty; lower-level offences carry imprisonment or corrective labour. North Korea is among the small group of states with believed or confirmed drug-related executions in recent years (per the Harm Reduction International Global Overview); independent verification is constrained by extreme state opacity, and the specific Criminal Code article is left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for the gravest drug offences is death. A primary statute portal for DPRK law was not located; this cell is sourced via the Library of Congress Global Legal Monitor (loc.gov) and the UNODC legal database, with Harm Reduction International as a corroborating record. Cannabis is a controlled drug under the same Criminal Code, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Criminal Code of the DPRK (2013 revision and later amendments) · loc.gov · Updated July 14, 2026

State of Palestine

Legal status: Not confirmed, the applicable Palestinian penal law (Gaza Strip military orders / West Bank Palestinian Authority framework) is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for synthetic cannabinoids in the State of Palestine is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against the State of Palestine's drug schedule; the applicable Palestinian penal law (Gaza Strip military orders / West Bank Palestinian Authority framework) is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In the State of Palestine, drug law differs by territory. In the Hamas-administered Gaza Strip, serious drug trafficking is a capital offence under military orders, and Gaza courts have sentenced people to death for drug trafficking (for example, four death sentences in 2022) with executions carried out. In the West Bank, the Palestinian Authority applies a different framework and maintains a longstanding execution moratorium. Harm Reduction International's 2023 Global Overview lists the State of Palestine among states retaining the death penalty for drug offences. The precise governing instrument and article are left to confirmation against the current law in each territory. [jurisdiction-split] Capital drug provisions are associated with the Hamas-administered Gaza Strip; the West Bank / Palestinian Authority framework differs and maintains an execution moratorium. Verify against the current governing law in each territory. A primary statute portal was not located; this cell is sourced via the Library of Congress Global Legal Monitor (loc.gov) and the UNODC legal database, with Harm Reduction International as a corroborating record.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In the State of Palestine, drug law differs by territory. In the Hamas-administered Gaza Strip, serious drug trafficking is a capital offence under military orders, and Gaza courts have sentenced people to death for drug trafficking (for example, four death sentences in 2022) with executions carried out. In the West Bank, the Palestinian Authority applies a different framework and maintains a longstanding execution moratorium. Harm Reduction International's 2023 Global Overview lists the State of Palestine among states retaining the death penalty for drug offences. The precise governing instrument and article are left to confirmation against the current law in each territory. [jurisdiction-split] Capital drug provisions are associated with the Hamas-administered Gaza Strip; the West Bank / Palestinian Authority framework differs and maintains an execution moratorium. Verify against the current governing law in each territory. A primary statute portal was not located; this cell is sourced via the Library of Congress Global Legal Monitor (loc.gov) and the UNODC legal database, with Harm Reduction International as a corroborating record. Cannabis is a controlled drug, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Antigua and Barbuda

Legal status: This is a class label and not one chemical entry, and no synthetic cannabinoid is named in the First Schedule. JWH-018, AM-2201, the HU series, the CP series, the CUMYL and FUBINACA families and the words synthetic cannabinoid each return nothing in the Act. Two printed routes were tested and neither clearly reaches them. Part IV defines 'cannabinol derivatives' as 'tetrahydro derivatives of cannabinol and 3-alkyl homologues of cannabinol or of its tetrahydro derivatives', and an indole or indazole carboxamide is neither, so the Class A route is closed. The section 2 definition of cannabis includes the plant's 'preparations, resin, derivatives and similar synthetic preparations', and how far that last phrase reaches is the whole question: read in the company of the words before it, it points at preparations similar to preparations of the plant, which these are not, since they are structurally unrelated compounds that share only a receptor. Read at its widest it could cover anything synthetic with a similar effect. The printed words do not settle which reading is right, and this cell does not pretend otherwise. Stated as at the First Schedule as printed in the Revised Edition read on 22 September 2026, whose amendment list ends at 1989.
Consequences if caught: Capital exposure: none. No provision of the Misuse of Drugs Act, Cap. 283 imposes a capital penalty. The heaviest term printed anywhere in it is 14 years, in the General column of the Second Schedule against section 10, and section 26 gives 10 years on conviction on indictment for import or export of a Class A or Class B drug. This Part placement is not printed in the dossier quotation, which cites only 'First Schedule, Parts I to III' as a search scope; it is read from the Act's own First Schedule. The First Schedule is printed in two columns, so the class is taken from the entry's position within its Part and not from the line it shares with the facing column. Where a constituent of a given sample is a controlled drug, the Second Schedule punishments attach to that constituent and not to the label. The Second Schedule gives the punishments, under section 25. Possession under section 6(2) carries, on summary conviction, 2 years and a fine of not less than 5,000 dollars and not exceeding 200,000 dollars, and on conviction on indictment 7 years and a fine. Production under section 5(2) carries, on summary conviction, 2 years and a fine of not less than 20,000 dollars and not exceeding 500,000 dollars, and on indictment 7 years and a fine. Supplying or offering to supply under section 5(3) carries, on summary conviction, 2 years and a fine of not less than 20,000 dollars and not exceeding 500,000 dollars, and on indictment 7 years and a fine. Possession with intent to supply under section 6(3) takes the same summary figures as section 5(3) and 7 years and a fine on indictment. Import and export are dealt with by section 26: on summary conviction a penalty of six times the value of the goods or not less than 20,000 dollars and not exceeding 200,000 dollars, whichever is the greater, together with 12 months, and on conviction on indictment a pecuniary penalty of such amount as the court may determine together with 10 years. The class decides less here than in the United Kingdom Act this one follows. Production, supply and possession carry the same summary figures for Class A, Class B and Class C, and the classes separate only on the indictment limb and on the money figures and the maximum for import and export. This is stated from the consolidated text of Cap. 283 in the Revised Edition of the Laws of Antigua and Barbuda, whose printed amendment list runs 21 of 1973, 5 of 1975, 10 of 1979, 9 of 1982, 11 of 1987 and 18 of 1989, read on 22 September 2026. Section 3(2) provides that the Minister may by Order make such amendments to the First Schedule or any part thereof as may be necessary, so an Order made after that consolidation is not excluded by this cell.

Barbados

Legal status: Under the Drug Abuse (Prevention and Control) Act, Cap. 131, enacted as Act 1990-14 and commenced 15 August 1990, read in the L.R.O. 1991 revised edition, the name resolves to a constituent question before it resolves to a legal one. The phrase names an open chemical class rather than one molecule, and the First Schedule schedules molecules. The only cannabinoid rows in Part II are the closed isomer list under «THC, Tetrahydrocannabinol», which reaches «the following isomers and their stereochemical variants» and no more, and «parahexyl» against «3-hexyl-7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-6,6,9-trimethyl-6H-dibenzo[b,d]pyran-1-ol». Part V of the First Schedule defines «cannabinol derivatives» as «tetrahydro derivatives of cannabinol and 3-alkyl homologues of cannobinol or of its tetrahydro derivatives», which is the nearest thing in the Act to a class clause. The expression is defined and then never used in Part I, Part II or Part III, so it controls nothing on the text as read. That is a finding about this Schedule and it is reported here rather than smoothed over. Section 3 makes a substance a controlled drug only by its presence in the First Schedule, and section 3(2) lets the Minister by order add to or remove from Parts I to III of that Schedule, after consultation with the Drug Formulary Committee under section 3(3) and subject to affirmative resolution under section 3(4). The edition read is the L.R.O. 1991 consolidation served by the Barbados law courts statute portal. No amending order or later revision was located on that portal, so anything made after that revision has not been read and is not asserted here.
Consequences if caught: Capital exposure: none. The Fourth Schedule, given effect by section 37, sets the punishment for every offence under the Act, and it was read row by row from the section 4(3) row to the section 35(3) row, which is its last. Not one row carries death. The heaviest punishment it prints anywhere is «Imprisonment for life» on indictment. Which Fourth Schedule row applies cannot be stated before the constituent is known, and the spread between the rows is the whole point. Simple possession of a controlled drug draws a fine of $250,000 or 5 years or both summarily. Trafficking draws imprisonment for life on indictment. A substance that is not a controlled drug at all draws nothing under this Act unless section 20 is engaged by holding it out as one. The closed wording of the isomer row is what fixes the outcome. A constituent that is one of the seven named isomers or a stereochemical variant brings a one gramme figure in column 2 of the Second Schedule with it, and a constituent outside that list brings nothing, with no intermediate position and no class clause to bridge the two. Section 39 then governs what the person has to have known. It applies to the possession, supply, importation and school radius offences and makes it a defence to prove that the accused «neither knew of nor suspected nor had reason to suspect the existence of some fact alleged by the prosecution», with subsection (3) narrowing that where the identity of the drug is what is in issue. Barbados retains capital punishment for murder in its general criminal law. This Act is not part of that and provides no death penalty for any drug offence, which is why the opening sentence reads as it does.

Dominica

Legal status: Synthetic cannabinoids is a market label covering many chemically distinct compounds, and the Act reaches a compound only through a printed entry or a printed definition. The only definition that could bear on the label is Part IV's, which defines «cannabinol derivatives» as tetrahydro derivatives of cannabinol and 3-alkyl homologues of cannabinol or of its tetrahydro derivatives. That is a closed description of the cannabinol skeleton. The indazole and indole carboxamides sold under this label are not built on that skeleton and are not reached by it, and no generic clause covering compounds by receptor activity appears anywhere in Parts I to III. So the label is answered compound by compound, and for the carboxamide families the answer from this instrument is that nothing places them. The compilation recorded «CANNABINOIDES SINTÉTICOS» as the printed entry for this row. That string does not appear anywhere in this Act; the Act is written in English and that record's quotation column is largely in another language, which is a property of the record rather than of the instrument, so it is reported here and is not offered as a quotation from the Act. The reading is stated as at the revision note «L.R.O. 1/1991» printed in the footer of those pages; section 4(3) lets the Minister amend Parts I to III by Order and this consolidation reproduces none made after that note.
Consequences if caught: Capital exposure: none. The word death appears nowhere in this Act, counted across the whole 64 page chapter. The ceiling, however, is not in the Fourth Schedule: every limb of that Schedule stops at fourteen years and $200,000, and section 16 sits outside it carrying imprisonment for life. What a sample of this label attracts depends on what it is shown to contain, and the Fourth Schedule sets every maximum by the class of drug involved. For a Class A constituent, possession under section 7(2) carries eighteen months and $50,000 on summary conviction and three years and $100,000 on indictment and possession with intent to supply under section 7(3) carries three years and $100,000 on summary conviction and fourteen years and $200,000 on indictment. For a Class B constituent the possession figures are twelve months and $10,000 on summary conviction and two years and $20,000 on indictment, and for a Class C constituent six months and $10,000 on summary conviction and two years and $20,000 on indictment. Section 7(4) carries the only quantity figures in the Act and it names five substances: more than two grammes of diacetylmorphine, one gramme of cocaine, fifty-five grammes of opium, three grammes of morphine, and for cannabis or cannabis resin twenty-eight grammes, a figure the 1991 consolidation prints as fifteen and which Act No. 16 of 2020 raised, so a quantity presumption attaches only where a sample is shown to be one of those five. Section 29 makes the analyst's certificate admissible in evidence and it is the step that decides which column applies. Section 16 is where the real maximum lives and it is not among the offences the Fourth Schedule prosecutes. Section 16(2) reaches a drug trafficking offence, or possession of a controlled drug for the purpose of drug trafficking, committed in any school, prison or military premises; section 16(5) reaches the same two offences where the person uses violence, corrupts or attempts to corrupt an official of the State, or uses a child as carrier. Each carries on summary conviction a fine of one hundred and fifty thousand dollars, or three times the street value of the drug where there is evidence of it and that is greater, together with imprisonment which may extend to fifteen years but shall not be less than seven; and on conviction on indictment, imprisonment for life. Section 16(3) adds that a person found in possession of a controlled drug in any school premises is deemed to have it for the purpose of drug trafficking unless the contrary is proved, with the burden on the accused, and section 16(4) extends school premises to playing fields and other premises maintained for pupils whether or not within the curtilage of the school. Section 17(4) separately punishes handling the proceeds of drug trafficking with fourteen years and fifty thousand dollars on indictment. These figures are the ones the Fourth Schedule carries in the consolidation read, whose Schedule pages are authorised to «L.R.O. 1/1991». They are stated as at that authorisation and not as a claim about today: an amendment can lower or remove a penalty as readily as an Order under section 4(3) can add a substance, and one such amendment has been found and read. One later amendment was found, read in full and is relied on here: the Drugs (Prevention of Misuse) (Amendment) Act 2020, Act No. 16 of 2020, assented to and gazetted on 30 October 2020. It amends section 7(4), inserts new sections 7A and 7B and amends section 8, and it does not touch the Third Schedule, so it moves the cannabis possession rules without moving any substance between the Parts. Its existence is the measured proof that the consolidation held here is not current, which is why an absence from that consolidation is not published as a finding.

Grenada

Legal status: Synthetic cannabinoid is a family label, and no member of the family and no generic clause capable of catching one appears in the First Schedule as that schedule stands as at SRO 16 of 2011. Section 3(2) lets the Minister amend the First Schedule by Order subject to affirmative resolution, so the printed schedule is not the last word and no Order later than SRO 16 of 2011 was read here.
Consequences if caught: Capital exposure: none. Searched as 'synthetic cannabinoid', 'JWH', 'AM-2201', 'UR-144', 'naphthoyl', 'indole' and 'Spice'. None returns a hit. The one place the act comes near the family is the Part IV definition of 'cannabinol derivatives', which reads 'tetrahydro derivatives of cannabinol and 3-alkyl homologues of cannabinol or of its tetrahydro derivatives'. That expression is defined and then never used: no Part of the First Schedule refers to it, so it controls nothing on its own, and the indole and indazole cannabinoids are not tetrahydro derivatives of cannabinol in any event. No offence in this act reaches it, because every offence in Parts II to V is framed in relation to a controlled drug and section 3(1) confines that expression to the three Parts of the First Schedule. Section 3(1) defines a controlled drug exhaustively as a narcotic drug listed in Part I of the First Schedule, a psychotropic substance listed in Part II, or a listed substance listed in Part III. There is no analogue limb and no definition by effect. The Part of the First Schedule named in this cell is read from the act itself and is not printed in the quoted dossier extract, which cites the schedule only as Parts I to IV.
If prescribed / medical: Not a controlled drug under this act, so the section 12 and section 24 prescription machinery for controlled drugs does not reach the synthetic cannabinoids. Whether it is regulated as a medicine or as a consumer product under Grenada's separate pharmacy and medicines law was not established here.
Documentation: No controlled drug documentation requirement arises under this act, because the substance is outside it. Carry any prescribed medicine in its original pharmacy packaging with the prescription. No local traveller permit scheme was established here.

Drug Abuse (Prevention and Control) Act, Chapter 84A of the Laws of Grenada, Act No. 7 of 1992 as amended by SRO 16 of 2011, sections 2, 3, 6, 12, 18, 21, 24 and 37, the First Schedule Parts I to IV, the Second Schedule and the Fifth Schedule, read as at SRO 16 of 2011 · laws.gov.gd · Updated September 21, 2026

Saint Kitts and Nevis

Legal status: Not confirmed, Saint Kitts and Nevis's Drugs (Prevention and Abatement of the Misuse and Abuse) Act is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for synthetic cannabinoids in Saint Kitts and Nevis is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Saint Kitts and Nevis's drug schedule; Saint Kitts and Nevis's Drugs (Prevention and Abatement of the Misuse and Abuse) Act is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Saint Kitts and Nevis, drugs fall under Saint Kitts and Nevis's Drugs (Prevention and Abatement of the Misuse and Abuse) Act. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise section and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. Saint Kitts and Nevis retains the death penalty in law for murder (abolitionist in practice), but its drug legislation does not provide a death penalty, the maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. A primary statute portal was not located; this cell is sourced via the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) and the Library of Congress pending a primary portal.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Saint Kitts and Nevis, drugs fall under Saint Kitts and Nevis's Drugs (Prevention and Abatement of the Misuse and Abuse) Act. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise section and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. Saint Kitts and Nevis retains the death penalty in law for murder (abolitionist in practice), but its drug legislation does not provide a death penalty, the maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. A primary statute portal was not located; this cell is sourced via the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) and the Library of Congress pending a primary portal. Cannabis is a controlled drug under the same Act, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Saint Kitts and Nevis's Drugs (Prevention and Abatement of the Misuse and Abuse) Act · unodc.org · loc.gov · Updated July 14, 2026

Saint Lucia

Legal status: Not a named entry in Schedule 2 to the Drugs (Prevention of Misuse) Act, Cap. 3.02, in any of Part I, Part II or Part III, as the act stands in the Revised Edition showing the law as at 31 December 2021. The search terms synthetic cannabinoid, JWH, AM-2201, AB-FUBINACA, spice, indazole and carboxamide all return zero across the whole act. Synthetic cannabinoid is a family label rather than a substance, and no member of the family is printed in Part I, Part II or Part III. The only cannabinoid clause in the schedule is the Part IV definition of 'cannabinol derivatives', which is confined to tetrahydro derivatives of cannabinol and 3-alkyl homologues of cannabinol or of its tetrahydro derivatives, and an indazole carboxamide or a naphthoylindole is structurally unrelated to cannabinol. Section 4(2) lets the Minister amend Schedule 2 by statutory instrument after consultation with or on the recommendation of the Advisory Council, and section 49 lets the Minister amend the Schedules by order, so the printed schedule is not the last word. No statutory instrument later than the Revised Edition showing the law as at 31 December 2021 was read here, and no index of Saint Lucia statutory instruments could be enumerated, so that is a real limit on this cell and not a form of words.
Consequences if caught: Capital exposure: none. Section 4(1)(a) confines the expression controlled drugs to a substance or product specified in Part I, Part II or Part III of Schedule 2, and every offence in sections 5, 6, 8 and 12 and every punishment in Schedule 3 is keyed to a controlled drug. A substance outside Schedule 2 therefore attracts no offence and no penalty under this act, and no trafficking ceiling under section 25. Synthetic cannabinoid is a family label rather than a substance, and no member of the family is printed in Part I, Part II or Part III. The only cannabinoid clause in the schedule is the Part IV definition of 'cannabinol derivatives', which is confined to tetrahydro derivatives of cannabinol and 3-alkyl homologues of cannabinol or of its tetrahydro derivatives, and an indazole carboxamide or a naphthoylindole is structurally unrelated to cannabinol. This is an absence finding about Schedule 2 as printed in the Revised Edition showing the law as at 31 December 2021, not a statement that the substance is unregulated by any other Saint Lucia law, and no other Saint Lucia law was read here.
If prescribed / medical: Not a controlled drug under this act, so the practitioner exemption route in section 10(3) and the prescription regulation power in section 21(2)(g) do not reach it. Whether it is an authorised or a prescription only medicine in Saint Lucia turns on medicines and pharmacy law that was not read here.
Documentation: The act puts no documentation duty on a private traveller and none at all on a substance outside Schedule 2. Sections 15 to 18 govern controlled drugs brought into Saint Lucia in transit under an export authorisation or diversion certificate, and section 21(2)(b) and (c) put documentation and record keeping on the trade in controlled drugs. Carry any prescribed medicine in its original pharmacy packaging with the prescription as ordinary practice.

