Drug index / Stimulant / Cathinone

Stimulant

Cathinone

This information is being prepared and will be published after medical review.

Cathinone is a stimulant compound — the natural active ingredient in the khat plant, and the chemical parent of the synthetic 'bath salts' family (mephedrone, MDPV, methylone, alpha-PVP/'flakka' and others). Structurally related to amphetamine, cathinones range from the mild natural compound to potent, dangerous synthetics linked to psychosis and death. Natural cathinone is Schedule I in the US; most synthetic cathinones are Schedule I or prosecutable as analogues.

Overview

Cathinone is a naturally occurring stimulant found in the leaves of the khat plant (Catha edulis), and it is the structural template for a large family of synthetic derivatives known as substituted or synthetic cathinones — the drugs widely sold as 'bath salts'. The natural compound produces a mild, khat-chewing stimulation; the synthetic derivatives, engineered to mimic and often exceed cocaine, methamphetamine, and MDMA, are far more potent and dangerous. This page covers the cathinone class as a whole; for the natural plant see the khat page, and for specific synthetic members see the mephedrone, MDPV, methylone, and 3-MMC pages.

Source: DEA; NIDA; peer-reviewed literature (NIH/PMC)

Chemistry & mechanism of action

Cathinones are structurally related to amphetamine and act as central nervous system stimulants: they increase the activity of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin by promoting their release and blocking their reuptake, raising levels of these neurotransmitters in the brain. This produces stimulation, euphoria, and alertness. Synthetic cathinones vary widely in potency and which transporters they target — some (like MDPV) are extremely potent dopamine-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, which contributes to their intense, compulsive, and dangerous effects compared with the mild natural compound.

Source: NIDA; peer-reviewed literature (NIH/PMC)

Effects

Effects are stimulant-like: euphoria, increased energy, alertness, sociability, and raised heart rate and blood pressure. The natural cathinone in khat is comparatively mild; synthetic cathinones can produce powerful stimulation resembling cocaine, methamphetamine, or MDMA, often with a strong compulsion to redose. Higher doses and more potent synthetics bring agitation, paranoia, hallucinations, and — notably — a documented pattern of severe, sometimes violent, psychotic episodes ('excited delirium'). A comedown with fatigue, low mood, and craving is common.

Source: NIDA; peer-reviewed literature (NIH/PMC)

Risks & harms

The natural cathinone in khat is a relatively mild stimulant, but synthetic cathinones ('bath salts') are among the more dangerous stimulants in circulation. They strain the cardiovascular system — dangerously high heart rate, blood pressure, chest pain, and risk of heart attack and stroke — and can cause severe hyperthermia (overheating), seizures, kidney failure, and rhabdomyolysis (muscle breakdown). Psychiatrically they are notorious for agitation, paranoia, hallucinations, and violent, self-endangering 'excited delirium', which has been linked to deaths. Because formulas change constantly to evade the law, potency and identity are wildly unpredictable, dosing is guesswork, and products sold as one cathinone are frequently another or a mixture; contamination, including with fentanyl in the broader illicit supply, is a risk. Dependence and compulsive redosing develop readily. Injecting or sharing equipment adds infection risk. Anyone showing dangerously high temperature, chest pain, seizures, extreme agitation or psychosis, or collapse needs emergency care — call 911, and Poison Control at 1-800-222-1222 can advise. This page has not yet been medically reviewed.

Source: NIDA; DEA; SAMHSA; peer-reviewed literature (NIH/PMC)

Legal status (US)

In the United States, cathinone itself (the natural khat compound) is a Schedule I controlled substance, as is methcathinone; cathine, the milder compound khat degrades into, is Schedule IV. Among synthetic cathinones, mephedrone and MDPV were permanently placed in Schedule I by the Synthetic Drug Abuse Prevention Act of 2012 (effective July 9, 2012), and methylone was permanently scheduled by the DEA in 2013; the DEA has since placed at least ten additional synthetic cathinones (including alpha-PVP/'flakka') into Schedule I. Crucially, newer cathinones not yet named on a schedule can still be prosecuted as Schedule I substances under the Federal Analogue Act when intended for human consumption — the reason clandestine chemists' constant reformulating does not make these drugs legal. Follow local law; consult DEA and Federal Register resources for specifics. This page has not yet been medically reviewed.

Source: DEA; US federal law (Synthetic Drug Abuse Prevention Act 2012; Federal Analogue Act, 21 U.S.C. 813); Federal Register

International

Japan

Legal status: Controlled — cathinone (khat's natural principal alkaloid) is a 1971 Convention SCHEDULE I psychotropic and is scheduled as a narcotic (mayaku) under the Narcotics and Psychotropics Control Act. Mechanism: 1971 Sch-I transposition, named. As the parent compound it is DISTINCT from the khat PLANT (Catha edulis leaf, not individually scheduled and caught via its cathinone content) and from the synthetic cathinones (mephedrone etc., controlled via the designated-drug route) that derive from it; cathinone is the named narcotic alkaloid, cathine the milder controlled metabolite (1971 Schedule III).
Consequences if caught: Narcotic (mayaku): possession and import of the alkaloid prosecuted under the narcotics law. Japan does not impose the death penalty for drug offences.
If prescribed / medical: 1971 Schedule I substance with no accepted medical use and no lawful prescription route for the isolated alkaloid.
Documentation: No licit personal-carry or import route for a controlled narcotic.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Singapore

Legal status: Controlled — cathinone (khat's natural principal alkaloid) is a 1971 Convention SCHEDULE I psychotropic and is a Class A controlled drug in the First Schedule of the Misuse of Drugs Act (Cap. 185). Mechanism: 1971 Sch-I transposition, named. As the parent compound it is DISTINCT from the khat PLANT (Catha edulis, which the CNB separately lists as a plant containing a controlled drug) and from the synthetic cathinones (mephedrone, added to Class A in 2010) that derive from it; cathinone is the named Class-A alkaloid, cathine the milder metabolite (1971 Schedule III). It sits BELOW the capital tier: the MDA Second Schedule mandatory-death thresholds are drug-specific (diamorphine, meth, cocaine, cannabis etc.) and do not include cathinone — no death exposure.
Consequences if caught: Class A: possession and trafficking of the alkaloid carry imprisonment and possible caning, but cathinone is not a Second-Schedule capital-quantity drug — not death-eligible.
If prescribed / medical: 1971 Schedule I / Class-A substance with no accepted medical use and no lawful prescription route for the isolated alkaloid.
Documentation: No licit personal-carry or import route for a Class A drug.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

United Arab Emirates

Legal status: Illegal — cathinone (khat's natural principal alkaloid) is a 1971 Convention SCHEDULE I psychotropic and is on the MOHAP controlled-substances schedules under Federal Decree-Law 30/2021. Mechanism: 1971 Sch-I transposition, named. As the parent compound it is DISTINCT from the khat PLANT (Catha edulis, separately named on the narcotic schedule) and from the synthetic cathinones (mephedrone and many scheduled NPS) that derive from it; cathinone is the named Sch-I alkaloid, cathine the milder metabolite (1971 Schedule III). Capital is reachable at judicial discretion — the Decree-Law permits death for aggravated trafficking, with no substance-specific capital weight.
Consequences if caught: Zero-tolerance controlled substance: aggravated trafficking of the alkaloid can be capital at judicial discretion (no fixed threshold). Extreme risk.
If prescribed / medical: 1971 Schedule I substance with no accepted medical use and no lawful prescription route for the isolated alkaloid.
Documentation: No personal-carry or import route; trafficking of the alkaloid carries death exposure.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

China

Legal status: Controlled — cathinone (khat's natural principal alkaloid) is a 1971 Convention SCHEDULE I psychotropic and is a controlled psychotropic on China's non-medical narcotic/psychotropic catalogue. Mechanism: 1971 Sch-I transposition, named. As the parent compound it is DISTINCT from the khat PLANT (Catha edulis / 恰特草, separately added to the controlled catalogue in 2013/2014) and from the synthetic cathinones (mephedrone, a Category I psychotropic since 2010) that derive from it; cathinone is the named controlled alkaloid, cathine the milder metabolite (1971 Schedule III). Capital reach is left to confirmation: art. 347 permits death for 'large quantities of other drugs' with no published cathinone-specific gram threshold, so capital is not excluded in principle.
Consequences if caught: Controlled psychotropic: trafficking of the alkaloid is severely penalised and capital is not excluded at scale via the art. 347 catch-all. Extreme risk.
If prescribed / medical: 1971 Schedule I substance with no accepted medical use and no lawful prescription route for the isolated alkaloid.
Documentation: No licit personal-carry or import route for a controlled psychotropic.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Russia

Legal status: Not confirmed — verify with Russian embassy / Federal Customs Service
Consequences if caught: Under Decree 681 (30 June 1998): Schedule I substances are fully banned (not available even in Russian pharmacies); Schedules II and III have limited circulation and are allowed only with a Russian prescription. This specific substance's schedule was not confirmed by a reachable source. Possession without intent to supply is criminalised, and 'large'/'extra-large' thresholds are set low — measured by the total weight of the mixture, not the pure substance. For example, more than 0.5 g of heroin, opium, or desomorphine without intent to supply can bring up to 3 years' incarceration.
If prescribed / medical: Allowed only with a Russian prescription if in Schedule II/III; fully banned if Schedule I. Verify with the Russian embassy before travel.
Documentation: Carry the original prescription/medical report stating your condition, why the drug is needed, the drug name, the quantity, and that it is for personal use, plus a sworn Russian translation. You cannot carry medication for another person. On arrival use the red corridor and declare it in box 3.6 of the Passenger Customs Declaration; failing to declare can bring administrative or criminal liability.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Thailand

Legal status: Controlled — cathinone (khat's natural principal alkaloid) is a 1971 Convention SCHEDULE I psychotropic and is a Category 1 psychotropic substance under the Narcotics Code (consolidated 2021). Mechanism: 1971 Sch-I transposition, named. As the parent compound it is DISTINCT from the khat PLANT (Catha edulis leaf, which the Thai FDA states is not itself scheduled) and from the synthetic cathinones (mephedrone etc., separately scheduled) that derive from it; cathinone is the named Category-1 alkaloid, cathine the milder Category-2 / Schedule-III metabolite. Thailand retains the death penalty, but cathinone is not a capital-threshold drug and carries no realistic capital exposure.
Consequences if caught: Category 1 psychotropic: possession and supply of the isolated alkaloid are serious narcotics offences, but well below any capital tier.
If prescribed / medical: 1971 Schedule I / Category-1 substance with no accepted medical use and no lawful prescription route for the isolated alkaloid.
Documentation: No licit personal-import route for a Category-1 psychotropic.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Indonesia

Legal status: Controlled — cathinone (katinona; khat's natural principal alkaloid) is a 1971 Convention SCHEDULE I psychotropic and is a Golongan I narcotic under Law 35/2009. Mechanism: 1971 Sch-I transposition, named. As the parent compound it is DISTINCT from the khat PLANT (Catha edulis leaf, not named and caught via its cathinone content) and from the synthetic cathinones (mephedrone etc., scheduled Golongan I by Permenkes) that derive from it; cathinone is the named Golongan-I alkaloid, cathine the milder metabolite (1971 Schedule III). It is CAUGHT BY THE CLASS language for capital exposure: trafficking/manufacture of Golongan I narcotics above statutory quantities (arts. 113-114) carries the death penalty.
Consequences if caught: Golongan I: possession and supply of the alkaloid are offences; large-quantity trafficking/manufacture is capital under arts. 113-114. Extreme risk.
If prescribed / medical: 1971 Schedule I / Golongan-I narcotic with no accepted medical use and no lawful prescription route for the isolated alkaloid.
Documentation: No licit personal-carry or import route; trafficking quantities of the alkaloid carry death exposure.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Saudi Arabia

Legal status: Illegal — cathinone (khat's natural principal alkaloid) is a 1971 Convention SCHEDULE I psychotropic and is prohibited under Saudi Arabia's GCC-unified narcotics list transposing the 1971 psychotropics. Mechanism: 1971 Sch-I transposition (GCC unified list), named. As the parent compound it is DISTINCT from the khat PLANT (Catha edulis, separately treated as a banned narcotic plant) and from the synthetic cathinones (mephedrone etc.) that derive from it; cathinone is the named Sch-I alkaloid, cathine the milder metabolite (1971 Schedule III). Capital is reachable at judicial discretion — courts impose death for drug trafficking/smuggling with no substance-specific gram threshold.
Consequences if caught: Zero-tolerance controlled substance: trafficking of the alkaloid can be capital at judicial discretion (no fixed threshold). Extreme risk.
If prescribed / medical: 1971 Schedule I substance with no accepted medical use and no lawful prescription route for the isolated alkaloid.
Documentation: No personal-carry or import route; trafficking of the alkaloid carries death exposure.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Malaysia

Legal status: Controlled — cathinone (khat's natural principal alkaloid) is a 1971 Convention SCHEDULE I psychotropic and is a dangerous drug in the First Schedule of the Dangerous Drugs Act 1952. Mechanism: 1971 Sch-I transposition, named. As the parent compound it is DISTINCT from the khat PLANT (Catha edulis leaf, caught via its cathinone content) and from the synthetic cathinones (mephedrone and dozens of gazetted NPS cathinones) that derive from it; cathinone is the named dangerous-drug alkaloid, cathine the milder metabolite (1971 Schedule III). It sits BELOW the enumerated capital tier: s.39B mandatory-death trafficking is keyed to Second Schedule per-substance weights and cathinone lacks a specific capital weight — capital exposure not established.
Consequences if caught: Dangerous drug: heavy custodial penalties and whipping for the alkaloid; s.39B mandatory-death risk is not established for cathinone (no capital weight threshold).
If prescribed / medical: 1971 Schedule I / dangerous drug with no accepted medical use and no lawful prescription route for the isolated alkaloid.
Documentation: No licit personal-import route for a dangerous drug.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

South Korea

Legal status: Controlled — cathinone (khat's natural principal alkaloid) is a 1971 Convention SCHEDULE I psychotropic and is controlled as a psychotropic substance under the Narcotics Control Act. Mechanism: 1971 Sch-I transposition, named. As the parent compound it is DISTINCT from the khat PLANT (Catha edulis leaf, not named and caught via its cathinone content) and from the synthetic cathinones (mephedrone and analogues, temporarily/permanently scheduled) that derive from it; cathinone is the named psychotropic alkaloid, cathine the milder controlled metabolite (1971 Schedule III).
Consequences if caught: Controlled psychotropic: possession and supply of the alkaloid prosecuted under the Narcotics Control Act. South Korea carries out no drug executions (abolitionist in practice).
If prescribed / medical: 1971 Schedule I substance with no accepted medical use and no lawful prescription route for the isolated alkaloid.
Documentation: No licit personal-import route for a controlled psychotropic.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

United Kingdom

Legal status: Controlled — cathinone (the natural principal alkaloid of khat) is a 1971 Convention SCHEDULE I psychotropic listed by name and transposed into UK law as a Class C controlled drug in Part III of Schedule 2 to the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (Schedule 1, no medicinal use, under the Misuse of Drugs Regulations 2001). Mechanism: 1971 Sch-I transposition, named. As the parent compound it is DISTINCT from the khat PLANT (Catha edulis leaf, separately a Class C drug since 2014) and from the synthetic cathinones (mephedrone/MDPV etc.) that were derived from it and are caught by the separate generic-cathinone definition; cathinone itself is the named Sch-I alkaloid, while its milder metabolite cathine sits in the lesser 1971 Schedule III.
Consequences if caught: Class C / Schedule 1: unauthorised possession of the pure alkaloid up to 2 years, supply/production up to 14 years plus unlimited fine. Cathinone is rarely encountered as an isolated street substance (it is unstable and degrades to cathine). No death penalty in the UK.
If prescribed / medical: 1971 Schedule I substance with no accepted medical use; a Schedule 1 controlled drug possessable only under a Home Office research licence — not a licensed medicine and not prescribable.
Documentation: No licit personal-carry or import route for a Class C / Schedule 1 controlled drug; no prescription cover exists for the isolated alkaloid.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Canada

Legal status: Controlled — cathinone (khat's natural principal alkaloid) is a 1971 Convention SCHEDULE I psychotropic and is listed by name at Schedule III item 19 of the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act. Mechanism: 1971 Sch-I transposition, named. As the parent compound it is DISTINCT from the khat PLANT (Catha edulis Forsk, separately at Schedule IV item 19 with cathine) and from the synthetic cathinones (mephedrone/MDPV etc.) that derive from it; cathinone is the named Schedule-III CDSA alkaloid, cathine the milder Schedule-IV / 1971 Schedule-III metabolite.
Consequences if caught: Schedule III CDSA: possession, trafficking and production of the alkaloid are offences; import/export prosecuted. No death penalty in Canada.
If prescribed / medical: 1971 Schedule I substance with no accepted medical use; not a marketed medicine and not prescribable.
Documentation: No licit personal-import route; importing the scheduled alkaloid is a CDSA offence.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Australia

Legal status: Controlled — cathinone (khat's natural principal alkaloid) is a 1971 Convention SCHEDULE I psychotropic and is a Schedule 9 (prohibited substance) in the Poisons Standard and named in the Customs (Prohibited Imports) Regulations 1956 Sch 4. Mechanism: 1971 Sch-I transposition, named. As the parent compound it is DISTINCT from the khat PLANT (Catha edulis leaf, import-banned via the ODC permit regime) and from the synthetic cathinones (mephedrone etc., separately Schedule 9) that derive from it; cathinone is the named Sch-9 alkaloid, cathine the milder Schedule-III metabolite.
Consequences if caught: Schedule 9 prohibited substance: import and supply of the alkaloid are serious offences under Commonwealth/State law. No death penalty in Australia.
If prescribed / medical: 1971 Schedule I / Poisons Standard Schedule 9 substance with no accepted therapeutic use and no lawful prescription route.
Documentation: No licit personal-import route for a Schedule 9 substance.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Germany

Legal status: Controlled — cathinone (khat's natural principal alkaloid) is a 1971 Convention SCHEDULE I psychotropic and is individually placed in Anlage I (non-marketable narcotic) of the Betäubungsmittelgesetz. Mechanism: 1971 Sch-I transposition, named. As the parent compound it is DISTINCT from the khat PLANT (the leaf is not listed by name and is caught only because it contains Sch-I cathinone) and from the synthetic cathinones (mephedrone in Anlage I, others under the NpSG 2016) that derive from it; cathinone is the named Anlage-I alkaloid, while cathine sits in the lesser Anlage III (1971 Schedule III).
Consequences if caught: Anlage I: §29 BtMG unauthorised possession of the isolated alkaloid up to 5 years, trafficking/large-quantity offences higher. No death penalty in Germany.
If prescribed / medical: Anlage I (nicht verkehrsfähig) — no accepted medical use and no lawful prescription route for the pure alkaloid.
Documentation: No lawful personal-import route for an Anlage I narcotic; no medical carry exemption for cathinone.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

France

Legal status: Controlled — cathinone (khat's natural principal alkaloid) is a 1971 Convention SCHEDULE I psychotropic and is listed by name as a stupéfiant on the consolidated French narcotics list under the Code de la santé publique. Mechanism: 1971 Sch-I transposition, named. As the parent compound it is DISTINCT from the khat PLANT (Catha edulis, itself named as a stupéfiant) and from the synthetic cathinones (mephedrone and a generic cathinone-derivatives definition) that derive from it; cathinone is the named Sch-I alkaloid, cathine the milder Schedule-III metabolite.
Consequences if caught: Stupéfiant: personal use/possession of the alkaloid up to 1 year, trafficking up to 10 years plus heavy fines. No death penalty in France.
If prescribed / medical: 1971 Schedule I stupéfiant with no accepted medical use and no lawful prescription route for the isolated alkaloid.
Documentation: No licit personal-carry or import route for a scheduled stupéfiant.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Netherlands

Legal status: Controlled — cathinone (khat's natural principal alkaloid) is a 1971 Convention SCHEDULE I psychotropic and is on List I (hard drugs) of the Opium Act (Opiumwet). Mechanism: 1971 Sch-I transposition, named. As the parent compound it is DISTINCT from the khat PLANT (fresh Catha edulis, separately banned on List II since 2013) and from the synthetic cathinones (mephedrone on List I etc.) that derive from it; cathinone is the named List-I alkaloid, cathine the milder List-II / Schedule-III metabolite.
Consequences if caught: Opiumwet List I (hard drugs): possession and dealing offences for the isolated alkaloid carry the heavier Opium Act penalties. No death penalty in the Netherlands.
If prescribed / medical: 1971 Schedule I substance with no accepted medical use and no lawful prescription route (not a licensed medicine).
Documentation: No licit personal-import route for a List I hard drug; no medical carry exemption for cathinone.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Spain

Legal status: Controlled — cathinone (khat's natural principal alkaloid) is a 1971 Convention SCHEDULE I psychotropic and sits in Spain's most-restricted controlled-substances list (Lista I of psychotropics, RD 2829/1977 as amended). Mechanism: 1971 Sch-I transposition, named. As the parent compound it is DISTINCT from the khat PLANT (Catha edulis leaf, not scheduled by name and caught only via its cathinone content) and from the synthetic cathinones (mephedrone etc., separately listed) that derive from it; cathinone is the named Sch-I alkaloid, cathine the milder Schedule-III metabolite.
Consequences if caught: Lista I psychotropic: trafficking of the pure alkaloid under Código Penal art. 368; personal use/possession in public an administrative sanction. No death penalty in Spain.
If prescribed / medical: 1971 Schedule I psychotropic with no accepted medical use and no lawful prescription route for the isolated alkaloid.
Documentation: No licit personal-import route for a Lista I psychotropic.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Italy

Legal status: Controlled — cathinone (khat's natural principal alkaloid) is a 1971 Convention SCHEDULE I psychotropic and is listed in Tabella I (stupefacenti) of the narcotics schedules under D.P.R. 309/1990. Mechanism: 1971 Sch-I transposition, named. As the parent compound it is DISTINCT from the khat PLANT ('Catha edulis (pianta)', itself named in Tabella I) and from the synthetic cathinones (mephedrone etc., separately in Tabella I) that derive from it; cathinone is the named Sch-I alkaloid, cathine the milder Schedule-III metabolite.
Consequences if caught: Tabella I: personal possession an administrative matter, dealing/trafficking of the alkaloid under art. 73 DPR 309/90. No death penalty in Italy.
If prescribed / medical: 1971 Schedule I stupefacente with no accepted medical use and no lawful prescription route for the isolated alkaloid.
Documentation: No licit personal-import route for a Tabella I substance.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Mexico

Legal status: Controlled — cathinone (khat's natural principal alkaloid) is a 1971 Convention SCHEDULE I psychotropic and is listed in the Group I psychotropics of the Ley General de Salud (Art. 245), the most-restricted class. Mechanism: 1971 Sch-I transposition, named. As the parent compound it is DISTINCT from the khat PLANT (Catha edulis leaf, not individually named) and from the synthetic cathinones (mephedrone etc., separately controlled) that derive from it; cathinone is the named Group-I alkaloid, cathine the milder lower-group / Schedule-III metabolite. Mexico has no death penalty.
Consequences if caught: Group I psychotropic: possession above personal thresholds and trafficking of the alkaloid are crimes under the LGS and federal penal law; custodial, not capital.
If prescribed / medical: 1971 Schedule I / Group-I substance with no accepted medical use and no lawful prescription route for the isolated alkaloid.
Documentation: No licit personal-import route for a Group-I psychotropic.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Brazil

Legal status: Controlled — cathinone (khat's natural principal alkaloid) is a 1971 Convention SCHEDULE I psychotropic and is listed by name on List F2 (proscribed psychotropics) of ANVISA Portaria SVS/MS 344/1998. Mechanism: 1971 Sch-I transposition, named. As the parent compound it is DISTINCT from the khat PLANT (Catha edulis, not in List E of controlled plants) and from the synthetic cathinones (mephedrone and generically-added NPS via RDC 175/2017) that derive from it; cathinone is the named List-F2 alkaloid, cathine the milder metabolite (1971 Schedule III). Brazil has no death penalty in peacetime.
Consequences if caught: List F2 (prohibited): possession and trafficking of the alkaloid under Lei 11.343/2006; custodial, not capital.
If prescribed / medical: 1971 Schedule I / List-F2 substance with no accepted medical use and no lawful prescription route for the isolated alkaloid.
Documentation: No licit personal-import route for a List-F2 substance.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

India

Legal status: Controlled — cathinone (khat's natural principal alkaloid) is a 1971 Convention SCHEDULE I psychotropic and is a scheduled psychotropic substance under the NDPS Act 1985. Mechanism: 1971 Sch-I transposition, named. As the parent compound it is DISTINCT from the khat PLANT (Catha edulis dry leaves, separately scheduled since Feb 2018) and from the synthetic cathinones (mephedrone, individually notified onto the NDPS schedule in 2015) that derive from it; cathinone is the named psychotropic alkaloid, cathine the milder metabolite (1971 Schedule III).
Consequences if caught: NDPS psychotropic: penalties for the alkaloid set by small-/commercial-quantity thresholds. India imposes no death penalty for a first drug offence, and cathinone falls below any capital-repeat tier.
If prescribed / medical: 1971 Schedule I substance with no accepted medical use and no lawful prescription route for the isolated alkaloid.
Documentation: No licit personal-carry or import route for an NDPS psychotropic.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Turkey

Legal status: Controlled — cathinone (khat's natural principal alkaloid) is a 1971 Convention SCHEDULE I psychotropic and is on Turkey's controlled-narcotics list under Law No. 2313. Mechanism: 1971 Sch-I transposition, named. As the parent compound it is DISTINCT from the khat PLANT (Catha edulis, separately placed on the narcotics list in 2011) and from the synthetic cathinones (mephedrone etc., scheduled 2010-11) that derive from it; cathinone is the named controlled alkaloid, cathine the milder metabolite (1971 Schedule III). Turkey abolished the death penalty in 2004 — no capital exposure.
Consequences if caught: Controlled narcotic: possession and supply of the alkaloid are offences under Law 2313; custodial, not capital.
If prescribed / medical: 1971 Schedule I substance with no accepted medical use and no lawful prescription route for the isolated alkaloid.
Documentation: No licit personal-import route for a controlled narcotic.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Egypt

Legal status: Illegal — cathinone (khat's natural principal alkaloid) is a 1971 Convention SCHEDULE I psychotropic and is on Egypt's narcotics/psychotropics tables under Law 182/1960 as amended. Mechanism: 1971 Sch-I transposition, named. As the parent compound it is DISTINCT from the khat PLANT (Catha edulis, treated as a prohibited narcotic import) and from the synthetic cathinones (mephedrone and actively-scheduled NPS) that derive from it; cathinone is the named Sch-I alkaloid, cathine the milder metabolite (1971 Schedule III). Capital is reachable on a class basis — Law 182/1960 permits death for trafficking/manufacture of controlled narcotics/psychotropics.
Consequences if caught: Controlled substance: trafficking/manufacture of the alkaloid can be capital (class-based). Extreme risk.
If prescribed / medical: 1971 Schedule I substance with no accepted medical use and no lawful prescription route for the isolated alkaloid.
Documentation: No personal-carry or import route; trafficking of the alkaloid carries death exposure.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Greece

Legal status: Controlled — cathinone (khat's natural principal alkaloid) is a 1971 Convention SCHEDULE I psychotropic and is a controlled narcotic under Law 3459/2006 (Code of Laws on Narcotics). Mechanism: 1971 Sch-I transposition, named. As the parent compound it is DISTINCT from the khat PLANT (the leaf, treated as an illegal narcotic) and from the synthetic cathinones (mephedrone etc., separately scheduled) that derive from it; cathinone is the named Sch-I alkaloid, cathine the milder Schedule-III metabolite.
Consequences if caught: Controlled narcotic: possession of the alkaloid a misdemeanour, supply a felony. No death penalty in Greece.
If prescribed / medical: 1971 Schedule I substance with no accepted medical use and no lawful prescription route for the isolated alkaloid.
Documentation: No licit personal-import route for a controlled narcotic.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Portugal

Legal status: Controlled — cathinone (khat's natural principal alkaloid) is a 1971 Convention SCHEDULE I psychotropic and is scheduled under the narcotics tables of Decreto-Lei 15/93. Mechanism: 1971 Sch-I transposition, named. As the parent compound it is DISTINCT from the khat PLANT (Catha edulis leaf, not separately listed and caught via its cathinone content) and from the synthetic cathinones (mephedrone etc., reinforced by the NPS-specific DL 54/2013) that derive from it; cathinone is the named Sch-I alkaloid, cathine the milder Schedule-III metabolite. Personal use is decriminalised (Lei 30/2000).
Consequences if caught: Personal quantity of the alkaloid referred to a Dissuasion Commission (administrative); trafficking remains criminal under DL 15/93. No death penalty in Portugal.
If prescribed / medical: 1971 Schedule I substance with no accepted medical use and no lawful prescription route for the isolated alkaloid.
Documentation: Decriminalised personal use is not legality; no licit personal-import route for a scheduled substance.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Vietnam