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

Legal status: Not confirmed, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines' Drugs (Prevention of Misuse) Act is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for synthetic cannabinoids in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Saint Vincent and the Grenadines's drug schedule; Saint Vincent and the Grenadines' Drugs (Prevention of Misuse) Act is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, drugs fall under Saint Vincent and the Grenadines' Drugs (Prevention of Misuse) Act. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise section and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. Saint Vincent and the Grenadines retains the death penalty in law for murder (abolitionist in practice), but its drug legislation does not provide a death penalty, the maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. A primary statute portal was not located; this cell is sourced via the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) and the Library of Congress pending a primary portal.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, drugs fall under Saint Vincent and the Grenadines' Drugs (Prevention of Misuse) Act. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise section and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. Saint Vincent and the Grenadines retains the death penalty in law for murder (abolitionist in practice), but its drug legislation does not provide a death penalty, the maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. A primary statute portal was not located; this cell is sourced via the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) and the Library of Congress pending a primary portal. Cannabis is a controlled drug under the same Act, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines' Drugs (Prevention of Misuse) Act · unodc.org · loc.gov · Updated July 14, 2026

Haiti

Legal status: Not confirmed, Haiti's drug-control law / Penal Code drug provisions is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for synthetic cannabinoids in Haiti is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Haiti's drug schedule; Haiti's drug-control law / Penal Code drug provisions is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Haiti, drugs fall under Haiti's drug-control law / Penal Code drug provisions. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise article and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. A primary statute portal was not located; this cell is sourced via the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) and the Library of Congress pending a primary portal.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Haiti, drugs fall under Haiti's drug-control law / Penal Code drug provisions. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise article and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. A primary statute portal was not located; this cell is sourced via the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) and the Library of Congress pending a primary portal. Cannabis is a controlled drug under the same law, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Haiti's drug-control law / Penal Code drug provisions · unodc.org · loc.gov · Updated July 14, 2026

Sao Tome and Principe

Legal status: Not confirmed, Sao Tome and Principe's Lusophone Penal Code / drug-control law is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for synthetic cannabinoids in Sao Tome and Principe is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Sao Tome and Principe's drug schedule; Sao Tome and Principe's Lusophone Penal Code / drug-control law is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Sao Tome and Principe, drugs fall under Sao Tome and Principe's Lusophone Penal Code / drug-control law. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise article and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. A primary statute portal was not located; this cell is sourced via the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) and the Library of Congress pending a primary portal.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Sao Tome and Principe, drugs fall under Sao Tome and Principe's Lusophone Penal Code / drug-control law. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise article and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. A primary statute portal was not located; this cell is sourced via the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) and the Library of Congress pending a primary portal. Cannabis is a controlled drug under the same law, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Sao Tome and Principe's Lusophone Penal Code / drug-control law · unodc.org · loc.gov · Updated July 14, 2026

Holy See

Legal status: Not confirmed, Vatican City State criminal law (Law No. CCXCVII and related) is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for synthetic cannabinoids in the Holy See is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against the Holy See's drug schedule; Vatican City State criminal law (Law No. CCXCVII and related) is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In the Holy See, drugs fall under Vatican City State criminal law (Law No. CCXCVII and related). Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise article and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. Vatican City is a very small jurisdiction with minimal independent drug caselaw; this cell asserts controlled status conservatively, and the precise provision and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current law. A primary statute portal was not located; this cell is sourced via the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) and the Library of Congress pending a primary portal.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In the Holy See, drugs fall under Vatican City State criminal law (Law No. CCXCVII and related). Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise article and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. Vatican City is a very small jurisdiction with minimal independent drug caselaw; this cell asserts controlled status conservatively, and the precise provision and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current law. A primary statute portal was not located; this cell is sourced via the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) and the Library of Congress pending a primary portal. Cannabis is a controlled drug under the same law, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Vatican City State criminal law (Law No. CCXCVII and related) · unodc.org · loc.gov · Updated July 14, 2026

Puerto Rico (US)

Legal status: Not confirmed, Puerto Rico's Controlled Substances Act (Ley de Sustancias Controladas de Puerto Rico, 24 LPRA) is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for synthetic cannabinoids in Puerto Rico is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Puerto Rico's drug schedule; Puerto Rico's Controlled Substances Act (Ley de Sustancias Controladas de Puerto Rico, 24 LPRA) is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Puerto Rico, drugs fall under the Controlled Substances Act of Puerto Rico (Ley de Sustancias Controladas de Puerto Rico, 24 LPRA), the territory's own statute, distinct from the US federal Controlled Substances Act. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise article and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. This cell is sourced via the Library of Congress and the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) pending a clean territory-primary statute portal.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Puerto Rico, drugs fall under the Controlled Substances Act of Puerto Rico (Ley de Sustancias Controladas de Puerto Rico, 24 LPRA), the territory's own statute, distinct from the US federal Controlled Substances Act. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise article and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. This cell is sourced via the Library of Congress and the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) pending a clean territory-primary statute portal. Cannabis is controlled under the same Act with a regulated medical-cannabis exception: medical cannabis is legal for registered patients under Puerto Rico's 2015 medical-cannabis law, while recreational use, sale and cultivation remain prohibited. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Controlled Substances Act of Puerto Rico (Ley de Sustancias Controladas de Puerto Rico, 24 LPRA) · 2015 medical-cannabis law · loc.gov · unodc.org · Updated July 14, 2026

Guam (US)

Legal status: Not confirmed, Guam's Uniform Controlled Substances Act (9 GCA Chapter 67) is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for synthetic cannabinoids in Guam is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Guam's drug schedule; Guam's Uniform Controlled Substances Act (9 GCA Chapter 67) is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Guam, drugs fall under the Guam Uniform Controlled Substances Act (9 GCA Chapter 67), the territory's own statute. Trafficking and unlicensed supply carry imprisonment together with a fine; the precise section and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. This cell is sourced via the Guam Compiler of Laws (guamcourts.gov) with Library of Congress corroboration.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Guam, drugs fall under the Guam Uniform Controlled Substances Act (9 GCA Chapter 67), the territory's own statute. Trafficking and unlicensed supply carry imprisonment together with a fine; the precise section and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. This cell is sourced via the Guam Compiler of Laws (guamcourts.gov) with Library of Congress corroboration. Cannabis is treated differently from other controlled drugs: it is legal for adults 21 and over under the Guam Cannabis Industry Act of 2019, alongside the medical-cannabis programme (Public Law 34-80), with a regulated retail market; sale outside the licensed system remains an offence. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Guam Uniform Controlled Substances Act (9 GCA Chapter 67) · Guam Cannabis Industry Act of 2019 · Public Law 34-80 (medical cannabis) · guamcourts.gov · loc.gov · Updated July 14, 2026

U.S. Virgin Islands (US)

Legal status: Not confirmed, the U.S. Virgin Islands Code (Title 19) controlled-substances provisions is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for synthetic cannabinoids in the U.S. Virgin Islands is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against the U.S. Virgin Islands' drug schedule; the U.S. Virgin Islands Code (Title 19) controlled-substances provisions is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In the U.S. Virgin Islands, drugs fall under the Virgin Islands Code (Title 19) controlled-substances provisions, the territory's own statute. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise section and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. This cell is sourced via the Library of Congress and the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) pending a clean territory-primary statute portal.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In the U.S. Virgin Islands, drugs fall under the Virgin Islands Code (Title 19) controlled-substances provisions, the territory's own statute. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise section and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. This cell is sourced via the Library of Congress and the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) pending a clean territory-primary statute portal. Cannabis is treated differently from other controlled drugs: medical cannabis is legal under the Virgin Islands Medical Cannabis Patient Care Act (2019) and personal-possession of small amounts has been decriminalized, while non-medical sale and cultivation remain prohibited. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Virgin Islands Code Title 19 (controlled substances) · Virgin Islands Medical Cannabis Patient Care Act 2019 · loc.gov · unodc.org · Updated July 14, 2026

Northern Mariana Islands (US)

Legal status: Not confirmed, the Northern Mariana Islands' Commonwealth controlled-substances code is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for synthetic cannabinoids in the Northern Mariana Islands is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against the Northern Mariana Islands' drug schedule; the Northern Mariana Islands' Commonwealth controlled-substances code is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In the Northern Mariana Islands, drugs fall under the Commonwealth's own controlled-substances code. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise section and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. This cell is sourced via the Library of Congress and the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) pending a clean territory-primary statute portal.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In the Northern Mariana Islands, drugs fall under the Commonwealth's own controlled-substances code. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise section and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. This cell is sourced via the Library of Congress and the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) pending a clean territory-primary statute portal. Cannabis is treated differently from other controlled drugs: it is legal for adults 21 and over under the Taulamwaar Sensible CNMI Cannabis Act of 2018, which authorizes personal possession, cultivation and a regulated adult-use market; no separate medical-cannabis programme is authorized, and sale outside the licensed system remains an offence. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Taulamwaar Sensible CNMI Cannabis Act of 2018 · Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands controlled-substances code · loc.gov · unodc.org · Updated July 14, 2026

American Samoa (US)

Legal status: Not confirmed, the American Samoa Code Annotated (Title 13) controlled-substances provisions is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for synthetic cannabinoids in American Samoa is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against American Samoa's drug schedule; the American Samoa Code Annotated (Title 13) controlled-substances provisions is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In American Samoa, drugs fall under the American Samoa Code Annotated (Title 13) controlled-substances provisions, the territory's own statute, among the harshest of any US jurisdiction. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise section and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. This cell is sourced via the Library of Congress and the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) pending a clean territory-primary statute portal.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In American Samoa, drugs fall under the American Samoa Code Annotated (Title 13) controlled-substances provisions, the territory's own statute, among the harshest of any US jurisdiction. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise section and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. This cell is sourced via the Library of Congress and the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) pending a clean territory-primary statute portal. Cannabis is a controlled drug under the same Title 13 provisions, fully prohibited with no medical or recreational regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

American Samoa Code Annotated Title 13 (controlled substances) · loc.gov · unodc.org · Updated July 14, 2026

Bermuda (UK)

Legal status: Not confirmed, Bermuda's Misuse of Drugs Act 1972 (as amended) is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for synthetic cannabinoids in Bermuda is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Bermuda's drug schedule; Bermuda's Misuse of Drugs Act 1972 (as amended) is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Bermuda, drugs fall under the Misuse of Drugs Act 1972 (as amended), Bermuda's own statute. Supply, cultivation and trafficking carry imprisonment together with a fine; the precise section and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. This cell is sourced via the Bermuda statute portal (bpa.bm) with Library of Congress corroboration.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Bermuda, drugs fall under the Misuse of Drugs Act 1972 (as amended), Bermuda's own statute. Supply, cultivation and trafficking carry imprisonment together with a fine; the precise section and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. This cell is sourced via the Bermuda statute portal (bpa.bm) with Library of Congress corroboration. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Bermuda Misuse of Drugs Act 1972 (as amended by the Misuse of Drugs Amendment Act 2017) · bpa.bm · loc.gov · Updated July 14, 2026

Cayman Islands (UK)

Legal status: Not confirmed, the Cayman Islands' Misuse of Drugs Act (2026 Revision) is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for synthetic cannabinoids in the Cayman Islands is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against the Cayman Islands' drug schedule; the Cayman Islands' Misuse of Drugs Act (2026 Revision) is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In the Cayman Islands, drugs fall under the Misuse of Drugs Act (2026 Revision), the territory's own statute, enforced with a zero-tolerance import policy. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise section and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. This cell is sourced via the Cayman Islands legislation portal (legislation.gov.ky) with Library of Congress corroboration.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In the Cayman Islands, drugs fall under the Misuse of Drugs Act (2026 Revision), the territory's own statute, enforced with a zero-tolerance import policy. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise section and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. This cell is sourced via the Cayman Islands legislation portal (legislation.gov.ky) with Library of Congress corroboration. Cannabis is treated differently from other controlled drugs: medical cannabis and CBD products are permitted only on local prescription (since 2017), while recreational cannabis is fully prohibited under zero-tolerance enforcement, possession carries a fine up to CI$3,000 and up to 3 years' imprisonment, and importation a fine up to CI$20,000 and up to 7 years on first conviction. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Cayman Islands Misuse of Drugs Act (2026 Revision) · legislation.gov.ky · loc.gov · Updated July 14, 2026

Gibraltar (UK)

Legal status: Not confirmed, Gibraltar's Crimes Act 2011 (drug offences) is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for synthetic cannabinoids in Gibraltar is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Gibraltar's drug schedule; Gibraltar's Crimes Act 2011 (drug offences) is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Gibraltar, drugs fall under the Crimes Act 2011 (drug offences), Gibraltar's own statute. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise section and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. This cell is sourced via the Gibraltar Laws portal (gibraltarlaws.gov.gi) with Library of Congress corroboration.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Gibraltar, drugs fall under the Crimes Act 2011 (drug offences), Gibraltar's own statute. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise section and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. This cell is sourced via the Gibraltar Laws portal (gibraltarlaws.gov.gi) with Library of Congress corroboration. Cannabis is treated differently from other controlled drugs: recreational cannabis is illegal, while medical cannabis has been permitted since October 2019 under prescription; sale and cultivation outside the medical framework remain prohibited. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Gibraltar Crimes Act 2011 (drug offences) · gibraltarlaws.gov.gi · loc.gov · Updated July 14, 2026

British Virgin Islands (UK)

Legal status: Not confirmed, the British Virgin Islands' Drugs (Prevention of Misuse) Act is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for synthetic cannabinoids in the British Virgin Islands is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against the British Virgin Islands' drug schedule; the British Virgin Islands' Drugs (Prevention of Misuse) Act is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In the British Virgin Islands, drugs fall under the Drugs (Prevention of Misuse) Act, the territory's own statute. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise section and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. This cell is sourced via the BVI Financial Services Commission legislation portal (bvifsc.vg) with Library of Congress corroboration.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In the British Virgin Islands, drugs fall under the Drugs (Prevention of Misuse) Act, the territory's own statute. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise section and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. This cell is sourced via the BVI Financial Services Commission legislation portal (bvifsc.vg) with Library of Congress corroboration. Cannabis is treated differently from other controlled drugs: the Cannabis Licensing Act 2020 establishes a regulated cannabis-licensing framework (medical, research and religious use), while unlicensed recreational possession, sale and cultivation remain restricted. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

British Virgin Islands Drugs (Prevention of Misuse) Act (Revised Edition) · Cannabis Licensing Act 2020 · bvifsc.vg · loc.gov · Updated July 14, 2026

Turks and Caicos Islands (UK)

Legal status: Not confirmed, the Turks and Caicos Islands' Control of Drugs Ordinance is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for synthetic cannabinoids in the Turks and Caicos Islands is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against the Turks and Caicos Islands' drug schedule; the Turks and Caicos Islands' Control of Drugs Ordinance is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In the Turks and Caicos Islands, drugs fall under the Control of Drugs Ordinance, the territory's own statute. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise section and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. This cell is sourced via the Library of Congress and the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) pending a clean territory-primary statute portal.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In the Turks and Caicos Islands, drugs fall under the Control of Drugs Ordinance, the territory's own statute. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise section and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. This cell is sourced via the Library of Congress and the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) pending a clean territory-primary statute portal. Cannabis and cannabis resin are Class B controlled drugs (Part II) under the same Ordinance, fully prohibited with no medical or recreational regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Turks and Caicos Islands Control of Drugs Ordinance · loc.gov · unodc.org · Updated July 14, 2026

Jersey (UK Crown Dependency)

Legal status: Not confirmed, the Misuse of Drugs (Jersey) Law 1978 is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for synthetic cannabinoids in Jersey is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Jersey's drug schedule; the Misuse of Drugs (Jersey) Law 1978 is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Jersey, drugs fall under the Misuse of Drugs (Jersey) Law 1978, the Bailiwick's own statute, built on the UK-model Class A/B/C system. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise article and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. This cell is sourced via the Jersey Legal Information Board (jerseylaw.je) with Library of Congress corroboration.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Jersey, drugs fall under the Misuse of Drugs (Jersey) Law 1978, the Bailiwick's own statute, built on the UK-model Class A/B/C system. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise article and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. This cell is sourced via the Jersey Legal Information Board (jerseylaw.je) with Library of Congress corroboration. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Misuse of Drugs (Jersey) Law 1978 · jerseylaw.je · loc.gov · Updated July 14, 2026

Guernsey (UK Crown Dependency)

Legal status: Not confirmed, the Misuse of Drugs (Bailiwick of Guernsey) Law 1974 is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for synthetic cannabinoids in Guernsey is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Guernsey's drug schedule; the Misuse of Drugs (Bailiwick of Guernsey) Law 1974 is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Guernsey, drugs fall under the Misuse of Drugs (Bailiwick of Guernsey) Law 1974, the Bailiwick's own statute, built on the UK-model Class A/B/C system. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise article and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. This cell is sourced via Guernsey Legal Resources (guernseylegalresources.gg) with Library of Congress corroboration.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Guernsey, drugs fall under the Misuse of Drugs (Bailiwick of Guernsey) Law 1974, the Bailiwick's own statute, built on the UK-model Class A/B/C system. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise article and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. This cell is sourced via Guernsey Legal Resources (guernseylegalresources.gg) with Library of Congress corroboration. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Misuse of Drugs (Bailiwick of Guernsey) Law 1974 · guernseylegalresources.gg · loc.gov · Updated July 14, 2026

Isle of Man (UK Crown Dependency)

Legal status: Not confirmed, the Isle of Man's Misuse of Drugs Act is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for synthetic cannabinoids in the Isle of Man is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against the Isle of Man's drug schedule; the Isle of Man's Misuse of Drugs Act is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In the Isle of Man, drugs fall under the Island's own Misuse of Drugs Act, which replicates the UK Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (Schedule 2 Classes A/B/C, administered by the Island's own ACMD). Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise section and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. This cell is sourced via the Isle of Man Government legislation portal (gov.im) with Library of Congress corroboration.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In the Isle of Man, drugs fall under the Island's own Misuse of Drugs Act, which replicates the UK Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (Schedule 2 Classes A/B/C, administered by the Island's own ACMD). Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise section and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. This cell is sourced via the Isle of Man Government legislation portal (gov.im) with Library of Congress corroboration. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Isle of Man Misuse of Drugs Act (Schedule 2 Classes A/B/C) · gov.im · loc.gov · Updated July 14, 2026

Montserrat (UK)

Legal status: Not confirmed, Montserrat's Drugs (Prevention of Misuse) Act is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for synthetic cannabinoids in Montserrat is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Montserrat's drug schedule; Montserrat's Drugs (Prevention of Misuse) Act is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Montserrat, drugs fall under the Drugs (Prevention of Misuse) Act/Ordinance, a UK-model statute. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise section and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. This cell is sourced via the Library of Congress and the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) pending a clean territory-primary statute portal.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Montserrat, drugs fall under the Drugs (Prevention of Misuse) Act/Ordinance, a UK-model statute. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise section and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. This cell is sourced via the Library of Congress and the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) pending a clean territory-primary statute portal. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Montserrat Drugs (Prevention of Misuse) Act / Ordinance · loc.gov · unodc.org · Updated July 14, 2026

Anguilla (UK)

Legal status: Not confirmed, the Misuse of Drugs Act (Anguilla) is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for synthetic cannabinoids in Anguilla is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Anguilla's drug schedule; the Misuse of Drugs Act (Anguilla) is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Anguilla, drugs fall under the Misuse of Drugs Act (Anguilla), a UK-model statute. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise section and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. This cell is sourced via the Library of Congress and the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) pending a clean territory-primary statute portal.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Anguilla, drugs fall under the Misuse of Drugs Act (Anguilla), a UK-model statute. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise section and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. This cell is sourced via the Library of Congress and the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) pending a clean territory-primary statute portal. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Misuse of Drugs Act (Anguilla) · cannabis decriminalization effective 1 December 2024 · loc.gov · unodc.org · Updated July 14, 2026

Aruba (Netherlands)

Legal status: Not confirmed, Aruba's Criminal Code and narcotics (opium) ordinance is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for synthetic cannabinoids in Aruba is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Aruba's drug schedule; Aruba's Criminal Code and narcotics (opium) ordinance is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Aruba, drugs fall under Aruba's own Criminal Code and narcotics (opium) ordinance, Aruba has been an autonomous country within the Kingdom of the Netherlands since 1986 and, unlike the European Netherlands, operates NO coffeeshop tolerance. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise provision and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current law. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. This cell is sourced via the Library of Congress and the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) pending a clean territory-primary statute portal.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Aruba, drugs fall under Aruba's own Criminal Code and narcotics (opium) ordinance, Aruba has been an autonomous country within the Kingdom of the Netherlands since 1986 and, unlike the European Netherlands, operates NO coffeeshop tolerance. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise provision and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current law. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. This cell is sourced via the Library of Congress and the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) pending a clean territory-primary statute portal. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Aruba Criminal Code / narcotics (opium) ordinance · loc.gov · unodc.org · Updated July 14, 2026

Curaçao (Netherlands)

Legal status: Not confirmed, Curaçao's Opium Ordinance is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for synthetic cannabinoids in Curaçao is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Curaçao's drug schedule; Curaçao's Opium Ordinance is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Curaçao, drugs fall under Curaçao's own Opium Ordinance, distinct from the European Netherlands' tolerance regime. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine, and cocaine/heroin/MDMA offences draw severe sentences; the precise provision and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current ordinance. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. This cell is sourced via the Library of Congress and the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) pending a clean territory-primary statute portal.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Curaçao, drugs fall under Curaçao's own Opium Ordinance, distinct from the European Netherlands' tolerance regime. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine, and cocaine/heroin/MDMA offences draw severe sentences; the precise provision and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current ordinance. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. This cell is sourced via the Library of Congress and the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) pending a clean territory-primary statute portal. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Curaçao Opium Ordinance · loc.gov · unodc.org · Updated July 14, 2026

Sint Maarten (Netherlands)

Legal status: Not confirmed, Sint Maarten's Opium National Ordinance of 1960 is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for synthetic cannabinoids in Sint Maarten is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Sint Maarten's drug schedule; Sint Maarten's Opium National Ordinance of 1960 is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Sint Maarten, drugs fall under the Opium National Ordinance of 1960, covering both hard and soft drugs. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise provision and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current ordinance. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. This cell is sourced via the Library of Congress and the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) pending a clean territory-primary statute portal.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Sint Maarten, drugs fall under the Opium National Ordinance of 1960, covering both hard and soft drugs. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise provision and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current ordinance. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. This cell is sourced via the Library of Congress and the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) pending a clean territory-primary statute portal. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Sint Maarten Opium National Ordinance of 1960 · loc.gov · unodc.org · Updated July 14, 2026

French Polynesia (France)

Legal status: Not confirmed, the French Code de la santé publique (narcotics provisions) as applied in French Polynesia is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for synthetic cannabinoids in French Polynesia is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against French Polynesia's drug schedule; the French Code de la santé publique (narcotics provisions) as applied in French Polynesia is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In French Polynesia, drugs fall under the French Code de la santé publique (narcotics provisions) as applied in the territory (with local island variation in enforcement). Trafficking carries up to 30 years' imprisonment and a fine up to EUR 150,000 under the French penalty structure; the precise classification is left to confirmation against the current Code. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. This cell is sourced via Légifrance (legifrance.gouv.fr) and the Library of Congress with UNODC corroboration.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In French Polynesia, drugs fall under the French Code de la santé publique (narcotics provisions) as applied in the territory (with local island variation in enforcement). Trafficking carries up to 30 years' imprisonment and a fine up to EUR 150,000 under the French penalty structure; the precise classification is left to confirmation against the current Code. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. This cell is sourced via Légifrance (legifrance.gouv.fr) and the Library of Congress with UNODC corroboration. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

French Code de la santé publique (narcotics provisions) applied in French Polynesia · legifrance.gouv.fr · loc.gov · unodc.org · Updated July 14, 2026

New Caledonia (France)

Legal status: Not confirmed, the French Code de la santé publique (narcotics provisions) as applied in New Caledonia is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for synthetic cannabinoids in New Caledonia is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against New Caledonia's drug schedule; the French Code de la santé publique (narcotics provisions) as applied in New Caledonia is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In New Caledonia, drugs fall under the French Code de la santé publique (narcotics provisions) as applied in the territory. Trafficking carries up to 30 years' imprisonment and a fine up to EUR 150,000 under the French penalty structure; the precise classification is left to confirmation against the current Code. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. This cell is sourced via the Library of Congress and the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) pending a clean territory-primary statute portal.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In New Caledonia, drugs fall under the French Code de la santé publique (narcotics provisions) as applied in the territory. Trafficking carries up to 30 years' imprisonment and a fine up to EUR 150,000 under the French penalty structure; the precise classification is left to confirmation against the current Code. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. This cell is sourced via the Library of Congress and the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) pending a clean territory-primary statute portal. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

French Code de la santé publique (narcotics provisions) applied in New Caledonia · loc.gov · unodc.org · Updated July 14, 2026

Caribbean Netherlands (BES)

Legal status: Not confirmed, the BES narcotics law (the old-Antillean Opium Ordinance applied through the WvS-BES penal framework) is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for synthetic cannabinoids in the Caribbean Netherlands (BES) is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against the Caribbean Netherlands' drug schedule; the BES narcotics law (the old-Antillean Opium Ordinance applied through the WvS-BES penal framework) is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In the Caribbean Netherlands (Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba, the BES islands), drugs fall under the old-Antillean narcotics law applied through the WvS-BES penal framework, NOT the European Netherlands' Opium-Act tolerance, penalties are HARSHER than in the European Netherlands. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise instrument and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current law. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. This cell is sourced via the Library of Congress and the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) pending a clean territory-primary statute portal.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In the Caribbean Netherlands (Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba, the BES islands), drugs fall under the old-Antillean narcotics law applied through the WvS-BES penal framework, NOT the European Netherlands' Opium-Act tolerance, penalties are HARSHER than in the European Netherlands. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise instrument and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current law. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. This cell is sourced via the Library of Congress and the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) pending a clean territory-primary statute portal. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Caribbean Netherlands (BES) narcotics law, old-Antillean Opium Ordinance via the WvS-BES penal framework · loc.gov · unodc.org · Updated July 14, 2026

Aceh (Indonesia)

Legal status: Controlled under national law. Narcotics in Aceh are prosecuted under national Law 35/2009 (Aceh's Qanun Jinayat covers khamr/gambling, not narcotics), and synthetic cannabinoids are listed by name as Narkotika Golongan I via Ministry of Health regulation. Same capital exposure as the rest of Indonesia: non-plant Golongan I narcotics above 5 grams are death-eligible.
Consequences if caught: Illegal as Golongan I under national law; trafficking above 5 grams is death-eligible. Do NOT carry.
If prescribed / medical: These synthetic cannabinoids have no recognised medical use and no lawful prescription route (Golongan I bars medical use).
Documentation: No lawful personal-import route for Golongan I synthetic cannabinoids; trafficking is death-eligible, do not carry.

unodc.org · Updated July 14, 2026

Faroe Islands (Denmark)

Legal status: Not confirmed, the Faroe Islands' own narcotics-control framework is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for synthetic cannabinoids in the Faroe Islands is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against the Faroe Islands' drug schedule; the Faroe Islands' own narcotics-control framework is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In the Faroe Islands, drugs fall under the Faroe Islands' own narcotics-control and customs-enforcement framework, the Faroes self-govern health and justice and operate a drug-control regime distinct from Denmark. The specific consolidating statute is left to confirmation against current Faroese law. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. This cell is sourced via the Faroese Government portal (government.fo) and the Library of Congress with UNODC corroboration.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In the Faroe Islands, drugs fall under the Faroe Islands' own narcotics-control and customs-enforcement framework, the Faroes self-govern health and justice and operate a drug-control regime distinct from Denmark. The specific consolidating statute is left to confirmation against current Faroese law. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. This cell is sourced via the Faroese Government portal (government.fo) and the Library of Congress with UNODC corroboration. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Faroe Islands narcotics-control framework / Customs Act regime · government.fo · loc.gov · unodc.org · Updated July 14, 2026

Falkland Islands (UK)

Legal status: Not confirmed, the Falkland Islands' own misuse-of-drugs / crimes ordinance framework is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for synthetic cannabinoids in the Falkland Islands is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against the Falkland Islands' drug schedule; the Falkland Islands' own misuse-of-drugs / crimes ordinance framework is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In the Falkland Islands, drugs fall under the Islands' own misuse-of-drugs / crimes ordinance framework, built on the UK model. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise ordinance and penalty terms are left to confirmation against current Falkland Islands law. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. This cell is sourced via the Library of Congress and the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) pending a clean territory-primary statute portal.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In the Falkland Islands, drugs fall under the Islands' own misuse-of-drugs / crimes ordinance framework, built on the UK model. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise ordinance and penalty terms are left to confirmation against current Falkland Islands law. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. This cell is sourced via the Library of Congress and the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) pending a clean territory-primary statute portal. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Falkland Islands misuse-of-drugs / crimes ordinance framework (UK-model) · loc.gov · unodc.org · Updated July 14, 2026

Saint Helena (UK)

Legal status: Not confirmed, Saint Helena's misuse-of-drugs ordinance is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for synthetic cannabinoids in Saint Helena is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Saint Helena's drug schedule; Saint Helena's misuse-of-drugs ordinance is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Saint Helena (the territory of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha), drugs fall under Saint Helena's own misuse-of-drugs ordinance, built on the UK model. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise ordinance and penalty terms are left to confirmation against current Saint Helena law. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. This cell is sourced via the Library of Congress and the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) pending a clean territory-primary statute portal.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Saint Helena (the territory of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha), drugs fall under Saint Helena's own misuse-of-drugs ordinance, built on the UK model. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise ordinance and penalty terms are left to confirmation against current Saint Helena law. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. This cell is sourced via the Library of Congress and the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) pending a clean territory-primary statute portal. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Saint Helena misuse-of-drugs ordinance (Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha · UK-model) · loc.gov · unodc.org · Updated July 14, 2026

United States

Legal status: Controlled. Schedule I under the Controlled Substances Act, at 21 CFR 1308.11(g)(1). Reached by a class entry that defines a structure rather than a name. This cell states federal law only. Every state has its own controlled substances act and several differ from the federal schedules, so check the law of the state you are in.
Consequences if caught: It is not listed by name. It is reached by a class entry at 21 CFR 1308.11(g)(1), which defines a chemical structure rather than listing names, so a compound nobody has written down is caught if it fits the definition. Supply is 21 USC 841. Unless the substance appears in the weight tables of section 841(b)(1)(A) or (B), it falls to section 841(b)(1)(C), which reads that such a person 'shall be sentenced to a term of imprisonment of not more than 20 years and if death or serious bodily injury results from the use of such substance shall be sentenced to a term of imprisonment of not less than twenty years or more than life'. There is no mandatory minimum under that paragraph, which is not the same as a light penalty. Simple possession is 21 USC 844(a), up to 1 year and a fine of at least 1,000 dollars on a first offence, with higher figures after a prior conviction. The section excepts a substance 'obtained directly, or pursuant to a valid prescription or order, from a practitioner, while acting in the course of his professional practice'.
If prescribed / medical: Schedule I placement means no accepted medical use in treatment in the United States, so there is no ordinary prescription route. Research handling requires registration with the Drug Enforcement Administration under 21 USC 823.
Documentation: Carry any prescribed medicine in its original labelled container with the prescription. Federal law and the law of the state you are entering can differ, so confirm both before travel.

Controlled Substances Act, 21 USC 802, 812, 813, 841 and 844 (Office of the Law Revision Counsel) · 21 CFR 1308.11 to 1308.15 (Electronic Code of Federal Regulations, current as of 11 September 2026) · 91 FR 22714, 28 April 2026, for marijuana in an approved product or under a state medical licence · uscode.house.gov · ecfr.gov · federalregister.gov · Updated September 15, 2026

Last updated: October 3, 2026

Undang-Undang Nomor 35 Tahun 2009 tentang Narkotika, LN 2009/143, TLN 5062, as amended by Undang-Undang Nomor 6 Tahun 2023 · empowering article Pasal 6(3) · the narcotics list in force is the Lampiran to Permenkes Nomor 15 Tahun 2025, Berita Negara Tahun 2025 Nomor 989, which replaced the Act's own Lampiran I in full. The Act's annex was diffed entry by entry against it for this batch and nothing in the annex is missing from the current list · the only change is that the Act's items 64 and 65 on opium preparations are merged into one reworded entry · the finding is Narkotika Golongan I of the Lampiran to Permenkes No. 15 Tahun 2025, roughly a hundred named entries including item 73 「JWH-018」, the AB and ADB indazole carboxamides and the MDMB esters · Lampiran to Permenkes No. 15 Tahun 2025 Golongan I read in full for the indole and indazole carboxamide series, the naphthoylindoles and the methyl ester compounds, and searched for any analogue or resemblance clause, returning none. Aceh runs a separate criminal code for some conduct and is a separate jurisdiction in this dataset · the Qanun Aceh Nomor 6 Tahun 2014 tentang Hukum Jinayat was read for this batch and mentions narkotika and psikotropika zero times, so narcotics law in Aceh is the national Act unchanged. Read 2026-09-17 · e-pharm.kemkes.go.id · jdih.kemkes.go.id · jdih.kemkes.go.id · e-pharm.kemkes.go.id · Placement re-derived in this pass from Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Nomor 15 Tahun 2025 tentang Perubahan Penggolongan Narkotika and Nomor 14 Tahun 2025 tentang Penetapan dan Perubahan Penggolongan Psikotropika, both read at jdih.kemkes.go.id on 21 September 2026. Permenkes 15/2025 was ditetapkan 21 November 2025 and diundangkan 28 November 2025 at Berita Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 2025 Nomor 988, and it repeals Permenkes 7/2025. The matched entry is quoted in the cell. Section membership is stated rather than entry number, because a watermark in the published PDF reflows the numbering. · Updated September 21, 2026

Documentation

There is no document to carry, because there is no lawful holding for a document to evidence. This cell says so plainly rather than leave a traveller looking for paperwork that does not exist for the synthetic cannabinoids. The entry that forecloses the question is «Naphtalen-1-yl-(1-pentyl-1H-indol-3-yl)methanone (JWH-018)», reached at Part III of the First Schedule for some of them and the Poisons Act Third Schedule for others. Section 25 of the Dangerous Drugs Act 1952, the traveller provision, turns on a medicinal preparation supplied by or on the prescription of a medical practitioner residing outside Malaysia, so it has nothing to attach to here. It is also confined to Part V of the Act, the external trade Part, and would not answer a possession charge even if it did apply. Getting the paperwork wrong is not a paperwork penalty. Section 37(d) provides that «any person who is found to have had in his custody or under his control anything whatsoever containing any dangerous drug shall, until the contrary is proved, be deemed to have been in possession of such drug and shall, until the contrary is proved, be deemed to have known the nature of such drug», and section 37(da) can then presume trafficking from the weight of the material alone. A foreign prescription, a licence issued in another country, and religious or traditional use are none of them provided for anywhere in the Act. The entry the document has to answer to, in the First Schedule itself, is «N-[(2S)-1-Amino-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl]-1-(cyclohexylmethyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide (ADB-CHMINACA, MAB-CHMINACA)» at Part III. If the document does not answer the entry, the charge is section 12(2) of the Dangerous Drugs Act 1952, possession of a dangerous drug without authority, and section 12(3) sets «a fine not exceeding one hundred thousand ringgit or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding five years or both». Section 12(4) adds whipping of not more than three strokes where the person convicted is a public officer employed at a prison, rehabilitation centre, police lock-up or place of detention.