Legal status: Controlled — cathinone (khat's natural principal alkaloid) is a 1971 Convention SCHEDULE I psychotropic and is on the national narcotics/psychotropics list of the government decree schedule. Mechanism: 1971 Sch-I transposition, named. As the parent compound it is DISTINCT from the khat PLANT (Catha edulis, not named) and from the synthetic cathinones (mephedrone/4-MMC, individually listed) that derive from it; cathinone is the named Sch-I alkaloid, cathine the milder metabolite (1971 Schedule III). No capital exposure — the drug death penalty was abolished effective 1 July 2025.
Consequences if caught: Listed narcotic: heavy custodial penalties for the alkaloid, not capital (drug death penalty abolished 1 Jul 2025); maximum life imprisonment.
If prescribed / medical: 1971 Schedule I substance with no accepted medical use and no lawful prescription route for the isolated alkaloid.
Documentation: No licit personal-import route for a listed narcotic.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Philippines

Legal status: Controlled — cathinone (khat's natural principal alkaloid) is a 1971 Convention SCHEDULE I psychotropic and is a dangerous drug under RA 9165 (Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act) via the Dangerous Drugs Board schedule. Mechanism: 1971 Sch-I transposition, named. As the parent compound it is DISTINCT from the khat PLANT (Catha edulis, not named) and from the synthetic cathinones (mephedrone etc., DDB-listed) that derive from it; cathinone is the named dangerous-drug alkaloid, cathine the milder metabolite (1971 Schedule III). No capital exposure — the death penalty was abolished by RA 9346 (2006); maximum is life imprisonment.
Consequences if caught: Dangerous drug: possession and trafficking of the alkaloid punishable by up to life imprisonment, not capital.
If prescribed / medical: 1971 Schedule I substance with no accepted medical use and no lawful prescription route for the isolated alkaloid.
Documentation: No licit personal-import route for a dangerous drug.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Switzerland

Legal status: Controlled — cathinone (khat's natural principal alkaloid) is a 1971 Convention SCHEDULE I psychotropic and is listed in the prohibited-substances annex (Verzeichnis d) of the BetmVV-EDI under the Narcotics Act (BetmG). Mechanism: 1971 Sch-I transposition, named. As the parent compound it is DISTINCT from the khat PLANT (Catha edulis leaf, caught via its cathinone content) and from the synthetic cathinones (mephedrone, listed individually and via a class/analogue frame) that derive from it; cathinone is the named prohibited alkaloid, cathine the milder Schedule-III metabolite.
Consequences if caught: Prohibited narcotic: possession/consumption and trafficking of the alkaloid penalised under the BetmG. No death penalty in Switzerland.
If prescribed / medical: 1971 Schedule I / prohibited-substance listing with no accepted medical use and no lawful prescription route for the isolated alkaloid.
Documentation: No licit personal-carry or import route for a prohibited narcotic.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Czechia

Legal status: Not confirmed — verify with Czechia's authorities (Criminal Code 40/2009 / Act 167/1998) / your embassy
Consequences if caught: In Czechia, personal possession of not more than a 'small amount' is a MISDEMEANOUR (a fine up to CZK 15,000), not a crime — and this threshold-decriminalisation applies to ALL drugs, not just cannabis. This specific substance was not given a 'greater than small' threshold in the reachable Czech sources (Criminal Code 40/2009 / Supreme Court thresholds) — verify before travel. Above the threshold: personal-use possession (§284) carries up to 1 year for cannabis and up to 2 years for other drugs; cultivation (§285) 6 months to 5 years; trafficking or production (§283) 1–10 years, up to 18 years in aggravated cases.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry a Schengen Article 75 certificate in original packaging (see documentation).
Documentation: Schengen travel: carry prescribed narcotics with a Schengen Article 75 certificate in original packaging. Medical cannabis has been legal on prescription since 2013.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Uruguay

Legal status: Not confirmed — verify with Uruguay's IRCCA / authorities (Decree-Law 14.294) / your embassy
Consequences if caught: Under Decree-Law 14.294 (Art 31), possession of a 'reasonable quantity exclusively for personal consumption' is NOT criminalised — a judge decides, with no fixed thresholds (except 40 g for cannabis). Production and trafficking (Arts 30/31) carry 20 months to 10 years. This specific substance was not individually named in the reachable Uruguayan sources (Decree-Law 14.294 / Law 19.172) — verify before travel.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and original packaging and declare it (see documentation).
Documentation: Carry a prescription and original packaging for any controlled medicine, and declare it. Note: legal cannabis access is for registered Uruguayan citizens/permanent residents only — see the cannabis cell.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Argentina

Legal status: Not confirmed — status not individually verified; confirm with Argentina's authorities (Law 23.737) / your embassy
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not named in the cited Argentine sources (Law 23.737; CSJN 'Arriola' 2009) — do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. Possession of a personal-use quantity (Art 14) carries 1 month–2 years. The 2009 Supreme Court "Arriola" ruling held Art 14's penalty unconstitutional for consumption in private that harms no one else (Constitution Art 19) — BUT that ruling binds only its own case: lower courts vary, police still arrest, and there is NO fixed gram threshold. DISAMBIGUATION: decriminalized is NOT legalized — sale and purchase remain criminal, and Arriola prevents a conviction, not an arrest. Trafficking (Law 23.737 Art 5) — production, import, export, sale or supply — carries 4–15 years.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and original packaging and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: Medical cannabis is legal for registered patients only; recreational sale and purchase remain criminal offences. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and original packaging and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Colombia

Legal status: Not confirmed — status not individually verified; confirm with Colombia's authorities (Law 30/1986) / your embassy
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not named in the cited Colombian sources (Law 30/1986; C-221/1994; C-491/2012) — do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. Under Constitutional Court ruling C-221/1994 (reaffirmed by C-491/2012), possession of a personal DOSIS MÍNIMA is not a crime (Constitution Art 16, free development of personality). Trafficking and production remain criminal offences. DISAMBIGUATION: decriminalized is NOT legal — sale remains criminal, and foreigners report police searches and shakedowns even within the legal personal dose.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: Medical cannabis and home cultivation are legal under Law 1787/2016; recreational sale remains criminal. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Costa Rica

Legal status: Not confirmed — status not individually verified; confirm with Costa Rica's Ministry of Health (Law 8204) / your embassy
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not named in the cited Costa Rican sources (Law 8204; General Health Law Arts 28 & 127) — do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. Personal consumption is PROHIBITED BUT NOT PENALIZED — it is not formally decriminalized ('prohibited but no punishment'), and NO statutory personal-dose quantity exists. (Police informally treat roughly 1–8 g as personal — this is ENFORCEMENT PRACTICE, not a legal threshold.) Trafficking, cultivation and sale (Law 8204 Art 58) carry 8–15 years (up to 20).
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: Medical cannabis is dispensed by prescription through Costa Rican pharmacies ONLY; foreign prescriptions are not valid. Confirm any controlled medicine with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Dominican Republic

Legal status: Not confirmed — status not individually verified; confirm with the Dominican Republic's authorities (Law 50-88) / your embassy
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not named in the cited Dominican sources (Law 50-88, as amended) — do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. Specific statutory gram tiers are defined only for cocaine (Art 5) and cannabis (Art 6). Trafficking (Arts 58/59) carries up to 5–20 years. The US Embassy warns of zero-tolerance enforcement: small quantities can mean arrest, and US cannabis/medical cards are not recognized.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: There is no medical-cannabis programme; CBD is treated the same as THC, and US cannabis or medical-marijuana cards are not recognized. The US Embassy warns of zero-tolerance enforcement — even small quantities can lead to arrest.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Jamaica

Legal status: Not confirmed — status not individually verified; confirm with Jamaica's Ministry of Justice / your embassy
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not named in the cited Jamaican source (Dangerous Drugs (Amendment) Act 2015) — do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. The 2015 reform applies ONLY to cannabis; other controlled drugs remain fully illegal under the Dangerous Drugs Act.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: Visitors may obtain a temporary medical cannabis permit (self-declared) at licensed dispensaries to possess up to 2 oz during their stay. Public smoking is prohibited everywhere including beaches, and taking ganja out of the country is a serious criminal offence regardless of amount.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Ireland

Legal status: Controlled — cathinone (khat's natural principal alkaloid) is a 1971 Convention SCHEDULE I psychotropic and is a scheduled controlled drug under the Misuse of Drugs Act 1977 and its regulations. Mechanism: 1971 Sch-I transposition, named. As the parent compound it is DISTINCT from the khat PLANT (Catha edulis leaves, separately brought under the MDA) and from the synthetic cathinones (mephedrone, caught by a generic cathinone control and the blanket 2010 PSA) that derive from it; cathinone is the named Sch-I alkaloid, cathine the milder Schedule-III metabolite.
Consequences if caught: Controlled drug: possession and supply of the isolated alkaloid prosecuted under the MDA. No death penalty in Ireland.
If prescribed / medical: 1971 Schedule I substance with no accepted medical use and no lawful prescription route for the isolated alkaloid.
Documentation: No licit personal-import route for a controlled drug.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Austria

Legal status: Not confirmed — status not individually verified; confirm with Austria's authorities (Suchtmittelgesetz) / your embassy
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not named in the cited Austrian sources (SMG; Suchtgift-Grenzmengenverordnung) — do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. DISAMBIGUATION: depenalized, NOT legalized. There is NO legal minimum quantity — possession of any amount for personal use is punishable (§27, up to 6 months prison or a fine). BUT under "Therapie statt Strafe" (§35) small-quantity personal use is typically provisionally suspended from prosecution (1–2 year probation) if the person accepts counselling/treatment. Consumption itself is not criminalized, but the possession that precedes it is. Above the Grenzmenge (threshold quantity) the offence becomes dealing/trafficking under §§28/28a — up to 1–3 years, escalating to 10–15 years for commercial or organized cases.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and original packaging and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: Medical cannabis is limited to synthetic/pharmaceutical cannabinoids only (dronabinol, Sativex, nabilone) — no flower. There is no recreational legalization (the Constitutional Court upheld prohibition in July 2022). Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and original packaging and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Poland

Legal status: Controlled — cathinone (khat's natural principal alkaloid) is a 1971 Convention SCHEDULE I psychotropic and is scheduled under the Ustawa o przeciwdziałaniu narkomanii (Act on Counteracting Drug Addiction). Mechanism: 1971 Sch-I transposition, named. As the parent compound it is DISTINCT from the khat PLANT (Catha edulis / 'czuwaliczka jadalna', separately listed as a narcotic) and from the synthetic cathinones (mephedrone etc., also caught by the 'dopalacze' NPS regime) that derive from it; cathinone is the named Sch-I alkaloid, cathine the milder Schedule-III metabolite.
Consequences if caught: Controlled substance: possession and supply of the alkaloid penalised under the anti-drug-addiction act. No death penalty in Poland.
If prescribed / medical: 1971 Schedule I substance with no accepted medical use and no lawful prescription route for the isolated alkaloid.
Documentation: No licit personal-import route for a controlled substance.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Croatia

Legal status: Not confirmed — status not individually verified; confirm with Croatia's authorities (Drug Abuse Prevention Act) / your embassy
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not named in the cited Croatian sources (DAPA / Official Gazette 107/2001) — do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. Since 1 January 2013, personal-use possession of ANY drug has been reclassified from a criminal offence (kazneno djelo) to a MISDEMEANOR (prekršaj): a fine of roughly €660–€2,650, possible short misdemeanor detention of up to 90 days, and confiscation — but no arrest for possession alone. There is NO statutory 'personal use' quantity; courts decide case-by-case. Cultivation or production without intent to sell is a criminal offence (6 months–5 years); sale, import, export or possession for sale is criminal (3–12 years), with aggravated cases (near schools, to children, organized) up to 15–20 years.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: Medical cannabis has been legal since October 2015 (prescription, capped at 0.75 g THC per month, residents only). There is no statutory 'personal use' quantity — courts decide case-by-case. Note: claims of a 2026 reform introducing a 5 g cannabis threshold are NOT supported by any primary source and should be disregarded. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Hungary

Legal status: Not confirmed — status not individually verified; confirm with Hungary's authorities (Act C of 2012, Criminal Code) / your embassy
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not named in the cited Hungarian source (Act C of 2012, Chapter XVII) — do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. There is NO distinction between drug types — cannabis is treated identically to heroin for the basic offence. Possession of a 'small amount' carries up to 2 years, and consumption itself is a criminal offence (reintroduced 2013), up to 2 years. First-time small-amount offenders may avoid court via a 6-month treatment programme (elterelés/diversion); it is unavailable if caught twice within 2 years. [reported] A 2025 Criminal Code amendment narrowed diversion eligibility (only those who disclose the offence circumstances qualify) — confirm against the current statute. Above a 'small amount' the penalty is 1–5 years (basic), 2–8 years, escalating to 5–10 and 5–15 years or life for large quantities.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: Hungary has NO medical-cannabis programme (one of the few in Europe); CBD is legal only below 0.2% THC. First-time small-amount offenders may avoid court via a 6-month treatment programme (elterelés/diversion), but not if caught twice within 2 years. [reported] A 2025 'war on drugs' (constitutional + Criminal Code amendments) is said to have NARROWED diversion eligibility — confirm against the current statute. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Cambodia

Legal status: Controlled — cathinone (khat's natural principal alkaloid) is a 1971 Convention SCHEDULE I psychotropic and falls within the psychotropic tables of the Law on Drug Control, which mirror the UN conventions. Mechanism: 1971 Sch-I transposition (convention-mirroring), named. As the parent compound it is DISTINCT from the khat PLANT (Catha edulis, not separately named) and from the synthetic cathinones (mephedrone etc., caught by the same convention-mirrored annex) that derive from it; cathinone is the named Sch-I alkaloid, cathine the milder Schedule-III metabolite. Cambodia has no death penalty — no capital exposure.
Consequences if caught: Controlled psychotropic: possession and supply of the alkaloid are offences under the Drug Control Law; maximum penalties are custodial, not capital.
If prescribed / medical: 1971 Schedule I substance with no accepted medical use and no lawful prescription route for the isolated alkaloid.
Documentation: No licit personal-import route for a controlled psychotropic.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Sri Lanka

Legal status: Controlled — cathinone (khat's natural principal alkaloid) is a 1971 Convention SCHEDULE I psychotropic and falls within the psychotropics schedule of the Poisons, Opium and Dangerous Drugs Ordinance (NDDCB), which incorporates the UN conventions. Mechanism: 1971 Sch-I transposition (convention-mirroring), named. As the parent compound it is DISTINCT from the khat PLANT (Catha edulis, not separately named) and from the synthetic cathinones (mephedrone etc.) that derive from it; cathinone is the named Sch-I alkaloid, cathine the milder metabolite (1971 Schedule III). Capital reach is left to confirmation: thresholds are keyed to heroin/cocaine quantities and cathinone is not separately capital-listed (long-standing execution moratorium).
Consequences if caught: Controlled substance: penalties apply for the alkaloid; capital reserved for named drugs/quantities and not carried out in practice.
If prescribed / medical: 1971 Schedule I substance with no accepted medical use and no lawful prescription route for the isolated alkaloid.
Documentation: No licit personal-import route for a controlled substance.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Morocco