Malaysia, Dangerous Drugs Act 1952, Act 234, first enacted as Ordinance No. 30 of 1952 and revised in 1980 with effect from 17 July 1980 · read from the Attorney General's Chambers online updated text headed «As at 4 July 2023», latest Act amendment being the Abolition of Mandatory Death Penalty Act 2023, Act 846, in force 4 July 2023 · Poisons Act 1952, Act 366, revised 1989, read from the Attorney General's Chambers online updated text as at 1 January 2022, latest amendment P.U. (A) 412/2021 in force 3 November 2021 · read for this substance: the First Schedule to the Dangerous Drugs Act 1952 in all five Parts, the entry found at Part III of the First Schedule for some of them and the Poisons Act Third Schedule for others as «Naphtalen-1-yl-(1-pentyl-1H-indol-3-yl)methanone (JWH-018)» · sections 2, 6, 6B, 8, 9, 11(1), 16, 25, 37(d), 37(da), 39A, 39B and 45A of that Act · the Poisons Act 1952 Poisons List and Third Schedule both read · the Poisons Act 1952 Third Schedule read in full · the First Schedule has since been amended twice under section 45A, by the Dangerous Drugs (Amendment of First Schedule) Order 2024, P.U. (A) 97, gazetted 2 April 2024, which inserts Etazene, Etonitazepyne, 2-Methyl-AP-237 and Protonitazene into Part III and substitutes Proheptazine for Propheptazine, and by the Order 2025, P.U. (A) 416, gazetted 25 November 2025, which inserts Butonitazene into Part III · both orders were read in full and neither touches this substance · the publisher's own disclaimer is carried forward: this is only an updated text and not an authentic text until it is reprinted under subsection 14(1) of the Revision of Laws Act 1968 · read as at 2026-09-17 from https://lom.agc.gov.my/ilims/upload/portal/akta/outputaktap/1840725_BI/22.11.2023%20-%20Act%20234.pdf and https://lom.agc.gov.my/ilims/upload/portal/akta/outputaktap/1714451_BI/ACT%20366_MUKTAMAD_1%20JANUARY%202022.pdf and https://lom.agc.gov.my/ilims/upload/portal/akta/outputaktap/1826840_BI/Akta%20846%20BI.pdf · re-derived in this pass, from the on-disk Attorney General's Chambers online updated text of Act 234 whose own header reads «As at 4 July 2023»: sections 2, 5, 6, 6B, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 25, 30, 37, 38A, 38B, 39, 39A, 39B, 39C, 41, 41A, 41B, 45A and 46, and the First Schedule read line by line in all five Parts · and from the Abolition of Mandatory Death Penalty Act 2023, Act 846, sections 1(2), 2, 54 and 55 · the First Schedule has five Parts and not three: Part I and Part II are the plant and prepared-opium lists, Part III the long alphabetical chemical list, Part IV a shorter codeine group carrying its own isomer clause and its own salt clause, with Part III's ester and ether clause running across the whole Schedule and not only that Part because it reads «of the drugs in this Schedule» where the other two read «this Part», and Part V is headed «PREPARATION FOR THE EXPORT OF WHICH EXPORT AUTHORIZATIONS ARE NOT REQUIRED» and is an exemption list rather than a control list · section 39B carries no quantity table of its own, the weights being in section 37(da), which is a rebuttable presumption of trafficking, and in section 39A, which applies only where the offence is not punishable with death · the file the Act 234 text is served from is dated 22 November 2023 in its name while the text's own header reads «As at 4 July 2023», and the header is the version stated here · all Poisons Act 1952 material in this cell, including every Poisons List and Third Schedule entry and every figure drawn from that Act, is carried forward from the earlier reading recorded above and was not re-derived in this pass · so is every other fact in this cell that is not derivable from the two texts named above, which includes the two section 45A orders of 2024 and 2025, the commencement of the Dangerous Drugs (Amendment) Act 2017 on 15 March 2018, and any statement here about the Single Convention or the 1971 Convention and their schedules · Updated September 21, 2026

If prescribed / medical

In England, Wales and Scotland the Misuse of Drugs Regulations 2001 place it in Schedule 1, under its paragraphs 1(h) to 1(ld), which repeat the generic definitions. The patient possession authority in regulation 10(2) reaches only «a person may have in his possession any drug specified in Schedule 2, 3 or Part I of Schedule 4 for administration for medical, dental or veterinary purposes in accordance with the directions of a practitioner», so a Schedule 1 drug has no prescription route; apart from the regulation 6 authorities for police, customs officers, carriers and forensic laboratories acting in their duties, production, supply and possession are lawful only under a Home Office licence under regulation 5. Nabilone, a cannabinoid medicine, is in Schedule 2 and is prescribable; the generic synthetic cannabinoids are not. On Northern Ireland the sources point two ways, and both are quoted. legislation.gov.uk tags every provision of the 2001 Regulations with the extent E+W+S+N.I. 45 such tags in its XML, while the Regulations themselves carry no extent clause; against that tag, their amending Regulations of 2023 and 2024 each state «These Regulations extend to England and Wales and Scotland.», and the 2026 temporary class drug order applies the two codes separately, saying «The Misuse of Drugs Regulations 2001 apply to the substances and products listed in the Schedule to this Order as if those substances and products were specified in Schedule 1 to those Regulations.» and «The Misuse of Drugs Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2002 apply to the substances and products listed in the Schedule to this Order as if those substances and products were specified in Schedule 1 to those Regulations.» Northern Ireland has its own Misuse of Drugs Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2002, S.R. 2002 No. 1. The legislation.gov.uk text of those Regulations states «There are outstanding changes not yet made by the legislation.gov.uk editorial team to The Misuse of Drugs Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2002.», so the Northern Ireland schedule for this row is not given here.

Consequences if caught

Capital exposure: none. The highest penalty anywhere in Part 9.1 of the Criminal Code is imprisonment for life, and Death Penalty Abolition Act 1973 s6 provides «The punishment of death must not be imposed as the penalty for any offence referred to in subsection 3(2) or (3).» Import: a named Schedule 2 compound, or a compound within item 35, is a border controlled drug. Import and export are offences of their own in Division 307 against the border controlled drug listing (Schedule 2 item 175): s307.3, imprisonment for 10 years or 2,000 penalty units, or both, with a defence if the person proves no intention or belief that any would be sold; s307.4, which needs no commercial intent, 2 years or 400 penalty units, or both; s307.2 for a marketable quantity (2.0 g or more), 25 years or 5,000 penalty units, or both; s307.1 for a commercial quantity (5.0 kg or more), imprisonment for life or 7,500 penalty units, or both. Possessing an unlawfully imported quantity is s307.5 to s307.7 on the same thresholds, and possessing one reasonably suspected of unlawful import is s307.8 to s307.10. The Customs Act s233(5) leaves border controlled drugs to these offences rather than to the Customs Act smuggling offence. Possession, trafficking and manufacture are Part 9.1 offences only for HU-210 by name and for a compound shown to be a drug analogue of HU-210 or of tetrahydrocannabinols under s301.9; for HU-210, Trafficking HU-210 (s302.1: selling, preparing for supply, transporting, guarding or possessing with intent to sell) is s302.4, imprisonment for 10 years or 2,000 penalty units, or both. Trafficking a marketable quantity, 1,000.0 g or more under Schedule 1 item 95 of the Criminal Code Regulations, is s302.3, 25 years or 5,000 penalty units, or both. A commercial quantity, 5.0 kg or more, is s302.2, imprisonment for life or 7,500 penalty units, or both. Under s302.5 a person who prepares, transports, guards or possesses a trafficable quantity, 5.0 g or more, is taken to have intended to sell unless they prove they had neither that intention nor belief, a legal burden (s13.4). Possessing a listed synthetic cannabinoid as a controlled drug is s308.1, imprisonment for 2 years or 400 penalty units, or both, and s308.1(3) lets the court deal with the offender as if the offence were the state or territory possession offence, so diversion available there is available here. Supplying any quantity to a child is s309.2, 15 years or 3,000 penalty units, or both. Part 9.2 of the Criminal Code is the residual import offence: s320.2 punishes importing a psychoactive substance by 5 years or 300 penalty units, or both, and s320.3 importing a substance presented as a serious drug alternative by 2 years or 120 penalty units, or both; s320.2(2) excludes listed or registered therapeutic goods, goods represented for therapeutic use other than as a serious drug alternative, industrial chemicals, a plant or fungus or an extract from one, any serious drug or precursor, and any prohibited import within the meaning of the Customs Act. A compound in none of those lists and not a prohibited import is therefore reached at the border by s320.2. Part 9.1, other than the import and export offences in Division 307, does not apply to conduct justified or excused by or under a state or territory law (s313.1), which is how lawful prescribing and dispensing sit outside it. There is no Commonwealth offence of using or consuming a drug; use is left to state and territory law. A penalty unit is $364 for an offence committed on or after 1 July 2026 under the Crimes (Amount of a Penalty Unit) Instrument 2026 (F2026N00424), made under Crimes Act 1914 s4AA, so 400 penalty units is $145,600, 2,000 is $728,000 and 7,500 is $2,730,000; «or both» in each penalty means the prison term and the fine are available alternatively or together.

Mexico, answered through the names Ley General de Salud articles 234 and 245 do print, not through this row's own name · the reforming decree, titled as a reform, addition and repeal of various provisions of the Ley General de Salud, published in the Diario Oficial de la Federacion on 15 January 2026, which is the operative text of articles 234 and 245 used here · dof.gob.mx · the official consolidated text of the Ley General de Salud published by the Orden Juridico Nacional, texto vigente to 7 June 2024, used for articles 235, 237, 239 to 243, 246 to 252 and 473 to 482, which that decree does not list · ordenjuridico.gob.mx · Codigo Penal Federal articles 193 to 196, texto vigente to 7 June 2024 · the three later reforms of that code, published on 16 July 2025, 28 November 2025 and 13 March 2026, reach articles 400 Bis, 11 Bis and 390, and 260 and 266 Bis, and none of them touches this chapter · ordenjuridico.gob.mx · Constitucion Politica de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos article 22, texto vigente, last reform on 15 April 2025 · ordenjuridico.gob.mx · the penalty bands, the fines and the article 479 amounts were re-derived from those articles for this cell and are not carried over as figures · the previous version of this cell cited a Chamber of Deputies consolidation whose latest reform it gave as 15 January 2026 · that date was not carried forward but tested, and the decree of that date was found, downloaded and read for this cell, which is why the two scheduling articles here are the reformed ones and not the 7 June 2024 ones · terms searched case-insensitively and accent-insensitively across the whole consolidated text for this row, with the occurrences found: synthetic cannabinoids 0, canabinoides 1, sinteticos 2, k2 1 · the previous version of this cell recorded its own reading as at 18 September 2026, and the articles were re-read for this cell rather than that reading being relied on · read as at 21 September 2026 · Updated September 21, 2026

If prescribed / medical

Lista F is a proscribed list, so there is no prescription tier for it. Resolucao 81/2008, Capitulo XXXIX, Procedimento 1-A, item 6 forbids importing products subject to the special control of Portaria 344/98 that appear in lista F, as raw material, semi-finished or finished product, save where destined for teaching and research, and item 9 confines any such entry to a named set of ports and airports. For a traveller the rule is Resolucao 81 de 5 de novembro de 2008 as amended by Resolucao 28 de 28 de junho de 2011. Its item 1 dispenses with sanitary authorisation at the point of entry for a finished medicine imported by an individual for his own use, item 1.1 brings goods in accompanied or unaccompanied baggage of a traveller arriving from abroad inside that dispensation, and item 1.2 defines own use as a quantity and frequency compatible with the duration and purpose of treatment and not amounting to trade. Item 1.3 takes medicines based on substances listed in Portaria 344/98 back out of the dispensation and sends them to Resolucao 63 de 9 de setembro de 2008. That resolution rewrote article 34 of Portaria 344/98 to forbid purchase and sale of listed substances and their medicines by reimbursement systems through any means of communication including post and electronic channels, excepting only medicines based on lista C1 substances in presentations not registered or marketed in Brazil, bought abroad by an individual for his own use, on production of a medical prescription and a fiscal document, in a quantity for individual use, with resale forbidden. That resolution was read in full this pass, through a rendering fetcher because a direct request to the publisher is refused with a challenge page and the health ministry library returns a server error, so the reading is [Certain] and the route to it is worth stating. The prescribing chapters of Portaria SVS/MS 344/1998 itself were not read this pass, so no validity period and no quantity per prescription is stated here.

Documentation

This substance is in the tables, so a traveller carrying it needs the paperwork for a controlled medicine and not the paperwork for an ordinary one. Carry the original container, the pharmacy label and a prescription or a doctor's letter in your own name, and expect a Greek officer to read the label rather than take the quantity on trust. Where the rule comes from. The offences are in Law 4139/2013, the narcotics code, gazette A 74 of 20 March 2013, and the substance lists are not in it. Article 1 paragraph 2 provides that the substances «περιλαμβάνονται ιδίως στους πίνακες Α΄, Β΄, Γ΄ και Δ΄, οι οποίοι αναφέρονται στην παρ. 2 του άρθρου 1 του ν. 3459/2006». Article 1 paragraph 4 gives the power that moves the list: «Με κοινή απόφαση των Υπουργών Υγείας και Δικαιοσύνης», by joint decision of the Ministers of Health and of Justice, after the opinion of the Narcotics Committee, substances may be added, removed or moved between categories. What this cell incorporates is the Ministry of Health consolidated edition of June 2026, read in full rather than searched, and reading it does not rule out a later joint ministerial decision. It carries 375 numbered entries, 138 in ΠΙΝΑΚΑΣ Α, 18 in ΠΙΝΑΚΑΣ Β, 135 in ΠΙΝΑΚΑΣ Γ and 84 in ΠΙΝΑΚΑΣ Δ, each series running from 1 without a gap. Every entry names the gazette that placed it. Counting those gazettes by number and date gives 29, of which one, gazette 6034 B of 31 December 2018, is a correction of an error rather than a placing decision. The published Greece entry gives that figure as twenty eight, and the two counts differ by exactly that correction. The most recent placing instrument in the file is gazette 3277 B of 11 June 2026. Placement for Synthetic cannabinoids: ΠΙΝΑΚΑΣ Α entry 96, ΠΙΝΑΚΑΣ Α entry 97, ΠΙΝΑΚΑΣ Α entry 86, ΠΙΝΑΚΑΣ Α entry 87, ΠΙΝΑΚΑΣ Α entry 128.

Documentation

Where the rule for Synthetic cannabinoids comes from, and how far it reaches in time. Two instruments do two different jobs. The list: Luật Phòng, chống ma túy số 73/2021/QH14, Điều 2 khoản 1, provides that a chất ma túy is a substance the Government has placed in the danh mục, so the Government and not the National Assembly decides what counts, and it does so by decree. The decree in force is Nghị định 28/2026/NĐ-CP, issued and effective 19 January 2026, whose Điều 3 khoản 2 repeals Nghị định 57/2022/NĐ-CP and Nghị định 90/2024/NĐ-CP, and whose Điều 1 reads “Ban hành kèm theo Nghị định này Phụ lục các danh mục chất ma túy và tiền chất sau đây”, that is, issued with this decree is the appendix containing the following lists of narcotics and precursors. The published 2cb entry counted that appendix as four danh mục in seven parts and 694 entries, a count carried forward here and not re-made in this pass. The offence: Bộ luật Hình sự số 100/2015/QH13 as amended by Luật số 86/2025/QH15, khoản 18 Điều 1, enacted 25 June 2025 and in force 1 July 2025, which substituted the drug articles in full and is the reason this cell separates the conducts instead of saying that Vietnam has the death penalty for drugs. The consolidated Criminal Code text read for the article wording is văn bản hợp nhất số 135/VBHN-VPQH. The reading behind this row. The dossier gives no separate search term list for it, and the published 2cb entry records the row as IIB #336, which is carried forward from the published 2cb entry and not re-derived from the decree text in this pass. The published 2cb entry also recorded how the decree read at that point: XLR-11, and many further synthetic cannabinoids in the same danh muc, CAS 1364933-54-9. That wording, with any adjacent item number or CAS number inside it, is carried forward from the published 2cb entry and not re-derived from the decree text in this pass, and it is a reading of a scanned document rather than a re-reading made here. The horizon. This cell is written as those lists stand after Nghị định 28/2026/NĐ-CP, in force 19 January 2026, and the dossier behind it records its own date checked as 17 September 2026. The power that moves the list is Điều 3 khoản 6 of the decree, which reads “Khi phát hiện chất mới chưa có trong các danh mục chất ma túy và tiền chất ban hành kèm theo Nghị định này … trình Chính phủ sửa đổi, bổ sung và công bố các danh mục đó.”, that is, when a new substance not yet in the lists is discovered, the Ministry of Public Security submits it to the Government to amend, supplement and publish the lists. What the text in hand incorporates is the 2026 appendix together with the Criminal Code as it stands after 1 July 2025, and nothing here was checked against an amendment published after 19 January 2026. This cell does not rule out a later amendment made under that power. Two limits of the source, stated because they bear on how much weight this row can take. The dossier has no search log column of its own, so on a row where nothing was found there is no way to tell a blank from a row nobody searched, and where its instrument column happens to record search terms that is a record of looking rather than a schedule entry. And the decree is a scanned signed document: the published 2cb entry records that it was rendered at 600 dots per inch and read with optical character recognition in Vietnamese, and that normalisation to NFC was needed before any Vietnamese string could be searched against the cached text, because the cache mixes composed and decomposed forms and a literal search returns a false zero. That method note is carried forward from the published 2cb entry and not re-derived from the decree text in this pass.

Consequences if caught

Capital exposure: none. Article 26 of the Constitution provides that "A nadie se le aplicará la pena de muerte", no one shall have the death penalty applied to them, and no limb of Decreto-Ley 14.294 provides a capital sentence [Certain]. Two offence routes are in play on this row and I could not settle which governs. Article 35 punishes breach of the law in matters of import, export, production, elaboration, commercialisation or supply of the preparations in Lista III of the 1961 Convention and the substances in Listas II, III and IV of the Vienna Convention with two to six years of penitenciaría, and possession is not among its verbs [Certain]. Article 31 punishes import, export, transit, distribution, transport, possession not for one’s own consumption, storage and offering for sale of the substances article 30 names, with two to twelve years of penitenciaría and three to twelve where an organised criminal group is involved. Article 30 names, besides the article 1 lists and the precursor tables, "los que determine el Poder Ejecutivo según la facultad contenida en el artículo 15", those the Executive determines under article 15, which is the power to modify or widen the lists and tables [Certain]. The 1971 lists annexed to the 1974 text itself are short and complete, and all four were checked, not just the top two: Lista I carries ten entries, Lista II six, Lista III five and Lista IV eleven, thirty two in all. This row’s entry is in none of the four, so it reached Uruguayan law by an Executive decreto made under article 15, which is exactly what that limb of article 30 names [Certain]. Checking only Listas I and II would be the wrong test here, because article 35 is precisely about Listas II, III and IV. Whether article 31 therefore reaches this row alongside article 35, or whether article 35 is the only provision for these lists, the official text does not say and I could not settle it [Likely that both are available to a prosecutor]. The two to twelve year range is the country’s published penalty under article 31 and it is not this row’s proven exposure. Article 32 punishes organising or financing any offence in the law with four to twenty years, article 34 punishes supply or facilitating consumption with two to ten years [Certain]. Article 31 also exempts the person who transports, holds, is depositary of, stores or possesses "una cantidad destinada a su consumo personal", a quantity destined for personal consumption, assessed by the judge under the rules of "sana crítica", and the only figure it fixes is forty grams of marijuana [Certain]. Article 36 has to be read with its own scope rather than recited flatly. Its numeral 1, supply to a person under twenty one, and its numeral 6, using a home as a place of sale or storage, are limited in terms to "las sustancias a que se refiere el artículo 1° de la presente ley", and this row is outside article 1, so on the face of the text those two numerals do not reach it. Numerals 4 and 5 speak of "el delito" generically and are not so limited, so the four to fifteen year band and the five to twenty year band where the victim dies may still apply through them [Certain as to the wording]. The two amending Laws matter to this row and are named here because the articles quoted above are theirs. Ley 17.016 of 22 October 1998 article 2 gave article 15 of Decreto-Ley 14.294 the wording under which the list that places this row was made, and its article 3 gave articles 30, 31, 32, 33, 34 and 35 the wording those articles descend from; article 5 of the same Ley added the chapters that carry the precursor and chemical tables [Certain, read from the amendment notes on the consolidated text and from Ley 17.016 itself]. Ley 19.172 of 20 December 2013 does not touch article 35, and saying so is part of the answer rather than a silence: article 35 descends from article 3 of Ley 17.016 and was last rewritten by article 72 of Ley 19.889 of 9 July 2020. Ley 19.172 reaches this row only through the other route, because its article 6 rewrote article 30 and its article 7 rewrote article 31 and wrote the personal consumption exemption into it [Certain]. Because the label covers more than one substance, the tier and the range follow the constituent proved in the particular case, not the name.

If prescribed / medical

[Certain] Re-derived in this pass. Article 5 of Ley 23.737 opens with the words sin autorización o con destino ilegítimo, so an authorised medical channel sits outside it. Article 8 sets reclusión o prisión de tres a quince años, three to fifteen years, a fine and special disqualification for five to twelve years for a person authorised to produce, manufacture, extract, prepare, import, export, distribute or sell estupefacientes who holds them in quantities other than those authorised, or who applies, delivers or sells them sin receta médica o en cantidades mayores a las recetadas. Article 9 sets prisión de dos a seis años, two to six years, a fine and disqualification for one to five years for a doctor or other authorised prescriber who prescribes, supplies or delivers estupefacientes fuera de los casos que indica la terapéutica o en dosis mayores de las necesarias, rising to reclusión o prisión de cuatro a quince años, four to fifteen years, where the destination is illegitimate. Article 1 of the same Act replaced article 204 of the Penal Code, which sets prisión de seis meses a tres años, six months to three years, for a person authorised to sell medicinal substances who supplies them otherwise than in accordance with the prescription, or without presenting and filing it where the regulations require one. [Certain] Those articles reach this row, because the placement above makes it an estupefaciente, so an authorised medical channel is the difference between article 8 or article 9 and article 5. [Likely] Carried from the published dossier prepared for this country, not re-derived here: for an authorised medicine a traveller should hold the original labelled package, the prescription that medicine requires, and a medical certificate in Spanish naming the patient, the active ingredient, the dose, the quantity and the treatment period. Import rules and ANMAT authorisation remain product specific, and none of those documents creates a personal use quantity or authorises an illicit preparation.

Documentation

Consolidation read: Ley 7786 of 30 April 1998 as integrally reformed by Ley 8204, in the Texto Completo Norma 8204 print published by the Instituto Costarricense sobre Drogas, which carries its own generation date of 19 November 2018. The same ranges, ocho a quince anos in article 58 and de ocho a veinte anos in article 77, were independently read on 18 September 2026 against the later Sinalevi record of Ley 7786, version 13 of 13, so the 2018 print is corroborated rather than assumed current. Control model, re derived from the statute in this pass. Costa Rica prints no annex of controlled substances in its drug Act: across the 81 pages the only drug names anywhere are in article 96, on the disposal of seized marihuana, cocaina and heroina. Article 1 regulates "estupefacientes, psicotropicos, sustancias inhalables y demas drogas y farmacos susceptibles de producir dependencias fisicas o psiquicas, incluidos en la Convencion Unica sobre Estupefacientes... de 1961... asi como en el Convenio de Viena sobre Sustancias Psicotropicas, de 21 de febrero de 1971... asimismo, en la Convencion... de 1988". Its second paragraph is a different thing and is often misread as the control annex: it has the Ministerio de Salud and the MAG draw up and publish in La Gaceta "las listas de estupefacientes, psicotropicos y similares Licitos", the licit ones, which is the authorisation side. The incorporation is ambulatory: article 36 defines precursors as Cuadro I of the 1988 Convention "y sus anexos, asi como los que se le incorporen en el futuro", and article 100 gives the Instituto Costarricense sobre Drogas a mandate framed by the conventions and by "los listados oficiales, publicados periodicamente en La Gaceta". The second limb, measured. The national list is the Lista de sustancias sometidas a fiscalizacion nacional, incluidos los medicamentos psicotropicos y estupefacientes, Direccion de Drogas y Estupefacientes of the Ministerio de Salud, updated 10 September 2026 and signed that day by Dra. Mariela Alfaro Segura. It runs to 27 pages in three sections, estupefacientes, psicotropicos and Otros agregados, and it names its own legal basis as the Reglamento para el control de drogas, estupefacientes y psicotropicas N. 45161-S, the instrument cited elsewhere as Decreto 45161-S of 17 June 2025. The two titles are the same text. A reading of 18 September 2026 records that the decree gives the competent body the function "Elaborar y actualizar la lista de sustancias oficialmente consideradas estupefacientes o psicotropicos y similares de uso regulado" and that its five annexes are forms rather than a substance schedule; that quotation is carried from that reading and was not re derived here. The whole of Otros agregados is twelve entries: metilfenidato, tapentadol and the synthetic cannabinoid JWH-073 among the estupefacientes, and ketamina, esketamina, mexazolam, zaleplon, zopiclona and the piperazines mCPP, CPP, TFMPP and 1,4 dibencilpiperazina among the psicotropicos. Amending Act in force between that list and this reading, read in the official gazette in this pass. Ley 10961 of 9 June 2026, published in Alcance 78 to La Gaceta 113 of 19 June 2026, provides "Rige tres meses a partir de su publicacion" and so took effect on 19 September 2026. It runs to four articles: it adds article 15 quater to Ley 7786 on the anti-money-laundering duties of virtual asset service providers, carries that cross reference into articles 16, 16 bis, 25, 33, 33 bis, 86 and 123, reforms the article 81 administrative fines, and allows three months for regulations. Every Ley 7786 article it touches is money laundering machinery, and it leaves articles 1, 2, 36, 58, 73, 74, 77, 77 bis and 79 untouched, so it moves no row in this batch. Method note. The 2026-09-20 Costa Rica dossier was used only as the slug list and as one of the two term list sources. Its outcome column, its instrument column and its quotation column were not treated as evidence and no placement in this batch rests on them; every placement is the entry read in the list the statute incorporates. Two of its readings were not adopted: it treated ergometrina and ergina as one row when they are separate substances on separate limbs, and it left dextrometorfano unresolved when the instrument excludes it in terms. Sibling name traps were checked rather than assumed. Anchored matching correctly did not return bencilmorfina, desomorfina, dihidromorfina, metildihidromorfina, mirofina or diacetilmorfina for the morfina row, isometadona, normetadona or the metadona intermediario for the metadona row, metcatinona or 4-metiletcatinona for the catinona row, MMDA or N-etil MDA for the MDA row, beta-ceto-MDMA for the MDMA row, levometanfetamina for the metanfetamina row, PCPY for the PCP row, brolanfetamina for the anfetamina row, or norpseudoefedrina for the efedrina row. Two extraction zeroes were false and were recovered by re interrogation: hexahidrocannabinol and 2-fluorodescloroketamina are both line wrapped in the source and a column based read missed both. Routes run for the instrument in this pass. pgrweb.go.cr/scij is a JavaScript shell: the Ley 8204 and Ley 7786 records and the sinalevi.go.cr record each returned about 25 KB that renders to 1,159 characters of site chrome and no statutory text, so a size threshold would have cleared all three. imprentanacional.go.cr served the official gazette carrying Ley 10961. The institutional reproduction at icd.go.cr served the consolidated Act, and ministeriodesalud.go.cr served the national list and the circulars. The schedule pages were checked for hidden content: the list PDF holds one image object repeated on all 27 pages, which is the ministry letterhead, and its byte size is accounted for by that banner, so no entry is carried in an image. Synthetic cannabinoids are an open family of distinct compounds rather than one named molecule, and the list works compound by compound rather than by a generic formula, so a compound not yet named is not reached by this route. Many members are entered: "AM-2201, JWH-2201" and "JWH-018, AM-678" in Lista II, together with "AB-CHMINACA" and "AB-FUBINACA", then "AB-PINACA" and "ADB-BUTINACA", then "ADB-CHMINACA" and "ADB-FUBINACA", then "MDMB-CHMICA" and "MDMB-4en-PINACA", then "CUMIL-PEGACLONE" and "CUMIL-4CN-BINACA", and the fluoropentyl series "5F-APINACA", "5F-AMB", "5F-MDMB-PICA" and "5F-ADB", with "Cannabinoides sinteticos: JWH-073" added nationally, all in Lista II of the 1971 Convention and the Otros agregados section. Carry the prescription and the dispensing label, and expect the authorisation rather than the amount to be what is asked about. There is no personal allowance to fall back on, because no article of Ley 7786 fixes a threshold. Sourcing, re derived in this pass and not carried: the two Junta de Vigilancia de Drogas urls cited by this row are DIRECTORIES and not documents. The listing page names the national fiscalisation list but does not carry it; the list is a separate PDF behind a numbered link, and that PDF is what the placement in this row actually rests on. Both documents are now fetched and cited by their own urls: "Lista de sustancias sometidas a fiscalizacion nacional, incluidos los medicamentos psicotropicos y estupefacientes", and "Lista de Estupefacientes y Sustancias Psicotropicas Sometidas a Fiscalizacion Nacional". The first carries the Otros agregados section this row's reasoning refers to [Certain, read from the fetched PDF]. The circulars page cited alongside them exposes no document at all.

Croatia, Popis droga, psihotropnih tvari i biljaka iz kojih se može dobiti droga te tvari koje se mogu uporabiti za izradu droga, NN 19/2023, psychotropic list, Odjeljak 1. the entry »JWH-018 i njegovi strukturni analozi« reached without naming this row · the terms searched across all three lists of the Popis for this row were sintetski kanabinoidi, JWH-018, cikloheksilfenoli, dibenzopirani, CUMYL-PEGACLONE · the live cell's recital that this substance was not named in the cited Croatian sources is superseded here by a search of the operative Popis itself, which is the instrument those cited sources point at · the Popis as published at NN 19/2023 of 17 February 2023, in force 18 February 2023, read at https://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/2023_02_19_331.html on 21 September 2026 · its only amendment, Izmjene i dopune Popisa, NN 154/2024 of 30 December 2024, read at https://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/2024_12_154_2555.html on 21 September 2026 · the enabling provision is Article 2(2) of the Zakon o suzbijanju zlouporabe droga, Narodne novine 107/01, 87/02, 163/03, 141/04, 40/07, 149/09, 84/11, 80/13 and 39/19 · Zakon o suzbijanju zlouporabe droga, Articles 2, 3, 13, 24, 24.a, 54 and 59, read in the consolidation at https://www.zakon.hr/z/293/zakon-o-suzbijanju-zlouporabe-droga on 21 September 2026 · Kazneni zakon, Articles 41, 44, 46 and 190, read in the consolidation at https://www.zakon.hr/z/98/kazneni-zakon on 21 September 2026 · the current three to twelve year band in Article 190(2) was set by Article 10 of the Zakon o izmjenama i dopunama Kaznenog zakona, NN 136/2025, read at https://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/2025_11_136_2018.html on 21 September 2026, against which the private consolidation was checked · Ustav Republike Hrvatske, Article 21, read at https://www.zakon.hr/z/94/Ustav-Republike-Hrvatske on 21 September 2026 · the live cell's own references, the Drug Abuse Prevention Act (Zakon o suzbijanju zlouporabe droga, Official Gazette 107/2001, as amended) and the Criminal Code, carried forward · euda.europa.eu · the 2013 reclassification, the 660 to 2,650 euro fine, the 90 day detention, the no statutory quantity rule, the six months to five years, three to twelve years and fifteen to twenty year figures and the October 2015 medical cannabis permission with its 0,75 g monthly cap are carried forward from the live cell and were not re-derived in this pass · Updated September 21, 2026

the table and item placement stated for this row is not printed in the quotation column of the dossier checked against this batch, because no quoted extract in that dossier carries a table or item marker for any of its 88 rows, measured at 0 of 88 on 22 September 2026 · it was read instead in the Official Gazette annex named above · the statute amendment chain carried in the consolidated text and re-derived from it on 22 September 2026 is Law No. 7 of 1998, Law No. 20 of 2003, Law No. 1 of 2006, Law No. 3 of 2020 and Law No. 16 of 2023, which that text marks on 5, 1, 28, 33 and 1 articles respectively, article 41 bis having been repealed by Law No. 1 of 2006 · the separate medicines regime is Law No. 19 of 1993, whose article 14 gives the Minister the parallel power over its own schedules · Qatar, The synthetic cannabinoids, Table 1-A item 8, added by Decision 6 of 2024 of Law No. 9 of 1987, with articles 1, 2, 3, 18, 33 to 38 and 41 · Qatar, Law No. 9 of 1987 on the control of narcotic drugs and dangerous psychotropic substances, consolidated Arabic text read at https://www.almeezan.qa/LawView.aspx?opt&LawID=3989&language=ar on 22 September 2026, where the portal states its material is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 · the attached annex, which the Al Meezan schedule note returns empty, was read instead in the Official Gazette scan at https://encyclop.sjc.gov.qa/Portal3/ahkam/OpenpdfFile.aspx?id=8, all thirty pages, a scan carrying no text layer, so it was rendered and read as images and the Latin entry column was transcribed by optical character recognition and confirmed against the page image · the Supreme Judicial Council site reserves all rights and no open-reuse licence was located, so only the wording needed for verification is reproduced · the schedule amendments read in full, each through its last article, are Ministerial Decision 22 of 2015 at https://www.almeezan.qa/LawView.aspx?opt&LawID=6806&language=ar, Decision 6 of 2024 at https://www.almeezan.qa/LawView.aspx?opt&LawID=9649&language=ar, Decision 2 of 2025 at https://www.almeezan.qa/LawView.aspx?opt&LawID=9855&language=ar and Decision 8 of 2026 at https://www.almeezan.qa/LawView.aspx?opt&LawID=10296&language=ar · the penalty, quantity and fine figures in this cell were re-derived from the consolidated article text on 22 September 2026 and are not carried forward from any earlier cell or summary · the entry itself is quoted in the legal status field and is not repeated here · Updated September 21, 2026

Documentation

Provenance: the constituent checks behind this row were run against all 244 entries of Anexo N. 2 of the Reglamento approved by Decreto Supremo 023-2001-SA, read in the DIGEMID catalogue marked NOVIEMBRE_2024_V1, whose address is given in full in the source field, and cross read against the 2021 publication of the same Anexo, together with the 1978 annex to Decreto Ley 22095. Personal use possession of a single kind of drug below its article 299 figure is not a crime, while possessing two or more kinds at once is, because the second paragraph of article 299 withdraws the protection. Medical cannabis is lawful under Ley 30681 of 2017, whose Reglamento was approved by Decreto Supremo 005-2019-SA and is cited in the catalogue's own footnote to the cannabis entries; hemp is regulated under Ley 32195 of 2024, carried from the previous cell and not re-derived here. The coca leaf has a status of its own, re-derived in this pass rather than carried: no entry among the 244 in Anexo N. 2 is the leaf, the only coca entries being Cocaina at Lista II A item 1 and Lista IV A item 10, and article 89 numeral 6 of Decreto Ley 22095 defines Cocaina as the alkaloids extracted from the leaves of the coca bush or synthesised from ecgonina, while numeral 4 defines the arbusto de coca separately as the plant of the genus erythroxilon. The leaf is therefore outside the drug schedule altogether and sits instead under a state monopoly and cultivation regime: article 31 prohibits cultivation in new areas, article 32 puts all coca varieties under state fiscalisation, and article 41, as replaced by article 1 of Ley 27634 published on 16 January 2002, gives the industrialisation and commercialisation of leaf from registered holdings to the state company ENACO S.A. The offences that go with that regime are in article 60, as substituted by article 1 of Decreto Legislativo 122 published on 15 June 1981, which sets 2 to 5 years for cultivating coca without being on the Registro de Productores or beyond the registered extent, for supplying coca leaves as payment for personal services, and for commercialising leaf in unauthorised zones or without an ENACO licence. Article 60 has a fourth limb that is not about coca at all and is the one most likely to reach a visitor: limb c imposes the same 2 to 5 years on el propietario, arrendatarios, administrador, vigilante o encargado a cualquier titulo who consents to the distribution or consumption of drugs on premises in their charge, so permitting use in a room or venue you control is an offence in its own right. Nothing read in this pass makes possession or traditional chewing of the leaf an offence, which is why it is not treated here as one. Carry any controlled medicine in its original labelled packaging with the prescription, and confirm the position with your embassy before travelling.