Legal status: Not confirmed — status not individually verified; confirm with Morocco's Ministry of Justice (1974 Dahir) / your embassy
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not named in the cited Moroccan sources (Dahir No. 1-73-282 of 1974; Law No. 13-21 of 2021) — do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. Morocco has no death penalty for drug offences.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: Law No. 13-21 (2021) legalized cannabis only for licensed MEDICAL, PHARMACEUTICAL and INDUSTRIAL use in three Rif provinces (regulated by ANRAC) — it does NOT legalize recreational use and does not even mention consumers. Recreational use remains a crime under the 1974 Dahir, merely laxly enforced. Morocco has NO death penalty for drug offences. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Qatar

Legal status: Illegal — cathinone (khat's natural principal alkaloid) is a 1971 Convention SCHEDULE I psychotropic and is controlled under Law No. 9 of 1987 (NDDPS) via the GCC-unified narcotics list. Mechanism: 1971 Sch-I transposition (GCC unified list), named. As the parent compound it is DISTINCT from the khat PLANT (Catha edulis, separately prohibited) and from the synthetic cathinones (mephedrone etc.) that derive from it; cathinone is the named Sch-I alkaloid, cathine the milder metabolite (1971 Schedule III). Capital is reachable at judicial discretion — Qatari law permits death for drug trafficking, with no substance-specific threshold.
Consequences if caught: Zero-tolerance controlled substance: trafficking of the alkaloid can be capital at judicial discretion (no fixed threshold). Extreme risk.
If prescribed / medical: 1971 Schedule I substance with no accepted medical use and no lawful prescription route for the isolated alkaloid.
Documentation: No personal-carry or import route; trafficking of the alkaloid carries death exposure.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Kuwait

Legal status: Illegal — cathinone (khat's natural principal alkaloid) is a 1971 Convention SCHEDULE I psychotropic and is controlled under Kuwait's narcotics law (Decree-Law 159/2025 replacing Law 74/1983) via the GCC-unified narcotics list. Mechanism: 1971 Sch-I transposition (GCC unified list), named. As the parent compound it is DISTINCT from the khat PLANT (Catha edulis, separately prohibited) and from the synthetic cathinones (mephedrone etc.) that derive from it; cathinone is the named Sch-I alkaloid, cathine the milder metabolite (1971 Schedule III). Capital is reachable at judicial discretion — trafficking carries death or life under the 2025 law, with no substance-specific threshold.
Consequences if caught: Zero-tolerance controlled substance: trafficking of the alkaloid can be capital at judicial discretion (no fixed threshold). Extreme risk.
If prescribed / medical: 1971 Schedule I substance with no accepted medical use and no lawful prescription route for the isolated alkaloid.
Documentation: No personal-carry or import route; trafficking of the alkaloid carries death exposure.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Peru

Legal status: Not confirmed — status not individually verified; confirm with Peru's authorities (Penal Code Arts 299/296) / your embassy
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not named in the cited Peruvian sources (Penal Code Art 299; Law 28002/2003) — do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. CRITICAL TWO-DRUG TRAP (Art 299 para 2): possessing TWO OR MORE drug types at the same time — even if each is below its own threshold — IS a crime and loses the non-punible protection. Trafficking (Art 296) carries 8–15 years; micro-commercialization (Art 298) 3–7 years. ENFORCEMENT: about 60% of drug detentions are for use/possession, police frequently treat possessors as traffickers, and up to 15 days' preventive detention can apply.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: Personal-use possession of a SINGLE drug type below its Art 299 threshold is not a crime, but possessing two or more drug types at once IS a crime (loses the exemption). Medical cannabis is legal (Law 30681, 2017; regulated 2019) and hemp is regulated (Law 32195, 2024); traditional coca-leaf chewing is legal. Enforcement is heavy — about 60% of drug detentions are for use/possession and police frequently treat possessors as traffickers (up to 15 days' preventive detention). Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Chile

Legal status: Not confirmed — status not individually verified; confirm with Chile's authorities (Law 20.000) / your embassy
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not named in the cited Chilean sources (Law 20.000; Decree 867/2007) — do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. Under Law 20.000 Art 50, possession or consumption of a small quantity for exclusive and near-in-time personal use is NOT a crime — it is a misdemeanor/infraction (falta) punishable by a fine, drug-education, or community service, never prison. There is NO statutory gram threshold; a judge assesses 'personal use' case-by-case. Private personal use is permitted, but consumption in groups or public places is penalized (intent to supply is presumed unless personal use is proven). Cultivation (Art 8) is an offence unless justified as exclusive personal near-term use (the '6 plants' figure circulating is from reform BILLS, not current law). Micro-trafficking (Art 4) carries 541 days–5 years; trafficking (Art 3) 5–15 years. [contested] A 2025–26 reform tightening penalties and narrowing the personal-use defence is before the Constitutional Court (about 37 members appealed) — confirm the current status; the Art 50 framework above is the stable core.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: Personal near-term use of a small quantity is a misdemeanor (falta) — a fine, drug-education, or community service, never prison; there is NO statutory gram threshold and a judge assesses 'personal use' case-by-case. Public or group consumption is penalized. Medical cannabis has been legal since 2015 (Supreme Decree 84; pharmacy, prescription). [contested] A 2025–26 reform tightening this is before the Constitutional Court — confirm the current status. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

New Zealand

Legal status: Controlled — cathinone (khat's natural principal alkaloid) is a 1971 Convention SCHEDULE I psychotropic and is a Class C controlled drug in Schedule 3 of the Misuse of Drugs Act 1975. Mechanism: 1971 Sch-I transposition, named. As the parent compound it is DISTINCT from the khat PLANT (Catha edulis leaf, itself Class C) and from the synthetic cathinones (mephedrone etc., separately controlled) that derive from it; cathinone is the named Class-C alkaloid, cathine the milder Schedule-III metabolite.
Consequences if caught: Class C controlled drug: possession of the isolated alkaloid up to 3 months, supply/dealing up to 8 years under the MODA 1975. No death penalty in New Zealand.
If prescribed / medical: 1971 Schedule I substance with no accepted medical use and no lawful prescription route for the isolated alkaloid.
Documentation: No licit personal-import route for a Class C controlled drug.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

South Africa

Legal status: Not confirmed — status not individually verified; confirm with South Africa's authorities (Drugs Act 140 of 1992) / your embassy
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not named in the cited South African sources (Drugs and Drug Trafficking Act 140 of 1992; Prince 2018; CPPA Act 7 of 2024) — do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. The Prince ruling and the CPPA apply ONLY to cannabis. South Africa has no death penalty (abolished 1995).
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: Private adult cannabis use, possession and cultivation are lawful (Prince 2018 + Cannabis for Private Purposes Act 7 of 2024) with NO court-set quantity; all dealing and sale remain illegal and 'cannabis clubs' are a legal grey zone (the 2022 Haze Club ruling treated club cultivation-for-members as dealing). [draft] February 2026 regulations proposing quantity limits (around 600 g dried / about 5 plants) are NOT yet in force. Hard drugs are fully illegal under Act 140 of 1992 (dealing up to 25 years). South Africa has NO death penalty (abolished 1995). Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Kenya

Legal status: Not confirmed — status not individually verified; confirm with Kenya's authorities (Narcotic Drugs Act No. 4 of 1994) / your embassy
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not named in the cited Kenyan sources (Act No. 4 of 1994, as amended 2022) — do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. The 2022 amendment added tiered quantity penalties: 1–100 g of narcotics carries a minimum 30,000,000 KSh fine plus at least 30 years; more than 100 g a minimum 50,000,000 KSh fine plus up to 50 years. Kenya has NO death penalty for drug offences (maximum is life).
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: Kenya has a strict drug regime under the Narcotic Drugs Act No. 4 of 1994 (Cap 245, amended 2022) with NO general personal-use decriminalization. The 2022 amendment added tiered quantity penalties: 1–100 g of narcotics → a minimum 30,000,000 KSh fine plus at least 30 years; more than 100 g → a minimum 50,000,000 KSh fine plus up to 50 years. Khat (miraa/muguka) is LEGAL — the 2022 amendment exempts cathinone/cathine when contained in khat, a major cash crop. Kenya has NO death penalty (maximum is life). Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Belgium

Legal status: Not confirmed — status not individually verified; confirm with Belgium's authorities (Drug Law of 24 February 1921) / your embassy
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not named in the cited Belgian sources (Drug Law of 24 February 1921, as amended) — do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. The 3 g cannabis tolerance applies ONLY to cannabis; other drugs have no tolerance threshold and possession is criminal.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: Cannabis remains ILLEGAL — adult (18+) possession of up to 3 g or one female plant is the lowest prosecution priority (a simplified police report, in practice a €120–200 fine, no arrest absent aggravating circumstances), but this is tolerance/depenalization, NOT decriminalization or legalization. Aggravating circumstances or more than 3 g trigger criminal prosecution; for minors all cannabis possession is always criminal. Medical cannabis means authorized cannabis-based medicines only (e.g. Sativex) by prescription plus pharmacist CBD preparations — no flower. Importing cannabis (even from the Netherlands) is a separate, more serious offence. [recommendation] An April 2024 parliamentary report recommended a new cannabis framework — not law. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Sweden

Legal status: Controlled — cathinone (khat's natural principal alkaloid) is a 1971 Convention SCHEDULE I psychotropic and is classified as a narcotic on Sweden's national narcotics list under the Narcotic Drugs Act. Mechanism: 1971 Sch-I transposition, named. As the parent compound it is DISTINCT from the khat PLANT (Catha edulis, separately classified a narcotic since 1989) and from the synthetic cathinones (mephedrone etc., separately scheduled) that derive from it; cathinone is the named Sch-I alkaloid, cathine the milder Schedule-III metabolite.
Consequences if caught: Narcotic: possession and trafficking of the isolated alkaloid penalised under the Narcotic Drugs Act; small quantities historically fines, large smuggling prosecuted. No death penalty in Sweden.
If prescribed / medical: 1971 Schedule I substance with no accepted medical use and no lawful prescription route for the isolated alkaloid.
Documentation: No licit personal-import route for a classified narcotic.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Norway

Legal status: Not confirmed — status not individually verified; confirm with Norway's authorities (Penal Code §231) / your embassy
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not named in the cited Norwegian sources (Penal Code §231; HR-2022-731/732/733-A) — do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. Under the Penal Code (2005) §231 and the Medicines Act §31, possession and use of drugs are a CRIMINAL offence for everyone. After the April 2022 Supreme Court rulings (HR-2022-731/732/733-A) and the Attorney General's guidelines (18 May 2022), persons with a SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER (drug-dependent) are no longer punished for personal use or possession of small amounts — but this is court-practice DEPENALIZATION for that group ONLY, NOT decriminalization. RECREATIONAL (non-dependent) users are STILL punished: a small amount draws a fine (the serious kind, which appears on the criminal record), though young first-timers are often diverted to supervised drug testing. The 2021 broad-decriminalization reform ('From Punishment to Help') was REJECTED by Parliament in June 2021. Supply and trafficking are serious offences (up to 10 years, more when aggravated).
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: Possession and use are criminal for everyone (Penal Code §231 + Medicines Act §31). Since the April 2022 Supreme Court rulings and Attorney General guidelines, drug-dependent persons are not punished for personal use/possession of small amounts (depenalization for that group only, NOT decriminalization); recreational (non-dependent) users are still fined (a record-bearing fine), and the 2021 broad-decriminalization reform ('From Punishment to Help') was rejected by Parliament in June 2021. Personal-use guidance amounts are about 15 g cannabis and about 5 g for heroin, amphetamine and cocaine. Medical cannabis is limited and requires special approval. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Denmark

Legal status: Not confirmed — status not individually verified; confirm with Denmark's authorities (Euphoriant Substances Act) / your embassy
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not named in the cited Danish sources (Euphoriant Substances Act 1955, as amended; Criminal Code §191) — do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. List A substances are the most restricted; possession is criminal and serious trafficking carries up to 16 years.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: Cannabis is List A (the most restricted category, alongside heroin and LSD). Possession and use are criminal; a small personal amount (up to ~9.9 g cannabis) draws a fixed fine (~DKK 2,000 / €70 first offence) via a simplified penalty notice with no court, but it remains a criminal offence that leaves a record (a warning is possible for drug-dependent persons). Penalties run up to 2 years under the Euphoriants Act; serious/large-scale trafficking (e.g. ≥10 kg) under Criminal Code §191, up to 16 years. A medical cannabis programme has been PERMANENT since 1 January 2026 (prescription, licensed pharmacies); CBD ≤0.2% THC sits outside the euphoriant rules but is often regulated as a medicine. OUTDATED-REPUTATION WARNING: the Christiania/Pusher Street open cannabis market was DISMANTLED in April 2024 — it is NOT a legal or tolerated market, and buying there carries the same (or, in designated zones, doubled) penalties. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Finland

Legal status: Not confirmed — status not individually verified; confirm with Finland's authorities (Narcotics Act 373/2008) / your embassy
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not named in the cited Finnish sources (Narcotics Act 373/2008; Criminal Code Ch 50) — do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. Under the Narcotics Act (373/2008) §5 and Criminal Code Chapter 50, use and possession are criminal. Unlawful use of narcotics (Ch 50 §2a) — personal use or a small amount — carries a fine or up to 6 months, in practice summary income-based day-fines (≤10 g hashish or ≤15 g cannabis ≈ 10–20 day-fines, with no court unless the defendant requests one). A narcotics offence (Ch 50 §1) carries a fine or up to 2 years; an aggravated narcotics offence (Ch 50 §2) up to 10 years. There is NO soft/hard distinction (cannabis is judged most leniently only by practice, not statute). Punishment may be WAIVED for an insignificant amount or if the offender accepts treatment.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: Use and possession are criminal under the Narcotics Act 373/2008 and Criminal Code Chapter 50; a small personal amount is handled by summary income-based day-fines (≤10 g hashish or ≤15 g cannabis ≈ 10–20 day-fines, with no court unless the defendant requests one), with NO soft/hard distinction. Punishment may be waived for an insignificant amount or if the offender accepts treatment. Medical use is limited (Sativex by special licence via Fimea). A 2019–2020 citizens' initiative to decriminalize personal use/possession/small cultivation was processed by Parliament and NOT enacted. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Bolivia

Legal status: Not confirmed — status not individually verified; confirm with Bolivia's authorities (Law 1008 of 1988) / your embassy
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not named in the cited Bolivian sources (Law 1008 of 1988; Constitution Art 384) — do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. The Constitution Art 384 coca-leaf carve-out applies ONLY to the coca leaf in its natural state and to no other substance. Personal-use possession of a 'minimal quantity' is directed to treatment or education rather than prison (Art 49), with NO fixed statutory gram threshold.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: Constitution Art 384 protects the coca leaf in its natural state as cultural heritage and a factor of social cohesion — 'in its natural state it is not a narcotic' — with legal cultivation delimited to authorized zones (the Yungas); traditional coca chewing is legal, and Bolivia withdrew from and re-acceded to the 1961 Single Convention specifically to preserve it. Cocaine, the processed drug, is a DIFFERENT thing: it is controlled and illegal, and the coca carve-out does NOT extend to cocaine. Cannabis, heroin, methamphetamine, MDMA and LSD are controlled and illegal with no carve-out. Personal-use possession of a 'minimal quantity' is directed to treatment or education rather than prison (Law 1008 Art 49), but there is NO fixed statutory gram threshold — a two-expert assessment determines the minimum. Cultivation outside authorized coca zones (Art 46) draws about 1–2 years, manufacture (Art 47) 5–15 years, and trafficking (Art 48) 10–25 years. Bolivia has NO death penalty for drugs. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Ecuador

Legal status: Not confirmed — status not individually verified; confirm with Ecuador's authorities (COIP; Constitution Art 364) / your embassy
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not named in the cited Ecuadorian sources (COIP Arts 220/228; Constitution Art 364; the repealed CONSEP table) — do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. Personal-use possession is non-punishable in Ecuador (Constitution Art 364 treats consumption as a public-health matter and bars criminalizing consumers; the COIP confirms personal-use possession is not punishable, and CNJ Resolution 14-2023 confirmed this remains fully in force). CRITICAL: the former CONSEP quantity table was [repealed] by Executive Decree No. 28 on 24 November 2023 — the old bright-line thresholds NO LONGER EXIST, there is now NO defined personal-use quantity, and trafficking intent is assessed case-by-case (a legal grey area). Trafficking is tiered (COIP Art 220): minimum 3–5 years, medium 5–7, high 19–22, large 22–26.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: Personal-use possession is NON-PUNISHABLE: Constitution Art 364 treats consumption as a public-health matter and bars criminalizing consumers, and the COIP confirms personal-use possession is not punishable (CNJ Resolution 14-2023 confirmed this remains fully in force). CRITICAL: the former CONSEP quantity table (Resolution 001-CONSEP-CO-2013 — about 10 g cannabis, 1 g cocaine, 0.1 g heroin, 0.015 g MDMA) was [repealed] by Executive Decree No. 28 on 24 November 2023; those gram thresholds NO LONGER EXIST. There is now NO defined personal-use quantity — trafficking intent is assessed case-by-case (a legal grey area). Trafficking is tiered (COIP Art 220): minimum 3–5 years, medium 5–7, high 19–22, large 22–26. Medical cannabis is legal (2019 Assembly vote; products under 1% THC via pharmacy). [contested] A REDCAN citizen cannabis-regulation initiative was pending in the National Assembly in 2025. Ecuador has NO death penalty for drugs. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Paraguay

Legal status: Not confirmed — status not individually verified; confirm with Paraguay's authorities (Law N° 1.340/88) / your embassy
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not named in the cited Paraguayan sources (Law N° 1.340/88 Arts 16/30) — do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. Under Paraguay's Law N° 1.340/88, personal-use possession is exempt from punishment up to the CURRENT statutory thresholds of Art 30 — cannabis 10 g or less, and cocaine, heroin or other opiates 2 g or less — with a forensic doctor determining whether the amount is for personal use. Trafficking and cultivation (Art 16) draw up to 10–20 years. The Art 30 thresholds name cannabis (10 g) and cocaine/heroin/other opiates (2 g); other substances are not assigned a statutory personal-use amount.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: Personal-use possession is exempt from punishment up to the CURRENT statutory thresholds of Law N° 1.340/88 Art 30: cannabis 10 g or less, and cocaine, heroin or other opiates 2 g or less, with a forensic doctor determining whether the amount is for personal use. These thresholds ARE current law. Possession of cannabis above the threshold draws 2–4 years; trafficking and cultivation (Art 16) draw up to 10–20 years. Medical cannabis is legal (Bill 6007/2018; derivatives and CBD by physician authorization; DINAVISA Resolution 488/2025 is medical-only and does NOT legalize recreational), but a self-cultivation bill (6602/2020) was REJECTED. Recreational sale and purchase remain illegal; Paraguay is the world's second-largest cannabis producer and a major exporter (the pressed 'ladrillo' brick trade), but that does NOT make recreational sale legal. Paraguay has NO death penalty for drugs. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Ghana

Legal status: Not confirmed — status not individually verified; confirm with Ghana's authorities (Act 1019 of 2020) / your embassy
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not named in the cited Ghanaian sources (Narcotics Control Commission Act, 2020 (Act 1019), Secs 37/41/45 and Second Schedule) — do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. Under Ghana's Narcotics Control Commission Act, 2020 (Act 1019), possession for personal use (Secs 37/41/45) is DEPENALIZED, not decriminalized: it draws a FINE of 200–500 penalty units (about GHS 2,400–6,000), with non-payment converting to roughly 15 months' imprisonment. This replaced prison with a fine, but personal use REMAINS ILLEGAL and the Act defines NO personal-use quantity thresholds. Trafficking is severe (fines plus imprisonment under the Second Schedule).
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: Ghana DEPENALIZED (not decriminalized) personal drug use: under the Narcotics Control Commission Act, 2020 (Act 1019), possession for personal use (Secs 37/41/45) draws a FINE of 200–500 penalty units (about GHS 2,400–6,000), with non-payment converting to roughly 15 months' imprisonment. This replaced the old prison terms of PNDCL 236 (1990) with a fine, but recreational and personal use REMAINS ILLEGAL — it is depenalization, NOT decriminalization or legalization — and the Act defines NO personal-use quantity thresholds. Trafficking is severe (fines plus imprisonment under the Second Schedule). [struck] Sec 43, a special provision for licensed cultivation of low-THC cannabis (0.3% THC or less) for industrial, medical and scientific use only (NOT recreational), was ruled unconstitutional by Ghana's Supreme Court in May 2023 (5–4) on procedural grounds and was struck; Parliament action to re-pass followed — confirm the current status, do NOT rely on Sec 43 as settled law. Ghana has NO death penalty for drugs. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Israel

Legal status: Not confirmed — status not individually verified; confirm with Israel's authorities (Dangerous Drugs Ordinance 1973) / your embassy
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not named in the cited Israeli sources (Dangerous Drugs Ordinance (New Version 5732, 1973), incl. Sec 6) — do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. The cannabis decriminalization-by-policy framework is cannabis-only and does NOT extend to other drugs, which remain criminal (possession or use up to 3 years; cultivation/trafficking up to 20 years).
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: Cannabis is DECRIMINALIZED BY POLICY, not legalized: since 1 April 2019 (a temporary order following the July 2018 Knesset approval) adult personal use or possession of a 'small amount' (15 g or less) is handled administratively rather than as a criminal offence; private-home use is no offence at all, while public use draws a three-strikes graduated fine (first about NIS 1,000 / about USD 275, doubled on the second, the third triggers a criminal investigation / licence loss, the fourth prosecution). This is decriminalization by temporary order, NOT legalization — per NIDA and the Anti-Drug Authority cannabis use is 'still forbidden.' Soldiers, prisoners, minors and police are EXCLUDED from the decrim framework and remain criminal. The framework is cannabis-only and does NOT extend to other drugs: cocaine, heroin and MDMA remain criminal (possession or use up to 3 years). Cultivation (Sec 6) carries up to 20 years and trafficking/import/export up to 20 years (25 years supplying a minor), with 8-year asset seizure. IN-FLUX (flagged, not enacted): [draft] a 2020 bill to decriminalize up to 50 g did NOT pass; [draft] 2022 Sa'ar draft regulations to make personal use purely administrative and expunge records; [draft] a February 2024 redefinition of 'dangerous drug' to only cannabis above 0.3% THC (placing low-THC CBD outside the ordinance) — confirm current status. Medical cannabis is one of the world's oldest and largest programs (1990s; Israel Medical Cannabis Agency / Ministry of Health; about 130,000–140,000 patients; a January 2024 reform dropped the 'last resort' requirement). Israel has NO death penalty for drugs. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Panama

Legal status: Not confirmed — status not individually verified; confirm with Panama's authorities (Ley No. 23 of 1986) / your embassy
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not named in the cited Panamanian sources (Ley No. 23 of 1986 with Law No. 13 of 1994; Penal Code Arts 313/314/320/321/322) — do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. Recreational use is illegal in Panama and there is NO formal decriminalization threshold. Under Penal Code Art 320, where a court or forensic examiner determines the amount is a 'small quantity' for personal consumption (a single dose), penalties are lighter — fines, community service, weekend detention or 2–4 years, or therapeutic measures (dependency plus a small amount leads to rehabilitative rather than custodial measures) — but this is discretionary, not a fixed threshold, and possession remains illegal. Possession for distribution (Art 321) draws 8–12 years; trafficking/import/export/transit (Art 313) 10–15 years; cultivation or manufacture (Art 314) 10–15 years; organized-crime leaders (Art 322) 20–25 years.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: Recreational drug use is ILLEGAL in Panama and there is NO formal decriminalization threshold — do not treat Panama as 'decriminalized.' Under Penal Code Art 320, where a court or forensic examiner determines that the amount is a 'small quantity' for personal consumption (a single dose), penalties are lighter — fines, community service, weekend detention or 2–4 years, or therapeutic measures; dependency plus a small amount leads to rehabilitative rather than custodial measures. This is discretionary, not a fixed statutory threshold, and possession remains illegal. Possession for distribution (Art 321) draws 8–12 years; trafficking, import, export or transit (Art 313) 10–15 years; cultivation or manufacture (Art 314) 10–15 years; organized-crime leaders (Art 322) 20–25 years. Medical cannabis is legal (Law 242 of 2021, the first in Central America; MINSA-regulated; licensed pharmacies; oils and extracts only, no smokable flower; home cultivation banned; first pharmacy opened in early January 2026), and hemp/CBD of 1% THC or less has been legal since March 2025 (Law 464). Panama has NO death penalty for drugs. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Nigeria

Legal status: Illegal — cathinone (khat's natural principal alkaloid) is a 1971 Convention SCHEDULE I psychotropic and is caught by Nigeria's NDLEA Act / national drug schedule, which incorporates the 1971 psychotropics. Mechanism: 1971 Sch-I transposition, named. As the parent compound it is DISTINCT from the khat PLANT (Catha edulis) and from the synthetic cathinones (mephedrone etc.) that derive from it; cathinone is the named Sch-I alkaloid, cathine the milder metabolite (1971 Schedule III). No capital exposure — the NDLEA Act's death-penalty provision for trafficking was repealed in 1986 and converted to life imprisonment.
Consequences if caught: Controlled substance: heavy custodial penalties for the alkaloid, not capital.
If prescribed / medical: 1971 Schedule I substance with no accepted medical use and no lawful prescription route for the isolated alkaloid.
Documentation: No licit personal-import route for a controlled substance.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Bangladesh

Legal status: Controlled — cathinone (khat's natural principal alkaloid) is a 1971 Convention SCHEDULE I psychotropic and falls within the psychotropics schedule of the Narcotics Control Act 2018, which incorporates the UN conventions. Mechanism: 1971 Sch-I transposition (convention-mirroring), named. As the parent compound it is DISTINCT from the khat PLANT (Catha edulis, not separately named) and from the synthetic cathinones (mephedrone etc.) that derive from it; cathinone is the named Sch-I alkaloid, cathine the milder metabolite (1971 Schedule III). Capital reach is left to confirmation: the NCA 2018 reserves the death penalty for large quantities of specifically listed drugs and cathinone is not separately capital-listed (lean below-tier).
Consequences if caught: Controlled psychotropic: penalties apply for the alkaloid; capital is reserved for named drugs/quantities, not established for cathinone. High risk.
If prescribed / medical: 1971 Schedule I substance with no accepted medical use and no lawful prescription route for the isolated alkaloid.
Documentation: No licit personal-import route for a controlled psychotropic.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Pakistan

Legal status: Controlled — cathinone (khat's natural principal alkaloid) is a 1971 Convention SCHEDULE I psychotropic and falls within the psychotropics schedule of the Control of Narcotic Substances Act 1997, which incorporates the UN conventions. Mechanism: 1971 Sch-I transposition (convention-mirroring), named. As the parent compound it is DISTINCT from the khat PLANT (Catha edulis, not separately named) and from the synthetic cathinones (mephedrone etc.) that derive from it; cathinone is the named Sch-I alkaloid, cathine the milder metabolite (1971 Schedule III). No capital exposure — the drug death penalty was removed from the CNSA by a 2023 amendment.
Consequences if caught: Controlled psychotropic: heavy custodial penalties for the alkaloid, not capital (death removed from the CNSA in 2023).
If prescribed / medical: 1971 Schedule I substance with no accepted medical use and no lawful prescription route for the isolated alkaloid.
Documentation: No licit personal-import route for a controlled psychotropic.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Taiwan

Legal status: Controlled — cathinone (khat's natural principal alkaloid) is a 1971 Convention SCHEDULE I psychotropic and is a Category 2 (第二級) controlled drug under the Narcotics Hazard Prevention Act. Mechanism: 1971 Sch-I transposition, named. As the parent compound it is DISTINCT from the khat PLANT (Catha edulis leaf, not named and caught via its cathinone content) and from the synthetic cathinones (mephedrone, a Category 3 controlled drug) that derive from it; cathinone is the named Category-2 alkaloid, cathine the milder metabolite (1971 Schedule III). Structurally below the capital tier: death/life is available only for Category 1 (heroin/opium/morphine/cocaine); Category 2 caps at life imprisonment.
Consequences if caught: Category 2 controlled drug: manufacture and trafficking of the alkaloid are serious offences, but there is no death-penalty pathway — maximum is life imprisonment.
If prescribed / medical: 1971 Schedule I / Category-2 substance with no accepted medical use and no lawful prescription route for the isolated alkaloid.
Documentation: No licit personal-import route for a Category-2 controlled drug.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Hong Kong

Legal status: Not confirmed — status not individually verified; confirm with Hong Kong's authorities (Dangerous Drugs Ordinance Cap. 134) / your embassy
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not named in the cited Hong Kong sources (Dangerous Drugs Ordinance, Cap. 134, Secs 4/8) — do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. Dangerous drugs in the First Schedule carry up to 7 years for possession and up to life for trafficking; importing or exporting even for personal use counts as trafficking. Hong Kong has NO death penalty (abolished) — the maximum is life.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: All controlled drugs sit in a single First Schedule under the Dangerous Drugs Ordinance (Cap. 134) with no soft/hard penalty tiering — cannabis, heroin, cocaine, ice (methamphetamine), ecstasy (MDMA), ketamine and CBD are all 'dangerous drugs.' Trafficking (Sec 4) carries a maximum of life imprisonment plus a HK$5 million fine on indictment (3 years plus HK$500,000 summary); possession (Sec 8) carries a maximum of 7 years plus a HK$1 million fine; possession of a pipe or equipment carries HK$10,000 and 3 years. Cultivation of cannabis or opium poppy is an offence, and importing or exporting (even for personal use) counts as trafficking. CBD was reclassified as a dangerous drug from 1 February 2023 (trafficking CBD = life plus HK$5 million; possession = 7 years plus HK$1 million), and 'space oil' (etomidate) was scheduled in February 2025. There is NO medical-cannabis program. Hong Kong has NO death penalty (abolished) — the maximum is life imprisonment. Sentencing within these maxima is quantity-band-driven through case law rather than fixed statutory gram thresholds. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Venezuela