Peru, Anexo N. 2 of the Reglamento de Estupefacientes, Psicotropicos y otras sustancias sujetas a fiscalizacion sanitaria approved by Decreto Supremo 023-2001-SA, read in the DIGEMID Catalogo de Sustancias Controladas NOVIEMBRE_2024_V1 at https://www.digemid.minsa.gob.pe/Archivos/PortalWeb/Informativo/Catalogacion/SUSTANCIA_CONTROLADA_NOVIEMBRE_2024.pdf, which is the Area de Catalogacion of DIGEMID reproducing Anexo N. 2 under its own heading rather than the annex as enacted, and cross read against the DIGEMID publication of the same Anexo at https://www.digemid.minsa.gob.pe/Archivos/PortalWeb/Informativo/Psicotropicos/LISTAS_CONTROLADOS_2021.pdf · the Reglamento's own text, whose article 2 makes Anexo N. 2 the operative listing, at https://www.digemid.minsa.gob.pe/Archivos/Normatividad/2001/DecretoSupremoN023-2001-SA.pdf · Decreto Ley 22095 with its 1978 annexed lists at https://www2.congreso.gob.pe/sicr/cendocbib/con6_uibd.nsf/1AC694FF39FA6B7105258AB40050EAB2/$FILE/decreto_ley_22095.pdf · Codigo Penal articles 296 to 303 in the Compendio Normativo sobre Trafico Ilicito de Drogas published by the Congreso de la Republica at https://www2.congreso.gob.pe/sicr/cendocbib/con4_uibd.nsf/99D85DBA6D67749605257F540070950B/$FILE/Compendio-Normativo-TID.pdf, with the current wording of articles 298 and 299 confirmed against Decreto Legislativo 982 at https://www2.congreso.gob.pe/sicr/cendocbib/con4_uibd.nsf/448FEBA50C50F63B05257A6E005C3C8C/$FILE/DL_982.pdf · the Constitution, articles 140 on the death penalty, 55 on treaties in national law and 2 numeral 24 letter d on the legality principle, in the official text at https://cdn.www.gob.pe/uploads/document/file/198518/Constitucion_Politica_del_Peru_1993.pdf · the 1971 Convention schedules in the INCB Green List 2025 at https://www.incb.org/documents/Psychotropics/forms/greenlist/2025/2412193E.pdf and the 1961 Convention schedules in the INCB Yellow List 64th edition of July 2025 at https://www.incb.org/documents/Narcotic-Drugs/Yellow_List/64th_edition/YL_64th_E.pdf · read as at 21 September 2026. This row is resolved as a label and routed to constituent analysis rather than to an entry. · Updated September 21, 2026

Documentation

The reading. That entry reaches isomers of tetrahydrocannabinol. The compounds sold as synthetic cannabinoids are not tetrahydrocannabinols and are not isomers of one, so the parenthesis does not carry them, and no indole or indazole carboxamide appears anywhere in the Anexo. The class cannot be given one answer from this list. The version read is the Anexo as published in Gaceta Oficial edition 947NEC on 23 March 2017, read as at 21 September 2026, and reading it does not rule out a later addition, because article 5(c) closes with las que sean incorporadas por Ley, incorporation by Law. Provenance. The Anexo was read in the Gaceta Oficial edition of Ley 913, edition 947NEC of 23 March 2017, downloaded from the Gaceta at gacetaoficialdebolivia.gob.bo, and cross checked line by line against the copy the Dirección General de Sustancias Controladas publishes at dgsc.gob.bo. The two copies carry the same entries and differ only in line breaks and in a handful of characters where a capital letter I is set as a lowercase letter l in the text layer. The Anexo says on its own face that it reproduces the 1961 and 1971 convention lists as amended in force from 19 September 1987, so it is an old list re enacted in 2017 and it is materially the same list Ley 1008 annexed. Which instrument governs, re derived this pass. Ley 913 did not replace Ley 1008. Its first derogatory disposition derogates article 33 incisos a), q) and r), articles 35, 36, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42 and 44 of Título II, and Títulos VI, VII and VIII, and nothing else. Título III, the offences and penalties at articles 46 to 55, was left standing and is still the law, and Ley 913 itself contains no criminal penalty at all. What did move is the schedule. Article 33(a), the inciso that defined sustancias controladas by pointing at the Ley 1008 annex, is derogated, and Ley 913 article 5(c) with its own Anexo took its place. Ley 906 of 8 March 2017 separately abrogated the coca title of Ley 1008. So a cell that cites Law 1008 for the list is citing a derogated inciso, while a cell that cites it for the penalty is right. One loose end sits in the statute itself: article 46 still reads plantas señaladas por el anexo a que se refiere el inciso a) del artículo 33, and that inciso no longer exists. [Certain] Carriage. Carry any controlled medicine in its original dispensing packaging with the prescription, and expect a carrier to ask for the Ministry of Health or Ministry of Government authorisation that article 21 I of Ley 913 obliges it to require before a substance of the Anexo lists crosses the customs frontier.

Documentation

Control model. Article 1 of Ley 1.340/1988 defines sustancias estupefacientes y drogas peligrosas as, first, those in the lists annexed to the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs and to the Convention on Psychotropic Substances ratified by Leyes 338 and 339 of 17 December 1971, second, any substance of natural or synthetic origin able to produce dependence, stimulation or depression of the central nervous system, or hallucinations, motor and sensory disturbance, or a change in behaviour, perception or mood, or effects analogous to the first limb, and third, the salts, preparations and pharmaceutical specialities and any product usable in their elaboration. The second and third limbs are fixed by decree of the Executive originating in the Ministerio de Salud Publica y Bienestar Social, on a list article 1 requires to be updated in December of each year and to name substances by the generic name adopted by the World Health Organization. The decree in force is Decreto 5.213 of 6 May 2005, whose article 1 was replaced by Decreto 5.282 of 2021, which also abrogated Decreto 12.064/2008. [Certain] Schedule read. The consolidated schedule is published by DINAVISA as the Listado Actualizado de Sustancias sujetas a fiscalizacion en Paraguay, Dic. 2025, in three sheets, estupefacientes, psicotropicos, and precursores y productos quimicos. It was read in full for this row and it holds 469 named entries. [Certain] That workbook is a publisher consolidation and not the instrument itself, and it was checked against both of the sources it consolidates. Two omissions were measured. It drops 25I-NBOMe, which is entry PN 008 of the 1971 Convention list and sits between two entries the workbook does reproduce, and it drops Amitriptilina from the national tier although Decreto 5.282/2021 opens that list with that name. So an absence in the workbook alone does not establish an absence in law. Every row in this batch that is recorded as not found was searched against the Convention lists as well, in Spanish and in English and by chemical name, because article 1 limb a of Ley 1.340/1988 incorporates those lists directly and only limbs b and c depend on the decree. [Certain] Search result for this row. The label is not a molecule, but the schedule names many members individually. [Certain] that this is what the December 2025 schedule holds. Amending history re-derived this pass. Ley 1.340/1988 has been amended by Ley 68/1992 on article 2, Ley 171/1993 on articles 51 and 52, Ley 1.881/2002, Ley 5.434/2015 on article 23, and Ley 6.902/2022 on articles 2, 3, 4, 23, 47, 101 and 105. Ley 1.881/2002 rewrote articles 19, 21, 23, 53 and 54, added chapters 10 to 16, renumbered the old articles 72 to 83 as 99 to 111, and by its article 4 repealed articles 27, 56, 57, 58, 59 and 60. Articles 1 and 30 have not been amended. [Certain] Correction to the live cell. The live Paraguayan cells attribute trafficking and cultivation to article 16 at 10 to 20 years. Article 16 is supply made to facilitate another offence and carries 5 to 15 years. Cultivation is article 33 and carries 10 to 20 years. The article number in the live cell is wrong and has been corrected here against the statute text. [Certain] The research dossier was not relied on for placement. Its two cited library identifiers for the primary instrument were both fetched and both resolve to unrelated statutes, one on housing debt and one on a municipal land transfer. Its quotation column is a formula wrapped around the corpus name rather than a quotation from any Paraguayan text. It assigns a 20 year ceiling to article 27, which set 5 to 15 years and was repealed in 2002. It offered Escopolamina, Catha edulis, Lophophora williamsii and Ergina as Paraguayan entry names and none of the four is in the December 2025 schedule. It recorded ketamine, tramadol, GHB, mephedrone, methylone, MDPV, MXE and 2C-B as unresolved and all eight are named entries. Every placement stated here was read from the schedule itself. [Certain] Capital and life. Article 4 of the 1992 Constitucion Nacional reads Queda abolida la pena de muerte. Ley 1.340/1988 contains no capital provision and no life provision, and its highest range is 10 to 25 years. [Certain] The schedule read was the Listado Actualizado de Sustancias sujetas a fiscalizacion en Paraguay, Dic. 2025, published by DINAVISA under Decreto 5.213/2005 as amended by Decreto 5.282/2021, read as at 21 September 2026, together with the 1961 and 1971 Convention lists that article 1 limb a incorporates directly. Reading them does not rule out a later decree, a later edition of the list, or a later Convention scheduling decision that names this substance.

Documentation

[Certain] Placement read in this pass: חלק א' סימן ב' פרט 13ט and the scaffold generics at פרט 4א onward. The reading is of the consolidated First Schedule whose own amendment note at its head ends at התשע"ח and whose schedule pages carry the 1.4.2018 update stamp, with section 7 stamped 1.1.2019 and the file closing with (סוף הפקודה), and a later amendment to the Schedule is not ruled out, and this reading is of that version and no other. Carried from the published entry and from the b162 staging, not re-derived in this pass [Likely]: cannabis is decriminalised by policy rather than legalised. Since 1 April 2019, under a temporary order following the July 2018 Knesset approval, adult personal use or possession of a small amount, 15 g or less, is handled administratively rather than as a criminal offence; private home use is said to be no offence at all, while public use draws a graduated fine, the first about NIS 1,000 or about USD 275, doubled on the second, with the third triggering a criminal investigation or licence loss and the fourth prosecution. Per NIDA and the Anti-Drug Authority cannabis use is still forbidden. Soldiers, prisoners, minors and police are excluded from that framework and remain criminal. The framework is cannabis only and does not extend to other drugs. Also carried and flagged as draft rather than enacted: a 2020 bill to decriminalise up to 50 g did not pass; 2022 Sa'ar draft regulations to make personal use purely administrative and expunge records; a February 2024 redefinition of dangerous drug to only cannabis above 0.3% THC, which would place low-THC CBD outside the Ordinance. The b162 staging also carried an 8 year asset seizure exposure on the trafficking route, which was not re-derived here and is not in the sections read in this pass. Medical cannabis is one of the world's oldest and largest programmes, run by the Israel Medical Cannabis Agency under the Ministry of Health, with a figure of about 130,000 to 140,000 patients and a January 2024 reform that dropped the last resort requirement. None of those figures was verified against a primary source in this pass. [Certain] Re-derived here instead: section 7(c1) of the Ordinance keys its special fine offence expressly to פרטים 1 ו־2 בסימן א' בחלק א', that is to cannabis and cannabis resin and to nothing else among these 88 rows, and sets the fine at NIS 1,000 for a first offence and NIS 2,000 for a second. The Ordinance's own footnote to that subsection states that it came into force on 1.4.2019 and applies for 3 years from that date, which on its face runs to 1.4.2022; the text read here does not record an extension and does not record a lapse, so neither is asserted. Israel has no capital provision for any drug offence.

Documentation

Consolidation read: Ley Orgánica de Drogas, sanctioned 18 August 2010, published in Gaceta Oficial 39.510 of 15 September 2010 and reprinted, the reprint read here being the one ordered under article 4 of the Ley de Publicaciones Oficiales to correct Gaceta Oficial 39.535 of 21 October 2010, which was carried in Gaceta Oficial 39.546 of 5 November 2010. The 39.510 scan and the reprint text were compared on articles 131, 149 and 153 and agree on every figure and range. [Certain] that the reprint text read here is the 39.546 one, resolved in this pass against the gazette itself rather than inferred from the reprint order. Gaceta Oficial number 39.546 was read: its masthead is "Numero 39.546" over "Caracas, viernes 5 de noviembre de 2010", its sumario carries the "Aviso Oficial mediante el cual se corrige por error material la Ley Organica de Drogas, sancionada el 18 de agosto de 2010". The issue is a 21 page scan with no text layer and was read through Spanish optical character recognition, so everything below the masthead was matched on recognised text and not on the image. Measured against the reprint text read here, in 24 character blocks: article 153 matches on 22 of 23, article 149 on 20 of 23 and article 134 on 15 of 24, the shortfall in each being optical recognition noise on the scanned side. [Certain as to the masthead and the sumario, which are large print and unambiguous, and therefore as to the issue number and its date and subject.] [Likely as to the per article comparison, which cannot be stronger than the optical recognition it runs on.] Control model, re derived from the statute in this pass. Article 2 applies the Law's control, vigilance and fiscalisation provisions to “el conjunto de sustancias incorporadas en las listas y anexos de los convenios y tratados suscritos y ratificados por la República”, and to further substances determined by the ministries with competence in health and in intermediate industries. Article 3 numeral 12 defines estupefacientes as “cualesquiera de las sustancias, naturales o sintéticas, que figuran en la lista I o la lista II de la Convención Única de 1961, Sobre Estupefacientes, Enmendada por el Protocolo de 1972”, and numeral 29 defines a sustancia psicotrópica as “cualquier sustancia, natural o sintética, o cualquier material natural que figure en las listas I, II, III o IV del Convenio sobre Sustancias Psicotrópicas de 1971”. The Law's own Anexo I, Lista I and Lista II, is a list of controlled chemicals and precursors, not of drugs: it runs from Ácido N-acetilantranilico and Ácido Lisérgico through Efedrina, Ergometrina, Ergotamina, Isosafrol, Piperonal, Safrol and Seudoefedrina to Permanganato de potasio and Anhídrido acético. There is therefore no Venezuelan chemical schedule of drugs to read; the schedule is the Convention schedule. Entry read for this row, recorded as the list prints it: “JWH-018 and AM-2201, UR-144 and XLR-11, AB-CHMINACA and ADB-CHMINACA, AB-FUBINACA and ADB-FUBINACA, ADB-BUTINACA and AB-PINACA, 5F-ADB and 5F-AMB, 5F-APINACA and 5F-MDMB-PICA, 5F-PB-22 and 4F-MDMB-BINACA, MDMB-4en-PINACA and MDMB-CHMICA, FUB-AMB and CUMYL-4CN-BINACA, and CUMYL-PEGACLONE”, anchored on each named compound, in 1971 Green List Schedule II. Method note. The 2026-09-20 Venezuela dossier was used only as the slug list and as a term list source. Its outcome column, its instrument column and its quotation column were not treated as evidence, and no placement in this batch rests on them; every placement is the entry read in the list the statute incorporates. Sibling name traps were checked rather than assumed: desomorphine, ethylmorphine, nicomorphine, nicocodine, norcodeine and dihydrocodeine are separate entries that anchored matching correctly did not return for the morphine or codeine rows, and brolamfetamine is a separate entry that did not return for the amphetamine row. Carried from the live cell and not re derived here: that there is no medical cannabis programme in Venezuela, that CBD and hemp are treated as illegal, and that only limited scientific research licences exist. [Likely], source is the live 2cb cell dated 2026-06-26, none of it is in the Ley Orgánica de Drogas. Correction carried into every cell of this batch: the gram figures are in article 153 and in article 149, not in article 131. The live cells attributed them to article 131, which prints no quantity at all. The ceiling of this Law is thirty years under the final paragraph of article 149, not twenty five. Routes run for the instrument in this pass. The Asamblea Nacional URL cited on every row of the 2026-09-20 dossier returned HTTP 404 and 5,734 bytes of HTML, so that register is not usable. The UNODC SHERLOC copy returned HTTP 200 and a 9.9 MB scan of the Gaceta Oficial of 15 September 2010, which was read with pdftotext. oas.org redirected every juridico path to its unavailable page. A clean digital text of the reprint was obtained from a Venezuelan law firm reproduction and the two were compared on articles 131, 149 and 153, which agree.

Documentation

Decreto 48-92 annexes no list of substances. Article 1 reaches the drugs "incluidos en los convenios y tratados internacionales al respecto, ratificados por Guatemala y en cualquier otro instrumento jurídico internacional que sobre esta materia se apruebe", and article 2(b) defines "Estupefacientes y sustancias psicotrópicas" as "Cualquier droga natural o sintética, así considerada en tratados o convenios internacionales de observancia obligatoria en la República de Guatemala, el Código de Salud y demás disposiciones que se emitan para determinar las drogas de uso prohibido a que se refiere la presente ley". An anchored search of the whole 57 KB law text returned no substance name at all, which is the measurement behind that reading. The health authority says the same thing in its own words: MSPAS Normativa 22-2001, section 2, states that "Los Estupefacientes y Sicotrópicos son los enumerados en la Convención Unica de 1961 sobre Estupefacientes, en el Convenio sobre Substancias Sicotrópicas de 1971 y en la Convención de las Naciones Unidas contra el Tráfico Ilícito de Estupefacientes y Sustancias Sicotrópicas y otras Sustancias consideradas como tales por las leyes del país y por las disposiciones dictadas por la autoridad de salud". This row is a product label rather than a single substance, and it is resolved through its constituents. Those constituents are themselves entries: PJ 001 "JWH-018, AM-678", PA 008 "AM-2201, JWH-2201", PC 011 "AB-CHMINACA", PM 025 "MDMB-CHMICA" and PM 030 "MDMB-4en-PINACA", among others. A seizure is governed by what it is proved to contain. Article 2(b) therefore reaches it, because that list is a treaty list of obligatory observance in Guatemala, and articles 38 and 39 then apply to it as a drug, estupefaciente or psicotrópico. Article 38, "Comercio, tráfico y almacenamiento ilícito", sets prison of twelve to twenty years and a fine of Q50,000 to Q1,000,000, both of those figures being money and neither of them a quantity of any substance. Article 39, "Posesión para el consumo", makes possession for one's own consumption an offence in its own right, at four months to two years and a fine of Q200 to Q10,000, consumption being made out where the seized drug "no exceda de la cantidad razonable para el consumo inmediato". No article states a gram figure for any substance, so the line between personal use and trafficking is judicial. Article 36 sets five to twenty years for sowing or cultivation and article 37 eight to twenty years for manufacture, which puts the ceiling on the conduct articles at twenty years. Article 15 names article 39 among the sentences that may be commuted where the prison term does not exceed five years, at Q5 to Q100 per day. One figure in the superseded cell is corrected here. It put cultivation or manufacture at up to about twenty to twenty five years. Read from the gazette, article 36 sets five to twenty years and article 37 eight to twenty years, so twenty years is the ceiling on those two conduct articles and twenty five was never in the law [Certain, re-derived this pass]. Twenty years is not the maximum term this statute can impose: article 52 still provides thirty years where a death results, now that the words "muerte o" have gone from it. Carried from the live cell and not re-derived in this pass [Likely]: Guatemala has no medical cannabis, a 2016 bill having been rejected, and extradition to the United States is possible under a 1940 treaty.