Legal status: Not confirmed — status not individually verified; confirm with Venezuela's authorities (Ley Orgánica de Drogas 2010) / your embassy
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not named with a personal-dose limit in the cited Venezuelan sources (Ley Orgánica de Drogas 2010, Arts 131/149/153) — do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. Under Venezuela's Ley Orgánica de Drogas (LOD, 2010), possession of a personal dose for consumption is NOT a crime (Art 131) — not jail, but mandatory rehabilitation/treatment, possible driver's-licence suspension and community service. Illicit possession above the personal dose but not for trafficking (Art 153) draws 1–2 years; trafficking (Art 149) draws 15–25 years (12–18 years where 5000 g or less of cannabis or 1000 g or less of cocaine; 8–12 years where smaller but above the personal dose). Venezuela has NO death penalty (abolished 1863, constitutionally prohibited). The Art 131 personal-dose limits are stated for cannabis (20 g) and cocaine (2 g); no statutory personal-dose amount is given for other substances.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: Personal-use possession is NOT a crime in Venezuela: under Ley Orgánica de Drogas (LOD) Art 131, possession of a personal dose for consumption is not an offence. The personal-dose limits (Art 131) are up to 20 g of cannabis or 2 g of cocaine (and 5 g or less of 'genetically modified marijuana'); a person within those limits is not jailed but is subject to mandatory rehabilitation/treatment, possible driver's-licence suspension and community service. Illicit possession above the personal dose but not for trafficking (Art 153) draws 1–2 years. Trafficking (Art 149) draws 15–25 years; where the quantity is 5000 g or less of cannabis or 1000 g or less of cocaine, 12–18 years; where smaller but above the personal dose, 8–12 years; cultivation for trafficking up to 18 years. All cannabis use — recreational and medical — is illegal: there is NO medical-cannabis program, CBD/hemp is illegal, and only limited scientific-research licences exist. Venezuela has NO death penalty (abolished 1863, constitutionally prohibited). Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Guatemala

Legal status: Not confirmed — status not individually verified; confirm with Guatemala's authorities (Ley contra la Narcoactividad, Decreto 48-92) / your embassy
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not named in the cited Guatemalan sources (Ley contra la Narcoactividad, Decreto 48-92, 1992, Arts 38/39/52) — do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. Guatemala has NOT decriminalized any drug (Ley contra la Narcoactividad, Decreto 48-92): there are no drug-specific quantity thresholds — a judge decides personal use versus trafficking case-by-case ('reasonable quantity for immediate consumption', Art 39), so there is no fixed statutory quantity. Personal-use possession (Art 39) draws 4 months–2 years plus a Q200–10,000 fine; trafficking, commerce or storage (Art 38) draws 12–20 years plus a Q50,000–1,000,000 fine; cultivation or manufacture up to about 20–25 years. The death penalty (Art 52) applies ONLY where a drug offence under this law results in the death of one or more persons (death or 30 years depending on circumstances) — there is NO quantity-based trafficking death penalty.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: Guatemala has NOT decriminalized any drug: under the Ley contra la Narcoactividad (Decreto 48-92, 1992) there are no drug-specific quantity thresholds — a judge decides personal use versus trafficking case-by-case ('reasonable quantity for immediate consumption', Art 39). Personal-use possession (Art 39) draws 4 months–2 years in prison plus a Q200–10,000 fine. Trafficking, commerce or storage (Art 38) draws 12–20 years plus a Q50,000–1,000,000 fine, and cultivation or manufacture up to about 20–25 years. Death penalty (Art 52): it applies ONLY where a drug offence under this law results in the death of one or more persons (death or 30 years depending on circumstances) — there is NO quantity-based trafficking death penalty. There is no medical cannabis (a 2016 bill was rejected), and extradition to the US is possible (1940 treaty). No fixed statutory quantity exists for any drug — the personal-versus-trafficking line is judicial discretion. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Nepal

Legal status: Not confirmed — status not individually verified; confirm with Nepal's authorities (Narcotic Drugs (Control) Act, 2033) / your embassy
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not named in the cited Nepali sources (Narcotic Drugs (Control) Act, 2033 (1976 AD), amended through 1998) — do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. Controlled drugs carry tiered penalties up to life imprisonment; Nepal has NO death penalty (the maximum is life).
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: Nepal has NO death penalty — the maximum drug penalty is life imprisonment (jiban kaidi), under the Narcotic Drugs (Control) Act, 2033 (1976 AD, amended through 1998). Historically cannabis was legal through government shops until 1973; a cannabis-legalization bill is currently tabled but NOT enacted (proposed, not law). Cannabis consumption draws up to 1 month or an NPR 2,000 fine (first-time minor offenders may be released on a bond, and there is no punishment for a person in recognized treatment, Sec 19A). Cannabis possession is tiered: 50 g or less up to 3 months; 50–500 g up to 1 year; 500 g–2 kg up to 2 years; 2–10 kg up to 3 years; 10 kg or more 2–10 years plus a fine (a reported personal-use line is about 5 g cannabis / 2 g hashish). Heroin and cocaine: 5 g or less 2–5 years; 5–100 g 5–10 years; over 100 g or any trafficking 10 years to life plus an NPR 500,000–2,500,000 fine. Cultivation: 25 plants or fewer up to 3 months; more than 25 plants 3 months–3 years. Other hard drugs (methamphetamine/'yaba', MDMA, LSD) are controlled, with trafficking punishable up to life. Foreigners face the same law, no bail, and deportation after sentence. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Romania

Legal status: Not confirmed — status not individually verified; confirm with Romania's authorities (Law No. 143/2000) / your embassy
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not named in the cited Romanian sources (Law No. 143/2000, amended 2014 and 2023, as a 'risk' or 'high-risk' drug) — do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. Risk drugs carry 3 months–2 years for personal-use possession and 3–15 years for trafficking; high-risk drugs 6 months–3 years and 10–20 years. Romania (EU) has no death penalty.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: Romania (an EU member with no death penalty) splits controlled drugs into 'risk drugs' (the cannabis plant, resin and oil) and 'high-risk drugs' (heroin, cocaine, MDMA, ketamine and isolated THC) under Law No. 143/2000 (amended 2014 via the new Penal Code, and 2023). Drug USE in itself is not criminalized — only possession. Possession for personal use draws 3 months–2 years or a fine for risk drugs, and 6 months–3 years for high-risk drugs, with treatment and community-service alternatives ('therapeutic justice'). Trafficking (Art 2) draws 3–15 years for risk drugs and 10–20 years for high-risk; import/export (Art 3) 10–20 years for high-risk, with international trafficking up to 7–20 years; if distribution causes death, 15–25 years. Note the THC-versus-plant split: the cannabis plant is a 'risk drug', but isolated THC is a 'high-risk drug'. Medical cannabis exists on paper but barely functions, and CBD is legal under tight THC limits. [rejected] A 2023 bill to decriminalize possession of 3 g or less of cannabis was rejected by the Senate (not law). Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Slovakia

Legal status: Not confirmed — status not individually verified; confirm with Slovakia's authorities (Criminal Code Act No. 300/2005 Coll.) / your embassy
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not named in the cited Slovak sources (Criminal Code, Act No. 300/2005 Coll., Secs 171–172; schedules under Act No. 139/1998 Coll.) — do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Slovakia (EU, no death penalty), drug use in itself is not the offence — possession is, and the thresholds are DOSE-MULTIPLES, not grams (Criminal Code, Act No. 300/2005 Coll.). Possession (Sec 171) draws up to 3 years for an amount up to three times a usual single dose, and up to 5 years for up to ten times a single dose; any amount above ten doses must be charged as trafficking under Sec 172. Trafficking (Sec 172) draws 3–10 years at base, 10–15 years for larger or aggravated cases, and up to 20–25 years in the gravest cases (the overall maximum is life); import or export is treated as aggravated trafficking. These dose-multiple thresholds are not convertible to fixed grams.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: Slovakia (an EU member with no death penalty) is unusually punitive for the EU on possession. Under the Criminal Code (Act No. 300/2005 Coll.), drug use in itself is not the offence — possession is; the thresholds are DOSE-MULTIPLES, not grams (cannabis is Schedule I under Act No. 139/1998 Coll.). Possession (Sec 171) draws up to 3 years for an amount up to three times a usual single dose, and up to 5 years for up to ten times a single dose; any amount above ten doses must be charged as trafficking under Sec 172. Trafficking (Sec 172) draws 3–10 years at base, 10–15 years for larger or aggravated cases, and up to 20–25 years in the gravest aggravated cases (the overall maximum is life); import or export is treated as aggravated trafficking. Since 2023, CBD-rich medical cannabis preparations are permitted, but recreational cannabis is fully criminal. These dose-multiple thresholds are not convertible to fixed grams. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Trinidad and Tobago

Legal status: Not confirmed — status not individually verified; confirm with Trinidad and Tobago's authorities (Dangerous Drugs Act, Chap. 11:25, as amended 2019) / your embassy
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not named in the cited Trinidad and Tobago sources (Dangerous Drugs Act, Chap. 11:25, as amended by Act No. 24 of 2019) — do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. The 2019 decriminalization applies ONLY to cannabis (up to 30 g / 5 g resin / 4 plants); other controlled drugs remain fully prohibited with trafficking up to life. There is no death penalty (max life).
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: Trinidad and Tobago (no death penalty; maximum life) partly decriminalized cannabis in 2019 under the Dangerous Drugs (Amendment) Act No. 24 of 2019 (in force 23 December 2019), amending the Dangerous Drugs Act (Chap. 11:25). Adults may possess up to 30 g of cannabis or up to 5 g of cannabis resin with no criminal penalty, cultivate up to 4 plants per household, and use in private (not in public and not around children). Possession of 30–60 g of cannabis (with proportionate resin) draws a fixed-penalty fine of up to TTD 50,000 with no record if paid. Possession of more than 100 g of cannabis or more than 14 g of resin draws TTD 250,000 plus 5 years (summary) or TTD 1,000,000 plus 15 years (on indictment). Cultivating more than 4 plants draws TTD 750,000 plus 10 years (summary) or up to life (indictment). Selling or trafficking cannabis draws up to TTD 3,000,000 (or ten times street value) plus long imprisonment, and an offence within 500 m of a school is a trafficking offence punishable up to life. Public cannabis use draws a fine up to TTD 50,000, and drug-driving TTD 250,000 plus 5 years. Hard drugs (heroin, cocaine, methamphetamine, MDMA, LSD, ketamine) remain fully prohibited — the 2019 Act created or raised penalties for ketamine, LSD and MDMA — with trafficking punishable by heavy fines and up to life. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Ukraine

Legal status: Not confirmed — status not individually verified; confirm with Ukraine's authorities (Criminal Code Arts 305/307/309/310; MoH Order No. 188) / your embassy
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not named in the cited Ukrainian sources (Criminal Code Arts 305/307/309/310; Code of Administrative Offenses Art 44; MoH Order No. 188) — do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. Ukraine (death penalty abolished 2000) handles drugs under the Criminal Code (Arts 305/307/309/310), the Code of Administrative Offenses (Art 44) and Ministry of Health Order No. 188, whose small/large/especially-large quantity thresholds are very low (trace amounts have triggered Art 309). Drug use itself (other than in public) is not criminal. A personal-use small amount (Art 44 of the Code of Administrative Offenses) is administrative — a fine of 25–50 tax-free minimum incomes, 20–60 hours of community service, or administrative arrest up to 15 days. Above 'small', personal use (Art 309) is criminal (a fine, correctional labour up to 2 years, or restriction of liberty up to 5 years; aggravated or large up to 3 years; involving minors up to 8 years). Trafficking or sale (Art 307) draws 4–12 years plus property forfeiture; smuggling (Art 305) 5–8 years (up to 8–10 years aggravated).
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: Ukraine abolished the death penalty in 2000 (a Council of Europe condition); the framework is the Criminal Code (Arts 305/307/309/310), the Code of Administrative Offenses (Art 44), and Ministry of Health Order No. 188 (2000, as amended), which defines small, large and especially-large quantities — and these thresholds are very low (trace amounts have triggered Art 309). Drug use itself (other than in public) is not criminal. A personal-use small amount (Art 44 of the Code of Administrative Offenses) is an administrative matter: a fine of 25–50 tax-free minimum incomes, 20–60 hours of community service, or administrative arrest up to 15 days. Above 'small', personal use (Art 309) is criminal: a fine, correctional labour up to 2 years, or restriction of liberty up to 5 years; aggravated or large up to 3 years; involving minors up to 8 years. Trafficking or sale (Art 307) draws 4–12 years plus property forfeiture; smuggling (Art 305) 5–8 years, up to 8–10 years aggravated. For cannabis, the administrative-versus-criminal line is 5 grams (above 5 g is criminal under Art 309); cultivation of 10 or fewer cannabis plants without intent to sell is effectively decriminalized or fined, while Art 310 makes 100–500 opium-poppy plants or 10–50 cannabis plants criminal. The 2023 Law on Medical Cannabis legalized regulated MEDICAL cannabis only (drops, capsules, pastes, gels) and did NOT change the recreational criminal framework. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

· Updated 2026-07-14

Bahrain

Legal status: Illegal — cathinone (khat's natural principal alkaloid) is a 1971 Convention SCHEDULE I psychotropic and is controlled under Bahrain's narcotics law via the GCC-unified narcotics list. Mechanism: 1971 Sch-I transposition (GCC unified list), named. As the parent compound it is DISTINCT from the khat PLANT (Catha edulis, prohibited as a controlled narcotic) and from the synthetic cathinones (mephedrone etc.) that derive from it; cathinone is the named Sch-I alkaloid, cathine the milder metabolite (1971 Schedule III). Capital is reachable at judicial discretion — Bahraini drug law permits death for trafficking, with no substance-specific threshold.
Consequences if caught: Zero-tolerance controlled substance: trafficking of the alkaloid can be capital at judicial discretion (no fixed threshold). Extreme risk.
If prescribed / medical: 1971 Schedule I substance with no accepted medical use and no lawful prescription route for the isolated alkaloid.
Documentation: No personal-carry or import route; trafficking of the alkaloid carries death exposure.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Brunei

Legal status: Controlled — cathinone (khat's natural principal alkaloid) is a 1971 Convention SCHEDULE I psychotropic and is a Class A drug in the First Schedule of the Misuse of Drugs Act (Cap. 27). Mechanism: 1971 Sch-I transposition, named. As the parent compound it is DISTINCT from the khat PLANT (Catha edulis leaf, caught via its cathinone content) and from the synthetic cathinones (mephedrone etc.) that derive from it; cathinone is the named Class-A alkaloid, cathine the milder metabolite (1971 Schedule III). It sits BELOW the enumerated capital tier: the mandatory-death trafficking presumptions are drug-specific (heroin, meth, cocaine, opium) and exclude cathinone.
Consequences if caught: Class A: possession and trafficking of the alkaloid carry heavy custodial penalties and caning, but cathinone is outside the capital-threshold list — serious non-capital exposure.
If prescribed / medical: 1971 Schedule I / Class-A substance with no accepted medical use and no lawful prescription route for the isolated alkaloid.
Documentation: No licit personal-import route for a Class A drug.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Iran

Legal status: Illegal — cathinone (khat's natural principal alkaloid) is a 1971 Convention SCHEDULE I psychotropic and is on Iran's psychotropics schedule incorporating the 1971 Convention. Mechanism: 1971 Sch-I transposition, named. As the parent compound it is DISTINCT from the khat PLANT ('gat', prohibited) and from the synthetic cathinones (mephedrone etc., scheduled by Iran) that derive from it; cathinone is the named Sch-I alkaloid, cathine the milder metabolite (1971 Schedule III). Capital reach is left to confirmation: the 2017 Anti-Narcotics amendment restricts death to large quantities of enumerated drugs (heroin, cocaine, meth, morphine) and cathinone is not among them (lean below-tier).
Consequences if caught: Controlled substance: heavy penalties for the alkaloid; capital reserved for enumerated drugs, not cathinone. High risk.
If prescribed / medical: 1971 Schedule I substance with no accepted medical use and no lawful prescription route for the isolated alkaloid.
Documentation: No licit personal-import route for a controlled substance.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Laos

Legal status: Controlled — cathinone (khat's natural principal alkaloid) is a 1971 Convention SCHEDULE I psychotropic and falls within the psychotropics annex of the Lao Drug Law, which incorporates the UN conventions. Mechanism: 1971 Sch-I transposition (convention-mirroring), named. As the parent compound it is DISTINCT from the khat PLANT (Catha edulis, not separately named) and from the synthetic cathinones (mephedrone etc.) that derive from it; cathinone is the named Sch-I alkaloid, cathine the milder metabolite (1971 Schedule III). Capital reach is left to confirmation: Penal Code art. 146 fixes capital thresholds for heroin/'ecstasy'/meth by quantity and cathinone is not separately named (lean below-tier).
Consequences if caught: Controlled psychotropic: penalties apply for the alkaloid; capital is reserved for named drugs/quantities, not established for cathinone. High risk.
If prescribed / medical: 1971 Schedule I substance with no accepted medical use and no lawful prescription route for the isolated alkaloid.
Documentation: No licit personal-import route for a controlled psychotropic.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Myanmar

Legal status: Controlled — cathinone (khat's natural principal alkaloid) is a 1971 Convention SCHEDULE I psychotropic and falls within the psychotropics annex of the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Law, which incorporates the UN conventions. Mechanism: 1971 Sch-I transposition (convention-mirroring), named. As the parent compound it is DISTINCT from the khat PLANT (Catha edulis, not separately named) and from the synthetic cathinones (mephedrone etc.) that derive from it; cathinone is the named Sch-I alkaloid, cathine the milder metabolite (1971 Schedule III). Capital reach is left to confirmation — drug-specific capital thresholds are opaque under current governance.
Consequences if caught: Controlled psychotropic: penalties apply for the alkaloid; capital exposure for cathinone is unconfirmable. High risk.
If prescribed / medical: 1971 Schedule I substance with no accepted medical use and no lawful prescription route for the isolated alkaloid.
Documentation: No licit personal-import route for a controlled psychotropic.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Oman

Legal status: Illegal — cathinone (khat's natural principal alkaloid) is a 1971 Convention SCHEDULE I psychotropic and is controlled under Oman's narcotics law via the GCC-unified narcotics list. Mechanism: 1971 Sch-I transposition (GCC unified list), named. As the parent compound it is DISTINCT from the khat PLANT (Catha edulis, prohibited) and from the synthetic cathinones (mephedrone etc.) that derive from it; cathinone is the named Sch-I alkaloid, cathine the milder metabolite (1971 Schedule III). Capital is reachable at judicial discretion — Omani drug law permits death for trafficking, with no substance-specific threshold.
Consequences if caught: Zero-tolerance controlled substance: trafficking of the alkaloid can be capital at judicial discretion (no fixed threshold). Extreme risk.
If prescribed / medical: 1971 Schedule I substance with no accepted medical use and no lawful prescription route for the isolated alkaloid.
Documentation: No personal-carry or import route; trafficking of the alkaloid carries death exposure.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Bulgaria

Legal status: Not confirmed — status not individually verified; confirm with Bulgaria's authorities (Penal Code Arts 354a–c; ZKNVP) / your embassy
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not named in the cited Bulgarian sources (Penal Code Arts 354a/354b/354c; Law on Control of Narcotic Substances and Precursors, ZKNVP) — do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Bulgaria (EU; death penalty abolished 1998), drugs are split into high-risk and moderate-risk under the Penal Code (Arts 354a/354b/354c) and the Law on Control of Narcotic Substances and Precursors (ZKNVP). Possession is not subject to a formal personal-use threshold: Art 354a(5) lets a judge impose a fine up to about 1,000 leva (about €511) for insignificant quantities, but it remains a criminal conviction. Standard possession of high-risk drugs draws 1–6 years plus a 2,000–10,000 leva fine; moderate-risk up to 5 years. Trafficking (Art 354a) draws 2–8 years for high-risk and 1–6 years for moderate-risk, rising to up to 15 years for aggravated or particularly large amounts. Cultivation of opium poppy, coca or cannabis (Art 354c) is prohibited.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Bulgaria (EU; death penalty abolished 1998), drugs are split into high-risk and moderate-risk under the Penal Code (Arts 354a/354b/354c) and the Law on Control of Narcotic Substances and Precursors (ZKNVP). Possession is not subject to a formal personal-use threshold: Art 354a(5) lets a judge impose a fine up to about 1,000 leva (about €511) for insignificant quantities, but it remains a criminal conviction. Standard possession of high-risk drugs draws 1–6 years plus a 2,000–10,000 leva fine; moderate-risk up to 5 years. Trafficking (Art 354a) draws 2–8 years for high-risk and 1–6 years for moderate-risk, rising to up to 15 years for aggravated or particularly large amounts. Cultivation of opium poppy, coca or cannabis (Art 354c) is prohibited. Cannabis is Schedule I — illegal for both recreational and medical use, with no personal-use carve-out. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Lithuania

Legal status: Not confirmed — status not individually verified; confirm with Lithuania's authorities (Criminal Code Arts 259/260) / your embassy
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not named in the cited Lithuanian sources (Criminal Code, Baudžiamasis kodeksas, Arts 259/260; Law on Control of Narcotic and Psychotropic Substances) — do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Lithuania (EU; no death penalty), the Criminal Code distinguishes possession without intent to distribute (Art 259) from production or distribution (Art 260). Possession without intent to distribute (Art 259) draws up to 2 years (a fine, restriction of liberty, arrest or imprisonment). [reported] Since 2017 administrative liability for personal-use possession was abolished, making it criminal-only, though a 2017 amendment introduced a narrow administrative path for very small first-time amounts that is applied inconsistently. Distribution or production (Art 260) draws 2–12 years, rising to 5–15 years for a particularly large quantity; import or export is treated as aggravated trafficking under Art 260. Lithuania is noted as unusually punitive, and cannabis is Schedule I.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Lithuania (EU; no death penalty), the Criminal Code (Baudžiamasis kodeksas) distinguishes possession without intent to distribute (Art 259) from production or distribution (Art 260). Possession without intent to distribute (Art 259) draws up to 2 years (a fine, restriction of liberty, arrest or imprisonment). [reported] Since 2017 administrative liability for personal-use possession was abolished, making it criminal-only, though a 2017 amendment introduced a narrow administrative path for very small first-time amounts that is applied inconsistently. Distribution or production (Art 260) draws 2–12 years, rising to 5–15 years for a particularly large quantity; import or export is treated as aggravated trafficking under Art 260. Lithuania is noted as unusually punitive, and cannabis is Schedule I. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Estonia

Legal status: Not confirmed — status not individually verified; confirm with Estonia's authorities (NDPSA 1997; Penal Code §§183/184) / your embassy
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not named in the cited Estonian sources (Act on Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances and Precursors, NDPSA 1997; Penal Code §§183/184) — do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Estonia (EU; no death penalty), small-quantity possession or consumption without a prescription is a MISDEMEANOUR under Penal Code §183 — a fine (currently up to about €2,400, '200 fine units') or detention up to 30 days (the cannabis personal-use line is about 7.5 g). Any handling deemed not solely for personal use — manufacture, acquisition, storage, transport or supply — is CRIMINAL under §184: up to 3 years for the smallest quantities, and 6–20 years or life by quantity and aggravation. This is under the Act on Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances and Precursors (NDPSA, 1997).
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Estonia (EU; no death penalty), small-quantity possession or consumption without a prescription is a MISDEMEANOUR under Penal Code §183 — a fine (currently up to about €2,400, '200 fine units') or detention up to 30 days (the cannabis personal-use line is about 7.5 g). Any handling deemed not solely for personal use — manufacture, acquisition, storage, transport or supply — is CRIMINAL under §184: up to 3 years for the smallest quantities, and 6–20 years or life by quantity and aggravation. This is under the Act on Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances and Precursors (NDPSA, 1997). Cannabis is illegal for recreational use; medical cannabis has been available since 2005 but only as synthetic-cannabinoid-based medicines approved case-by-case (no flower program), and CBD under 0.3% THC is legal. [proposed] A January 2026 Ministry of Justice draft would raise the 'large quantity' line from 10 to 30 doses and steer users to treatment — NOT enacted; possession would still be a fineable misdemeanour. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Latvia

Legal status: Not confirmed — status not individually verified; confirm with Latvia's authorities (Criminal Law Secs 253/253.1/253.2) / your embassy
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not named in the cited Latvian sources (Criminal Law Sections 253/253.1/253.2; Law on the Procedures for Coming into Force and Application of the Criminal Law) — do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Latvia (EU; no death penalty), small-amount possession, use or acquisition for personal use is ADMINISTRATIVE — a warning or fine up to about €280; a repeat within 12 months is CRIMINAL (15 days–3 months, community service or a fine). A larger personal-use amount is criminal, up to 3 years (or 5 years if it caused substantial harm). Trafficking of any quantity (Criminal Law Sec 253) draws 2–8 years; 3–10 years if committed by a group; 5–15 years if a large quantity or organized; up to 15 years for organized-group production or trafficking. Cultivation is criminal (Sec 253.1).
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Latvia (EU; no death penalty), small-amount possession, use or acquisition for personal use is ADMINISTRATIVE — a warning or fine up to about €280; a repeat within 12 months is CRIMINAL (15 days–3 months, community service or a fine). A larger personal-use amount is criminal, up to 3 years (or 5 years if it caused substantial harm). Trafficking of any quantity (Criminal Law Sec 253) draws 2–8 years; 3–10 years if committed by a group; 5–15 years if a large quantity or organized; up to 15 years for organized-group production or trafficking. Cultivation is criminal (Sec 253.1). Latvia has no medical cannabis program (foreign medical-marijuana cards are not honored), though industrial hemp is allowed. [proposed] A January 2026 Saeima bill would remove criminal liability for drug USE by minors (purchase and possession would still be criminal) — NOT yet enacted. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Slovenia

Legal status: Not confirmed — status not individually verified; confirm with Slovenia's authorities (KZ-1 Arts 186/187; ZPPPD Art 33) / your embassy
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not named in the cited Slovenian sources (Criminal Code KZ-1 Arts 186/187; Production of and Trade in Illicit Drugs Act, ZPPPD, Art 33; Decree on Classification of Illicit Drugs) — do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Slovenia (EU; no death penalty), possession for personal use is a MINOR OFFENCE under the Production of and Trade in Illicit Drugs Act (ZPPPD, Art 33) — a fine of about €42–209, lighter or remitted if the person enters approved treatment. Trafficking or manufacture (Criminal Code KZ-1 Art 186) draws 1–10 years, rising to 3–15 years when aggravated (organized, or involving minors or vulnerable persons); facilitating consumption (Art 187) draws 6 months–12 years. Illicit drugs are classified in three categories by the Decree on Classification of Illicit Drugs.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Slovenia (EU; no death penalty), possession for personal use is a MINOR OFFENCE under the Production of and Trade in Illicit Drugs Act (ZPPPD, Art 33) — a fine of about €42–209, lighter or remitted if the person enters approved treatment. Trafficking or manufacture (Criminal Code KZ-1 Art 186) draws 1–10 years, rising to 3–15 years when aggravated (organized, or involving minors or vulnerable persons); facilitating consumption (Art 187) draws 6 months–12 years. Illicit drugs are classified in three categories by the Decree on Classification of Illicit Drugs. Certain cannabis-based medicines are permitted (limited; no flower program). [referendum] A 9 June 2024 consultative referendum narrowly favored allowing cultivation and possession for limited personal use (about 51.6% in favor) and a bill followed — NOT yet enacted law. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Serbia

Legal status: Not confirmed — status not individually verified; confirm with Serbia's authorities (Criminal Code Arts 246/246a/247) / your embassy
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not named in the cited Serbian sources (Criminal Code Arts 246/246a/247; Law on Psychoactive Controlled Substances) — do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Serbia (an EU candidate and Council of Europe member; death penalty abolished 2002), drug USE itself is not a criminal offence. Possession of a small amount for one's own use (Criminal Code Art 246a para 1) draws a fine or up to 3 years, and punishment may be remitted in minor cases; 'small quantity' is NOT numerically defined in law (no fixed statutory quantity). Possession of a large quantity (Art 246a para 2) draws 3–10 years. Production, circulation or sale (Art 246) draws 3–12 years, 5–15 years if committed by a group, and at least 10 years if by an organized group; cultivation of opium poppy or psychoactive hemp (Art 246) draws 6 months–5 years; facilitating the taking of narcotics is an offence under Art 247.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Serbia (an EU candidate and Council of Europe member; death penalty abolished 2002), drug USE itself is not a criminal offence. Possession of a small amount for one's own use (Criminal Code Art 246a para 1) draws a fine or up to 3 years, and punishment may be remitted in minor cases; 'small quantity' is NOT numerically defined in law (no fixed statutory quantity). Possession of a large quantity (Art 246a para 2) draws 3–10 years. Production, circulation or sale (Art 246) draws 3–12 years, 5–15 years if committed by a group, and at least 10 years if by an organized group; cultivation of opium poppy or psychoactive hemp (Art 246) draws 6 months–5 years; facilitating the taking of narcotics is an offence under Art 247. Cannabis is illicit; no cannabis-based medicines are currently registered for medical use, and industrial hemp is allowed only under authorization (0.3% THC). [reported] The personal-possession offence may revert to a misdemeanour under the Law on Peace and Order — reported at an EUDA meeting, not enacted. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Iraq