Consequences if caught

Capital exposure: none. Ukraine provides no death penalty. The trade article the source names is Кримінальний кодекс України, стаття 307, twelve years of imprisonment at the ceiling of its third part, no life sentence in the article, and наказ МОЗ № 188 keys its small, large and especially large bands to individual headings. Because record UKR-83 assigns no heading to the family, no band attaches to the label and the grading has to be built from whichever identified compound an assay reports. Herbal material sprayed with one of these compounds is weighed as a preparation, and this source states no rule for that either. No separate possession article is named. Separately from that, and carried forward from this site's published Ukraine entry rather than re-derived from the Code in this pass, the published penalties are these. Personal use of a small amount is administrative under article 44 of the Code of Administrative Offenses, a fine of 25 to 50 tax free minimum incomes, 20 to 60 hours of community service, or administrative arrest of up to 15 days. Above small, personal use under article 309 is criminal, a fine, correctional labour of up to two years, or restriction of liberty of up to five years, rising to up to three years where aggravated or large and up to eight years where a minor is involved. Trafficking or sale under article 307 draws four to twelve years with property forfeiture. Smuggling under article 305 draws five to eight years, and up to eight to ten years aggravated. The published entry records the small, large and especially large quantity thresholds as very low, and that trace amounts have triggered article 309. Drug use itself, other than in public, is not criminal there. Every figure in this paragraph is a penalty range or a fine and none of them is a quantity threshold. Whether the offence reaches this row at all is exactly what was not established, so they are recorded as Ukraine's published drug penalties and not as this row's exposure.rows. That is where the practical difficulty now sits, and it is a different difficulty from the one the applied cell described. The family is caught in part, because the Примітка to Таблиця I, Список № 2, reaches the naphthoylindole and related derivative groups but names no indazole, and a compound caught only by that clause has no row of its own and therefore no band of its own. A compound that is printed by name, as JWH-018 is, carries the band written against its row. Herbal material sprayed with one of these compounds is weighed as a preparation and this source states no rule for that. No separate possession article is named.

Ukraine, applicability record UKR-83: the label is an open structural family and an identified molecule is required before a national list entry can be matched · searched under the family name and one named indole compound in Постанова Кабінету Міністрів України № 770 від 6 травня 2000 року, Перелік, таблиці I to IV, read at https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/770-2000-%D0%BF#Text as at 20 September 2026 · this list prints its synthetic cathinones and phenethylamines individually and no bounded class clause was read. List ownership, стаття 7 of Закон України «Про наркотичні засоби, психотропні речовини і прекурсори», https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/60/95-%D0%B2%D1%80#Text. Quantity bands, наказ МОЗ № 188, https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/z0512-00#Text. Ceiling, Кримінальний кодекс України стаття 307, https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2341-14#Text. Limitation: logged terms "sintetski kanabinoidi", a South Slavic transliteration, and one indole compound name are Latin against a Cyrillic annex, so the absence of a bounded class clause is unmeasured. · the article 44, 305, 307 and 309 penalties stated above are carried forward from this site's published Ukraine entry, which cites the Criminal Code articles 305, 307, 309 and 310, the Code of Administrative Offenses article 44 and Ministry of Health Order No. 188. They were not re-derived from the Code in this pass, and the published entry's own hedges, that the thresholds are very low and that trace amounts have triggered article 309, are carried with themsynthetic cannabinoids, family reached by the structural clause in the Примітка closing Таблиця I, Список № 2, «Особливо небезпечні психотропні речовини, обіг яких заборонено», which extends the list to «похідні групи нафтоїліндолів, бензоїліндолів, N-бензоїліндолів, фенілацетиліндолів, нафтилметиліндолів, нафтилметилінденів, циклогексилфенолів, фенілциклогексанолів, нафтоїлпіролів, дибензопіранів, триптамінів» where such derivatives can exist and are not already separate entries · the clause names no indazole, so the indazole carboxamides are reached only where printed by name, and ADB-BUTINACA and MDMB-BUTINACA are printed by name in the body of the same Список № 2 · individually printed member relied on for the reading, «JWH-018» against «(нафталін-1-іл)(1-пентил-1H-індол-3-іл)метанон», between JWH-081 and JWH-175 in the body of the same Список № 2 · the applied cell's statement that no bounded class clause exists, and its report that a named indole compound was not found, are both falsified by this reading · Постанова Кабінету Міністрів України № 770 від 6 травня 2000 року, перелік наркотичних засобів, психотропних речовин і прекурсорів, редакція від 13 вересня 2025 року, підстава 692-2025-п, read at https://web.archive.org/web/20260112104514/https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/770-2000-%D0%BF/print on 21 September 2026 · publisher https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/770-2000-%D0%BF · Horizon limit: the publisher host refused every connection from here, so the text read is the publisher's own print view as captured by the Internet Archive with a currency line of 12 January 2026. The publisher's card page, captured 16 August 2026, names a later redaction of 7 June 2026 on the basis of 146-2026-п, and that redaction is not in the text read · Cyrillic forms searched: синтетичні канабіноїди, канабіноїд, похідні групи, нафтоїліндол, JWH · list ownership, стаття 7 of Закон України «Про наркотичні засоби, психотропні речовини і прекурсори» · quantity bands, наказ МОЗ № 188 · ceiling, Кримінальний кодекс України стаття 307 · zakon.rada.gov.ua · web.archive.org · zakon.rada.gov.ua · zakon.rada.gov.ua · zakon.rada.gov.ua · Updated September 21, 2026

Documentation

The version read for this cell is the annex to Law 15 of 2007 as printed in Official Gazette 2804 of 16 August 2007 at pages 20 to 34, together with the publisher's amendment register for the Law, which on 22 September 2026 listed exactly three amendments and showed a site update of 17 September 2026. The register does not certify that no other instrument exists, so the consolidation is silent on that stronger point. The power that moves these tables is article 4 of the Law, which lets the Council of Ministers add to the attached schedules or change their percentages on the Minister's proposal after a committee of specialists approves, so the list can move without a new Law and all three amendments so far were made that way. The twelve tables reproduce the convention lists: the Group I Schedule 3 heading names Schedule III of the 1961 Convention in its English line and the 1971 Convention in its Arabic line, which is a mismatch inside the Gazette itself, Group II carries the four schedules of the 1971 Convention, and Group III mirrors the two tables of the 1988 Convention down to the note excluding the salts of hydrochloric and sulphuric acid. The entry for this row sits in Group I Schedule 1 of the annex, by Decision 39 of 2016 and was read on the rendered Gazette page rather than taken from a text layer, because the published file is a scan with no extractable text. The decision adds the class by that name and gives it no definition and no member list, so the boundary of the class is not drawn anywhere in the published text. Three named synthetic cannabinoids, 5F-APINACA, MDMB-CHMICA and XLR-11, were separately added to Group II Schedule 2 by Decision 11 of 2020, which carries a different and much lower penalty. The group and schedule placement stated here is not printed in the quotation column of the dossier this lane was given: that column carries a bare entry name on its placement rows and a synthesised Arabic search record on its absence rows, and no group marker on any of its 88 rows, so every placement in this batch was read from the Gazette annex page instead. Bahrain's drug law carries capital exposure, and which offences reach it is set out in the street section of this cell rather than recited as a general fact about the country.

Documentation

The end of each recovered list was read rather than sampled. The 1338 decree ends with its group 2 entries and its preparation rule, and the four schedules end at entry 62 of Schedule 4, zolpidem, with 28, 17, 9 and 62 entries and 116 in all. Iran keeps the death penalty for drug offences and uses it. Article 45, added by the Act of 1396/07/12, which is 4 October 2017, and approved by the Guardian Council on 1396/07/26, which is 18 October 2017, reaches only offences that already carry death or life imprisonment under this Law, and its paragraph (t) sets the quantity limb: «کلیه جرائم موضوع ماده (4) این قانون مشروط بر اینکه بیش از پنجاه کیلوگرم باشد و مواد موضوع ماده (8) این قانون مشروط بر اینکه بیش از دو کیلوگرم باشد و در خصوص سایر جرائم موضوع ماده (8) در صورتی‌که بیش از سه کیلوگرم باشد». The quantities are more than 50 kilograms for Article 4 offences, more than 2 kilograms for the Article 8 supply limb, and more than 3 kilograms for the other Article 8 offences of buying, keeping, concealing or transporting, which is how the Head of the Judiciary circular of 1396/10/16, meaning 6 January 2018, reads that paragraph at its own paragraph 7. Below those quantities the older capital wording does not lapse by itself, because Article 45 converts a former death case to grade one imprisonment of up to thirty years and a former life case to grade two imprisonment, with confiscation of drug proceeds in both. The money runs beside that conversion: a grade one fine up to twice its minimum for the former death case and a grade two fine for the former life case. Paragraphs (a), (b) and (c) of Article 45 carry no quantity floor at all, and reach an offender who drew or carried a weapon, a ringleader, a financial backer or investor, an offender who used a person under eighteen or a person lacking capacity, and an offender with a final prior conviction under this Law for death, life or more than fifteen years. Advisory opinion 7/99/136 applies paragraph (c) to the transport of 80 grams of heroin and to the possession of 200 kilograms of opium, which is why a weight under two kilograms is not a safe limit. At least 503 drug related executions were recorded in 2024 and 471 in 2023, roughly half of all executions and carried out by hanging, which the US Library of Congress Global Legal Monitor reports and Harm Reduction International and Amnesty International corroborate. A second figure of 485 for 2024 also sits in this project’s earlier Iran records, unattributed there, and the two were not reconciled, so both are printed rather than one being chosen. Those figures are set out here because whether the offence reaches this row at all is exactly what was not established. Version read for this cell: the Anti-Narcotics Law of 1367/08/03, which is 25 October 1988, as the publisher’s consolidation carries it, with its 1376, 1380, 1389, 1396 and 1399 amendments, meaning 1997, 2001, 2010, 2017 and 2020, and the fine revision of 1403/03/30, which is 19 June 2024, and the four psychotropic schedules as those schedules stand after the Cabinet decision of 1384/09/13, which is 4 December 2005, both read on 22 September 2026, together with the narcotics-list decree of 1338/05/02, which is July 1959, whose Article 5 carries an amendment of 1352/12/28, meaning 19 March 1974, and the Psychotropics Law of 1354/02/08, which is 28 April 1975. Item 419 of the health invalidation law of 1399/08/05, meaning 26 October 2020, names annexes 1 to 4 of the 1354 Psychotropics Law, and Judiciary advisory opinion 7/1400/434 of 1400/09/09, meaning 30 November 2021, reads that as reaching the 1354 Law’s own original annexes, which later Cabinet decisions had already displaced, so the 1384/09/13 schedules stand. Article 1 of the 1354 Psychotropics Law lets the Ministry revise these four schedules on a recommendation of the United Nations Commission on Narcotic Drugs, but only with Cabinet approval, publication and a further fifteen days, so a change to the 1971 Psychotropic Substances Convention does not enter Iranian law by itself, and the 1961 and 1971 Convention schedules are not the Iranian list. Provenance of the placement: the schedule and entry number stated for this row was read in the instrument itself and was not taken from the project dossier, because no quoted extract in that dossier carries a schedule marker for any substance, measured across all 88 of its quotation cells on 22 September 2026. Older bands survive inside the same articles and are what Article 45 converts. Article 4 band 4 reads death and confiscation above 5 kilograms, with a note giving life imprisonment, 74 lashes and confiscation for a first offence of 20 kilograms or less that was not distributed or sold. Article 8 band 6 reads death and confiscation above 30 grams, with a note giving life imprisonment for a first offence of no more than 100 grams that was not distributed or sold. Before the 1396 Act, meaning before 2017, the reported capital thresholds were far lower, at more than 30 grams of heroin or cocaine and more than 5 kilograms of opium or cannabis. The Anti-Narcotics Law itself dates from 1988 and the substances it incorporates by definition come from the narcotics list decree of 1959. Article 41 excludes authorised medical, research and industrial activity: «ساخت، تولید، خرید، فروش، ارسال، نگهداری، ورود، صدور، مصرف و حمل مواد ممنوع حسب مورد برای مصارف پزشکی، تحقیقاتی و صنعتی با مجوز وزارت بهداشت، درمان و آموزش پزشکی از شمول این قانون مستثنی است», so a medicinal use or a trade name does not by itself establish that the Ministry of Health permission exists. Carry any controlled medicine in its original packaging with the prescription, and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Jordan, Law No. 23 of 2016, no single schedule entry for the synthetic cannabinoids class, the dossier requiring constituent-specific determination «synthetic-cannabinoids: يلزم تحديد كل مكوّن في العينة وفحصه في الجداول الملحقة.» · article 2 supplies the Schedules 5 to 9 psychotropic definition, articles 19 and 20 the trafficking, life and death provisions for a listed constituent, article 14 the route for an unlisted one and article 37 the amendment power · named cannabinoid entries read in the same schedules include hexahydrocannabinol at Schedule 6 and tetrahydrocannabiphorol and the tetrahydrocannabinol isomers at Schedule 5 · read at https://www.jfda.jo/ebv4.0/root_storage/ar/eb_list_page/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A4%D8%AB%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%A9_2016_%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%87.pdf, the Jordan Food and Drug Administration's own consolidation of the Law, with the official schedules at https://www.jfda.jo/ebv4.0/root_storage/ar/eb_list_page/%D8%AC%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A4%D8%AB%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9_29-12-2025.pdf and the regulator's legislation index at https://jfda.jo/Ar/List/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86 · Law No. 23 of 2016 was published in Official Gazette No. 5402 on 16 June 2016 and took effect on 15 August 2016, as amended by Law No. 24 of 2021, Gazette No. 5746 of 23 September 2021, in force 23 October 2021 · the amendment horizon is 16 September 2026 and the body of the 16 September 2026 schedules file could not be retrieved, so the last fully searchable official schedule text is the consolidation updated 29 December 2025 · the regulator's copyright page permits viewing and printing for personal and non-commercial use, permits linking, and permits short portions to be republished unchanged with attribution, which is the basis on which the Arabic above is quoted · read as at 17 September 2026 · Updated September 20, 2026

North Macedonia, Листи за класификација на супстанции и растенија, Службен весник на РСМ бр. 104/2021, no substance row · label resolution record using синтетички канабиноиди · JWH-018 · AM-2201 · the lists are made under член 21 став 2 of Закон за контрола на опојни дроги и психотропни супстанции, so the minister of health owns the substance names and the statute does not · penalties at Кривичен законик, Article 215(1) for the ten year ceiling and Article 215(2) for the reduced offence · lists read at https://malmed.gov.mk/wp-content/uploads/Listi_za_klasifikacija-opoji-drogi_i_psihotropni_supstanci-Sl.Vesnik-.br_.104_od_2021.pdf and the consolidated control Act read at https://diz.gov.mk/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/ZAKON-ZA-KONTROLA-NA-OPOJNI-DROGI-I-PSIHOTROPNI-SUPSTANCII.pdf · the publisher makes these available without granting an unrestricted republication licence, so only what verification requires is reproduced here · read as at 20 September 2026 · carried forward and not sourced in this pass: the three to ten year band at Article 215, the six months to three years band for the lesser-quantity paragraph added in September 2009, the chapter 21 locator, Article 216 for facilitating or enabling use, Article 217 for severe bodily injury or health damage through those offences, the absence of a separate personal-possession offence, and the reported prosecutorial working thresholds of about 2 g of cocaine, 2 g of heroin and 5 g of cannabis are taken from the published 2cb entry for North Macedonia. They were not re-derived from the Кривичен законик or from any statute text in this pass, no web source was consulted, and the thresholds remain reported prosecutorial practice and not statutory. The chapter 21 locator is corroborated by that published entry and is still unverified against the Кривичен законик itself. The dossier read for this pass supports only the ten year ceiling at Article 215(1) and the existence of a reduced offence at Article 215(2) · Updated September 21, 2026

Armenia, synthetic cannabinoids, applicability answer retained and its evidence corrected · Ցուցակ N 1 prints a long run of individually named synthetic cannabinoids beginning at ACBM-018 and running through the AM, CP, HU, JWH and MDMB series · printed member relied on for the reading, «JWH-018» against «1-պենտիլ-3-(նաֆթալին-1-իլ) ինդոլ», between JWH-015 and JWH-019 · the applied cell's report that this compound returned nothing is falsified, and its description of the annex as carrying named substances and one isomer clause understates the run · the one family clause the annex carries is «Տետրահիդրոկանաբինոլի բոլոր իզոմերները», about a natural cannabinoid, and no clause reaches a synthetic cannabinoid structural group at group level, which is why the applicability answer holds · the lists are alphabetical and carry no serial numbers and the annex prints no Chemical Abstracts numbers · Government Decision N 1129-Ն of 21 August 2003, հավելված, ցուցակներ N 1 to N 4, official incorporation as amended to 23.04.25 N 473-Ն, read at https://www.arlis.am/hy/acts/205965 on 21 September 2026, together with amendment N 334-Ն of 26 March 2026 in force 27 March 2026, read at https://www.arlis.am/en/acts/222947 on the same day · The incorporation carries amendments up to 23.04.25 N 473-Ն and does not yet carry N 334-Ն, which was read separately. N 334-Ն adds four nitazenes to Ցուցակ N 1 and adds Կարիսոպրոդոլ and Հեքսահիդրոկանաբինոլ to Ցուցակ N 3, and touches none of the four substances in this set · Armenian script forms searched: սինթետիկ, կանաբինոիդ, կաննաբինոիդ, ինդոլ, ինդազոլ, and the Latin JWH · penalties at the Criminal Code of the Republic of Armenia, Article 393(3) for the 12 year ceiling and Article 393(4) to (6) for the bands measured from the Government's minimum small amount figure · arlis.am · arlis.am · arlis.am · arlis.am · Updated September 21, 2026

Documentation

The version read for this cell is the four tables annexed to Law 673 of 16 March 1998 on narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and precursors, in two State published consolidations read on 22 September 2026: the Ministry of Public Health file Legislation Nationale, Substances placees sous controle, whose name carries the seventh modification of January 2019 and which the Ministry's narcotics page offers in Arabic as the updated version of the tables annexed to narcotics law 673/98, and the Lebanese University Centre for Legal Informatics note on the annexed tables, which carries the decree by decree amendment history. Article 7 is the power that moves these tables: it makes the four annexes a regulatory instrument that may be changed by adding an entry, striking one out or moving an entry from one table to another, by decree issued on the proposal of the Minister of Health, so the lists can move without a new Law. Article 8 requires an entry to be printed under the substance's international common name, or its scientific name where there is no common one, which is why a brand, a plant or a street name is not itself an entry. Article 5 sets the tiers the penalties follow: Table 1 is the plants and substances of high danger with no medical use, Table 2 is the plants and substances of high danger that do have a medical use, Table 3 is the dangerous plants and substances that have a use in medicine, and article 6 puts the precursors in Table 4. Lebanon has no generic clause and no analogue clause for this class: nothing in articles 1 to 13 defines a structural family, and the annex reaches these compounds one entry at a time plus a derivatives clause on six of them. A synthetic cannabinoid outside those entries and outside those six derivatives clauses is not reached, and which compounds fall inside a derivatives clause was not established here. The two consolidations do not agree and the union of them is the only defensible reading, so this cell names which one printed the entry it relies on. The Ministry file carries entries the University note lacks, among them Ketamine at the end of the Table 2 list of the 1961 Convention Schedule I, Etizolam and Phenazepam at the end of the Table 3 list of the 1971 Convention Schedule IV, Flubromazolam in Table 1, and the mephedrone, methoxetamine, para-methoxymethylamphetamine and 4,4-dimethylaminorex entries in the Table 1 list of the 1971 Convention Schedule I. The University note carries what the Ministry file cannot, because it is six years older: the two decrees of 16 May 2025. The two also disagree on a heading. The Ministry file heads the first block of Table 1 as Schedule I of the 1961 Convention while the University note heads the same block as Schedule IV, and the six opening entries, acetorphine, cannabis and cannabis resin, cetobemidone, desomorphine, etorphine and heroin, are the 1961 Schedule IV set. That mismatch sits inside the State's own texts and is recorded here rather than resolved. Every entry quoted in this cell is quoted from the Latin and French column that the annex itself prints beside the Arabic. The Arabic column of the Ministry file does not extract to reliable text for the older pages, where the embedded font maps to the wrong code points, so no Arabic is quoted from it here and no Arabic was retyped from a rendered page. The serial numbers in that file are unsafe for the same reason, because the Arabic-Indic digits come out transposed, which is why this cell locates an entry by the names printed on either side of it rather than by its number. The placement stated here is not printed in the dossier this lane was given. That dossier's quotation column carries a synthesised search record on 52 of its 88 rows, a sentence of the shape an exact local-language term, Latin name, common synonym, salts and isomers wording and post-enactment amendment route searched for this slug, which is printed in no instrument; on its remaining 36 rows it carries a bare Arabic substance name with no table, no schedule and no article. No row of it names a table: 0 of 88 quotations carry a table or schedule number, and its instrument column says Tables 1-5 on all 88 rows. Its URL column is the publisher's home page with a text fragment appended. Its paragraph 4 states that no single consolidated annex current to 20 September 2026 was located, and the Ministry of Public Health publishes exactly such a consolidation on the narcotics page the dossier itself cites. Its paragraph 3 states that no death sentence was established in Law 673, which is right about the drug offences and wrong as written, because article 140 does carry the death penalty for killing an official enforcing the Law. Every placement in this batch was therefore read in the annex rather than taken from that column. Law 673 has been amended by Law 193 of 24 May 2000, which rewrote articles 15, 17, 29, 34, 44, 57 and 88, by Law 272 of 5 January 2001, which added a paragraph exempting licensed industrial establishments holding an industrial certificate from the Ministry of Industry in respect of Table 4 substances, and by Law 318 of 2001, which repealed article 132. What could not be established for this cell is the text of the two decrees of 16 May 2025 themselves. The University note records them and gives no Official Gazette citation for them, and three routes were tried on 22 September 2026: a search of the Official Gazette index for issue 23 of May 2025, which lists decrees 223, 331, 333 and 334 and not 342 or 343; a query by number and year against the Lebanese University legislation search, which answered HTTP 500 on both numbers; and open search in Arabic and English on the decree numbers and on the substance names, which returned no primary text. The consolidation is also silent on the stronger point, that no decree later than 16 May 2025 has moved these tables.

Documentation

The instrument read for this cell is the Ley Reguladora de las Actividades Relativas a las Drogas, Decreto Legislativo 153 of 2 October 2003, published in Diario Oficial 208, Tomo 361, of 7 November 2003, in the consolidated text published by the Asamblea Legislativa. That text carries its own reform schedule: five reforms, the last of them Decreto Legislativo 78 of 25 July 2018 in Diario Oficial 156, Tomo 420, of 24 August 2018, so the consolidation read here is current to that reform. The same reform schedule was confirmed against a second publisher, the transparency portal of the Fiscalia General de la Republica, which prints the identical list of five. The text also carries four rulings of the Sala de lo Constitucional, three of which strike the fine in Articles 31, 33 and 34 and the fourth of which struck the rule in Article 52 that equated preparatory acts with completed offences before that article was reformed in 2018. The substance list read for this cell is the Listado de sustancias estupefacientes, psicotropicos, precursores y agregados 2026, approved by Acuerdo SI.2026.03.20-01 of the Superintendencia de Regulacion Sanitaria. That document states its own currency in its Disposiciones generales: it was approved by that acuerdo and is «vigente hasta el 31 de marzo de 2027, o hasta que se emita un nuevo listado por parte de la Superintendencia de Regulacion Sanitaria». It was read as at 21 September 2026, and the 2025 edition of the same list was fetched first and set aside once the 2026 edition was found on the regulator's own page. The list is the one Article 13 of the Ley requires, «una lista de drogas y de todas las preparaciones y especialidades farmaceuticas que las contengan de acuerdo a las categorias establecidas en la presente Ley», which Article 13 also requires to be sent to the Corte Suprema de Justicia, the Fiscalia General de la Republica and the Policia Nacional Civil so that judges and prosecutors know it. Article 13 names the Consejo Superior de Salud Publica as the body that makes it; the 2013 Reglamento names the Direccion Nacional de Medicamentos as the governing authority, and the Ley de la Superintendencia de Regulacion Sanitaria dissolved that Direccion and moved its functions to the Superintendencia with effect from August 2024. That succession is stated from the Reglamento and from reporting of the Superintendencia law, whose own gazette text was not read for this cell. Article 2 defines droga in its own words: «Art. 2.- Para los efectos de esta Ley se consideran drogas las sustancias especificadas como tales en los Convenios Internacionales ratificados por El Salvador, las que se mencionan en el Código de Salud y demás leyes del país; y en general, las que indistintamente de su grado de pureza, actúan sobre el sistema nervioso central y tienen la capacidad de producir transformaciones, bien sea aumentando o disminuyendo su funcionamiento o modificando los estados de conciencia y que su uso indebido puede causar dependencia o sujeción física y psicológica.» Article 3 then prohibits activity relating to five named categories and, in letter f, «f) Cualquier otra sustancia que sea considerada droga tan nociva que amerite ser prohibida por el Consejo Superior de Salud Pública o por los convenios internacionales ratificados por el país.» The names searched across the list, in Spanish and in English, were cannabinoides sinteticos, JWH-018, the AM-2201 entry, MDMB-CHMICA, the indazole carboxamide names. No entry was returned for any of them, and none of them produced an occurrence of any kind in the list. Three routes were tried for the instrument and all three returned a document: the Asamblea Legislativa decree file, which returned the consolidated text; the transparency portal of the Fiscalia General de la Republica, which returned the same consolidation; and the regulator's own listado page, which returned the 2026 list. Two routes returned nothing usable: the Asamblea decree index and law search paths both returned a not found page, and a fetch of the Asamblea search page failed on certificate verification. Carry any controlled medicine in its dispensing packaging with the prescription, and confirm the position with the Salvadoran embassy or consulate before you travel.

Documentation

The instrument read for this cell is the consolidated text of the Ley sobre el Uso Indebido y Tráfico Ilícito de Drogas y Sustancias Psicotrópicas, Decreto 126/89, published by the Tribunal Superior de Cuentas, which carries its own footnote to La Gaceta 25992 of 23 November 1989 and to the Decreto 86-93 reform in La Gaceta 27162 of 1 October 1993, together with the Código Penal, Decreto 130-2017, as printed in La Gaceta 34,940 of 10 May 2019. Articles 16 to 30 and 41 of Decreto 126/89 were repealed by Article 632 of that Code, so the 1989 law now supplies definitions and administrative prohibitions and the Code supplies every offence. The live cell dated the Code to 10 November 2019, which is the date Article 635 as enacted would have produced from a publication of 10 May 2019; commencement was postponed twice and the Code took effect on 25 June 2020. That last date is carried from the reported amendment of Article 635 published in La Gaceta 35,247 of 9 May 2020, which was not read at the gazette for this cell. The schedules Article 321 adopts were read in the International Narcotics Control Board Yellow List, 65th edition of July 2026, the Green List, 36th edition of 2025, and the Red List, 23rd edition of July 2025, on 21 September 2026. Synthetic cannabinoids was placed through the entries it is reached by and not under its own name. The entries read were PJ 001 JWH-018, PA 008 AM-2201, PA 009 5F-APINACA, PA 010 5F-AMB, PC 011 AB-CHMINACA, PF 010 AB-FUBINACA, PM 025 MDMB-CHMICA, PM 028 5F-MDMB-PICA, PM 029 4F-MDMB-BINACA, PM 030 MDMB-4en-PINACA, PP 011 5F-ADB, PP 018 AB-PINACA and PP 026 5F-PB-22, each on its own line. Article 11 of Decreto 126/89 survives and still reads «Se prohíbe a toda persona mantener en su poder ya sea en sus ropas o valijas, en su domicilio, lugar de trabajo, automóvil o cualquier otro lugar bajo su orden y responsabilidad, sin autorización legal, cantidad alguna de estupefacientes y sustancias controladas», and Article 6 still routes the definitions through the conventions and the Reglamento de Control de Estupefacientes y otras Drogas Peligrosas, but the article that carried the penalty for breaching them is repealed, so that prohibition now stands without a sanction of its own. Carry any controlled medicine in its dispensing packaging with the prescription, and confirm the position with the Honduran consulate before you travel.

Belarus, synthetic cannabinoids, applicability answer retained and its reasoning corrected · printed group heading at 1.2.ПК of Список 1 reading «Синтетические каннабиноиды», with structurally defined subgroups under it, the first gathering the 3-carbonylindoles against a stated base structure · printed member relied on for the reading, «JWH-018» at serial 1.2.ПК1.22 against (нафталин-1-ил)(1-пентил-1H-индол-3-ил)метанон, between 1.2.ПК1.21 EAM-2201 and 1.2.ПК1.23 JWH-019 · the applied cell's statement that the list names members rather than families, and its report that this compound returned nothing, are both falsified by this reading · the amendment of 10 March 2026 adds further rows to subgroup 1.2.ПК2 · Постановление Министерства здравоохранения Республики Беларусь от 11 февраля 2015 г. № 19, республиканский перечень, приложение, списки 1 to 5, official text read at https://pravo.by/upload/docs/op/W21529651_1425070800.pdf on 21 September 2026, together with Постановление № 24 от 24 февраля 2025 г. read at https://pravo.by/upload/docs/op/W22542962_1740603600.pdf and Постановление № 18 от 10 марта 2026 г. read at https://pravo.by/upload/docs/op/W22644670_1773262800.pdf on the same day · Horizon limit: pravo.by and etalonline.by return a regional block to this client, so the consolidated text could not be opened. What was read is the 2015 base text as officially published plus the two amending postanovleniya this record names. Amendments made between 2015 and 2025 were not read, and the 2026 amendment shows the synthetic cannabinoid group has grown a subgroup 1.2.ПК2 that the base text does not carry, so the intervening amendments are real and unread · Cyrillic forms searched in the annex's own script: синтетические каннабиноиды, каннабиноид, JWH, индол, индазол · Criminal Code Article 328 supplies the offence and the ceiling, Article 328(5), and this correction does not reopen the dispute recorded elsewhere in this set about that figure · pravo.by · pravo.by · pravo.by · pravo.by · Updated September 21, 2026

Moldova, Synthetic cannabinoids, from the 20 September 2026 repair dossier record MOL-83, search set "sintetski kanabinoidi", "JWH-018" · framework statute Legea nr. 382/1999 cu privire la circulaţia substanţelor stupefiante, psihotrope şi a precursorilor · offences and ceiling at Codul penal, Article 217 and Article 217¹, with the ceiling at Article 217¹(4) · searched in the lists approved by Hotărârea Guvernului nr. 79/2006 and stopped at applicability · outcome recorded by the source: not applicable, carried here as a confirmed cell and not as a deferral · read as in force on 20 September 2026 on the official Moldovan legislation portal · legis.md · legis.md · https://www.legis.md/ The sentence band in this cell is carried forward from the entry published before this batch and was not re-derived from the statute in this pass · it is tagged [Likely] where it appears.synthetic cannabinoids, applicability answer retained and its evidence corrected · control list is Hotărârea Guvernului nr. 1088 din 5 octombrie 2004, «Cu privire la aprobarea tabelelor şi listelor drogurilor, etnobotanicelor şi precursorilor acestora, supuse controlului», subject to the table regime under Legea nr. 201/2025, and not Hotărârea Guvernului nr. 79 din 23 ianuarie 2006, which is the table of quantities detected in illicit traffic · both titles taken from the Supreme Court plenum's own list of governing instruments · framework statute now Legea nr. 201/2025 · printed member in the Government's March 2026 table set, «JWH-018» at registry number 209414-07-3, Tabelul II, Lista nr. 3, Substanțe și plante aflate sub control național, serial 15, between Hexahidrocanabinol and Levamfetamina, with a further JWH run printed in the national control list of Tabelul I · the applied cell's report that this compound returned nothing is falsified · Government table set for the national lists, read at https://gov.md/sites/default/files/media/documents/sedinte-de-guvern/2026-03/216-MS-2026.pdf on 21 September 2026, and the instrument titles read at https://jurisprudenta.csj.md/search_hot_expl.php?id=251 on 21 September 2026 · The Government table set relied on for the printed forms below is an unsigned draft decision of March 2026 and is not the operative annex. Nothing here reverses a placement on the strength of it. · What could not be done, stated plainly: the in force text of the tables could not be opened. The publisher legis.md answers an automated client with a security verification page and a CAPTCHA, and it did so to a direct request, to a request through a rendering proxy and to the document download path, on four separate document identifiers. The Internet Archive holds only the portal's script shell for those pages. So no entry is quoted here from the operative annex, and the Romanian forms below were searched in the Government's own published table set of March 2026 rather than in the operative one. · Romanian forms searched, in the script the Moldovan tables are printed in: «canabis», «cannabis», «rezină de canabis», «tetrahidrocanabinol», «acid gama-hidroxibutiric», «GHB», «butirolactona», «protoxid de azot», «oxid de azot», «diazot», «canabinoizi sintetici», «JWH-018». The applied cell logged a Latin South Slavic term against a Romanian text and that search could not have reached these rows. · gov.md · jurisprudenta.csj.md · legis.md · Updated September 21, 2026

Dominica, the Drugs (Prevention of Misuse) Act, Act 20 of 1988 as amended by Act 15 of 1989 and Act 15 of 1990, revised edition Chapter 40:07, sections 4, 7, 27 and 29 and the Third and Fourth Schedules · read from the 64 page scanned chapter held in this repository at research/instruments/dominica/dm-drugs-prevention-of-misuse-1988.pdf, sha256 30ca6c954678725f8bd4ea81de7b081e5b3ef5ef9015d05e357de1992c62ab30, with its text layer at dm-drugs-prevention-of-misuse-1988.txt, sha256 d47a9b795cabe1a1250ebd6ec3e13e4ccb6367708b69fded78a8eb22b7ab1465. The complete Part I, Part II and Part III lists on printed pages 30, 31 and 32 were read as page images rendered from the scan and not by searching the text layer, which drops the «Part II» and «Part III» headings and one numbered paragraph in each of those Parts. Those pages carry the footer «L.R.O. 1/1991». This citation is document level and not per substance: the compilation's links column for this row holds the constructed text «synthetic-cannabinoids national source» rather than an address. The compilation recorded «CANNABINOIDES SINTÉTICOS» as the printed entry for this row. That string does not appear anywhere in this Act · the Act is written in English and that record's quotation column is largely in another language, which is a property of the record rather than of the instrument, so it is reported here and is not offered as a quotation from the Act. The Part and Class placement stated for this row is not printed in the quotation column of the compilation read alongside the Act: measured across that compilation, not one of its 88 rows carries a Part, a Class or a Schedule marker of any kind, and its instrument column says only that there is a controlled-drug schedule without naming which of the four Schedules that is. Every division named in this cell is therefore taken from the printed Third Schedule pages of the Act itself. Second instrument relied on: Dominica, the Drugs (Prevention of Misuse) (Amendment) Act 2020, Act No. 16 of 2020, assented to and gazetted 30 October 2020 and passed in the House of Assembly on 26 October 2020, a four page Act read in full from the Government of Dominica laws site at https://dominica.gov.dm/laws/2020/Drug%20Prevention%20(Amendment)%20Act%202020.pdf, sha256 c5f6a5b47cee1ffce3f88993d72163a1f0ba6a1f3cf68c31f8bfed89e1c5af01. It amends section 7(4), inserts sections 7A and 7B, amends section 8 and makes no amendment to the Third Schedule. Read as at 22 September 2026. · Updated September 21, 2026

Synthetic Cannabinoids (K2 / Spice)

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