Legal status: Illegal — cathinone (khat's natural principal alkaloid) is a 1971 Convention SCHEDULE I psychotropic and is caught by Iraq's Narcotics and Psychotropic Substances Law No. 50/2017, which incorporates the 1971 psychotropics. Mechanism: 1971 Sch-I transposition, named. As the parent compound it is DISTINCT from the khat PLANT (Catha edulis, not traditionally consumed) and from the synthetic cathinones (mephedrone etc.) that derive from it; cathinone is the named Sch-I alkaloid, cathine the milder metabolite (1971 Schedule III). Capital reach is left to confirmation — Law 50/2017 permits death for trafficking, but its reach to cathinone and thresholds are not confirmable.
Consequences if caught: Controlled substance: penalties apply for the alkaloid; capital exposure for cathinone unconfirmable. High risk.
If prescribed / medical: 1971 Schedule I substance with no accepted medical use and no lawful prescription route for the isolated alkaloid.
Documentation: No licit personal-import route for a controlled substance.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Jordan

Legal status: Illegal — cathinone (khat's natural principal alkaloid) is a 1971 Convention SCHEDULE I psychotropic and is caught by Jordan's Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Law, which incorporates the 1971 additions. Mechanism: 1971 Sch-I transposition, named. As the parent compound it is DISTINCT from the khat PLANT (Catha edulis, separately banned to sell/possess) and from the synthetic cathinones (mephedrone etc.) that derive from it; cathinone is the named Sch-I alkaloid, cathine the milder metabolite (1971 Schedule III). No capital in practice — Jordan retains the death penalty generally but does not impose it for ordinary drug offences.
Consequences if caught: Controlled substance: custodial penalties for the alkaloid, not capital for ordinary drug offences.
If prescribed / medical: 1971 Schedule I substance with no accepted medical use and no lawful prescription route for the isolated alkaloid.
Documentation: No licit personal-import route for a controlled substance.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Syria

Legal status: Illegal — cathinone (khat's natural principal alkaloid) is a 1971 Convention SCHEDULE I psychotropic and is caught by Syria's psychotropics law incorporating the 1971 Convention. Mechanism: 1971 Sch-I transposition, named. As the parent compound it is DISTINCT from the khat PLANT (Catha edulis, not traditionally consumed) and from the synthetic cathinones (mephedrone etc.) that derive from it; cathinone is the named Sch-I alkaloid, cathine the milder metabolite (1971 Schedule III). The death penalty exists for trafficking, but cathinone as an isolated alkaloid realistically draws imprisonment — no realistic capital exposure.
Consequences if caught: Controlled substance: treated as a scheduled psychotropic drawing imprisonment for the alkaloid.
If prescribed / medical: 1971 Schedule I substance with no accepted medical use and no lawful prescription route for the isolated alkaloid.
Documentation: No licit personal-import route for a controlled substance.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Yemen

Legal status: Split status — cathinone (khat's natural principal alkaloid) is a 1971 Convention SCHEDULE I psychotropic, and as a 1971 party Yemen's psychotropics control extends to the isolated alkaloid. This is the sharpest illustration of the parent/plant distinction: the khat PLANT (Catha edulis leaf) is a LICIT, mainstream, government-taxed commodity chewed daily, whereas pure cathinone extracted from it is a treaty-scheduled Sch-I psychotropic, not a licit article of trade. It is also DISTINCT from the synthetic cathinones (mephedrone etc.) derived from it; cathine, khat's milder degradation product, sits in the lesser 1971 Schedule III.
Consequences if caught: No offence attaches to chewing or trading the khat leaf domestically; the isolated alkaloid, by contrast, is a scheduled psychotropic with no lawful commerce. No realistic capital exposure.
If prescribed / medical: Isolated cathinone is a 1971 Schedule I substance with no accepted medical use and no prescription route; the leaf itself is chewed as a licit stimulant with no medical framework.
Documentation: The leaf is legal and ubiquitous inside Yemen, but never carry any khat or cathinone OUT — the alkaloid is a Schedule-I psychotropic and the leaf is a controlled narcotic in every neighbouring state.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Libya

Legal status: Illegal — cathinone (khat's natural principal alkaloid) is a 1971 Convention SCHEDULE I psychotropic and is caught by Libya's narcotics law under strict prohibition. Mechanism: 1971 Sch-I transposition, named. As the parent compound it is DISTINCT from the khat PLANT (Catha edulis, not traditionally consumed) and from the synthetic cathinones (mephedrone etc.) that derive from it; cathinone is the named Sch-I alkaloid, cathine the milder metabolite (1971 Schedule III). Trafficking is capital-eligible in law, but cathinone as an isolated alkaloid realistically draws imprisonment — no realistic capital exposure.
Consequences if caught: Controlled substance: treated as a scheduled psychotropic drawing imprisonment for the alkaloid.
If prescribed / medical: 1971 Schedule I substance with no accepted medical use and no lawful prescription route for the isolated alkaloid.
Documentation: No licit personal-import route for a controlled substance.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Sudan

Legal status: Illegal — cathinone (khat's natural principal alkaloid) is a 1971 Convention SCHEDULE I psychotropic and, Sudan being a 1971 party, is caught by the psychotropics schedule of its Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act. Mechanism: 1971 Sch-I transposition (convention-mirroring), named. As the parent compound it is DISTINCT from the khat PLANT (Catha edulis, not separately named) and from the synthetic cathinones (mephedrone etc.) that derive from it; cathinone is the named Sch-I alkaloid, cathine the milder metabolite (1971 Schedule III). Capital reach is left to confirmation — the Act permits severe penalties for trafficking, but cathinone-specific thresholds are not confirmable.
Consequences if caught: Controlled substance: penalties apply for the alkaloid; capital exposure for cathinone unconfirmable. High risk.
If prescribed / medical: 1971 Schedule I substance with no accepted medical use and no lawful prescription route for the isolated alkaloid.
Documentation: No licit personal-import route for a controlled substance.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Albania

Legal status: Not confirmed — status not individually verified; confirm with Albania's authorities (Criminal Code Arts 283/283-a/283-b/284) / your embassy
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not named in the cited Albanian sources (Criminal Code, Law No. 7895 of 1995, as amended, Arts 283/283-a/283-b/284) — do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Albania (Council of Europe member; no death penalty), drug offences fall under the Criminal Code (Law No. 7895 of 27 January 1995, as amended). Manufacturing, selling, transporting or keeping drugs (Art 283) draws 5–10 years, rising to 7–15 years in complicity or on repeat and 10–20 years for organizing, managing or financing. Trafficking — import, export or transit (Art 283-a) — draws 7–15 years, rising to 10–20 in complicity or on repeat and 15 years and above for organizing or financing. Facilitating intake or use by administering drugs (Art 283-b) draws 3–7 years. Cultivation of narcotic plants (Art 284) draws 3–7 years, rising to 5–10 in complicity or on repeat and 10–20 for organizing or financing. A 'small dose' personal-use carve-out exists under Art 283, but there is NO statutory gram threshold — the Supreme Court (Decision 1 of 27 March 2008) defined 'small quantity' as a single dose for that individual, decided case-by-case; in practice low-level users are still prosecuted under Art 283 (5-year minimums have been seen even for roughly 0.4–1.9 g). Personal possession may, in practice, be handled administratively under the Code of Misdemeanors Art 121 (a fine of about 10,000–50,000 ALL) — reported, not controlling.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Albania (Council of Europe member; no death penalty), drug offences fall under the Criminal Code (Law No. 7895 of 27 January 1995, as amended). Manufacturing, selling, transporting or keeping drugs (Art 283) draws 5–10 years, rising to 7–15 years in complicity or on repeat and 10–20 years for organizing, managing or financing. Trafficking — import, export or transit (Art 283-a) — draws 7–15 years, rising to 10–20 in complicity or on repeat and 15 years and above for organizing or financing. Facilitating intake or use by administering drugs (Art 283-b) draws 3–7 years. Cultivation of narcotic plants (Art 284) draws 3–7 years, rising to 5–10 in complicity or on repeat and 10–20 for organizing or financing. A 'small dose' personal-use carve-out exists under Art 283, but there is NO statutory gram threshold — the Supreme Court (Decision 1 of 27 March 2008) defined 'small quantity' as a single dose for that individual, decided case-by-case; in practice low-level users are still prosecuted under Art 283 (5-year minimums have been seen even for roughly 0.4–1.9 g). Personal possession may, in practice, be handled administratively under the Code of Misdemeanors Art 121 (a fine of about 10,000–50,000 ALL) — reported, not controlling. Cannabis cultivation is prohibited (Law 88/2016, Art 9) except authorized medical cultivation; the Law 61/2023 medical-cannabis and CBD framework is export-only. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

North Macedonia

Legal status: Not confirmed — status not individually verified; confirm with North Macedonia's authorities (Criminal Code Arts 215/216/217) / your embassy
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not named in the cited North Macedonian sources (Criminal Code, Arts 215/216/217, Chapter 21) — do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In North Macedonia (Council of Europe member; no death penalty), drug offences fall under the Criminal Code (Chapter 21), principally Art 215 — unauthorised production and release for trade of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and precursors — which carries 3–10 years; a lesser-quantity paragraph added in September 2009 carries 6 months–3 years. Art 216 covers facilitating or enabling the use of drugs, and Art 217 covers causing severe bodily injury or health damage through the Art 215/216 offences. 'Small' versus 'large' quantity is NOT defined in the Code — the Public Prosecutor's internal guidelines set non-statutory cut-offs; reported working thresholds are around 2 g of cocaine, 2 g of heroin and 5 g of cannabis, above which intent to sell is presumed (reported prosecutorial practice, NOT statutory). There is NO separate personal-possession offence in the Code — personal use is often charged under Art 215, so even minimal quantities carry 3–10-year exposure, and leniency depends on prosecutorial discretion rather than a statutory carve-out.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In North Macedonia (Council of Europe member; no death penalty), drug offences fall under the Criminal Code (Chapter 21), principally Art 215 — unauthorised production and release for trade of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and precursors — which carries 3–10 years; a lesser-quantity paragraph added in September 2009 carries 6 months–3 years. Art 216 covers facilitating or enabling the use of drugs, and Art 217 covers causing severe bodily injury or health damage through the Art 215/216 offences. 'Small' versus 'large' quantity is NOT defined in the Code — the Public Prosecutor's internal guidelines set non-statutory cut-offs; reported working thresholds are around 2 g of cocaine, 2 g of heroin and 5 g of cannabis, above which intent to sell is presumed (reported prosecutorial practice, NOT statutory). There is NO separate personal-possession offence in the Code — personal use is often charged under Art 215, so even minimal quantities carry 3–10-year exposure, and leniency depends on prosecutorial discretion rather than a statutory carve-out. Cannabis is controlled under the same Art 215 framework, with no fixed statutory cannabis quantity. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Legal status: Not confirmed — status not individually verified; confirm with Bosnia and Herzegovina's authorities (Criminal Code of BiH Art 195 + entity codes) / your embassy
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not named in the cited Bosnian sources (Law on Prevention and Suppression of the Abuse of Narcotic Drugs, Off. Gazette BiH 8/06; Criminal Code of BiH Art 195) — do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Bosnia and Herzegovina (Council of Europe member; ECHR-bound; no death penalty), drug law is multi-level. State-level Criminal Code Art 195 (illicit production and trafficking of narcotics) is charged for cross-entity or organized trafficking, with up to roughly 10–20 years for aggravated or organized forms (about 3–15 years base per secondary sources). Possession for personal use is a MISDEMEANOUR under entity or district public-order law — for example the Brčko Law on Public Order Art 31 (a fine of about €250–750), with Federation of BiH and Republika Srpska equivalents — not the felony track; but each entity's criminal code CAN pursue felony charges for cultivation, sale, or possession beyond personal-use quantities. There is NO uniform statutory gram threshold distinguishing personal use from intent to sell — it varies by entity — and the 2017 EUDA report notes the misdemeanour penalties do not vary by drug, recidivism or quantity. The exact article and range a person faces depends on WHERE in the country (Federation of BiH versus Republika Srpska versus Brčko) the offence occurs; Art 195 at state level is the anchor, and entity-level article numbers not confirmed here are not pinned.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Bosnia and Herzegovina (Council of Europe member; ECHR-bound; no death penalty), drug law is multi-level. State-level Criminal Code Art 195 (illicit production and trafficking of narcotics) is charged for cross-entity or organized trafficking, with up to roughly 10–20 years for aggravated or organized forms (about 3–15 years base per secondary sources). Possession for personal use is a MISDEMEANOUR under entity or district public-order law — for example the Brčko Law on Public Order Art 31 (a fine of about €250–750), with Federation of BiH and Republika Srpska equivalents — not the felony track; but each entity's criminal code CAN pursue felony charges for cultivation, sale, or possession beyond personal-use quantities. There is NO uniform statutory gram threshold distinguishing personal use from intent to sell — it varies by entity — and the 2017 EUDA report notes the misdemeanour penalties do not vary by drug, recidivism or quantity. The exact article and range a person faces depends on WHERE in the country (Federation of BiH versus Republika Srpska versus Brčko) the offence occurs; Art 195 at state level is the anchor, and entity-level article numbers not confirmed here are not pinned. Cannabis is illegal for both recreational and medical use (on the controlled-substances list), under the same multi-level framework. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Georgia

Legal status: Not confirmed — status not individually verified; confirm with Georgia's authorities (Criminal Code Arts 260/265¹/273) / your embassy
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not named in the cited Georgian sources (Criminal Code, 22 July 1999, as amended — July 2025, Arts 260/265¹/273; Code of Administrative Offences Art 45¹) — do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Georgia (Council of Europe member; death penalty abolished), the current (2025) law is hard. July 2025 amendments repealed Art 273¹ and extended Art 260 (narcotics) to cover cannabis, sharply re-criminalizing drug offences: illegal purchase or possession of more than 5 g of dried marijuana carries up to 6 years; 70–250 g dried carries 5–8 years; production or transport of those amounts carries 6–9 years; and selling ANY amount of ANY drug now carries 12 years to life imprisonment. Additional sanctions include up to a 5-year disqualification from driving, public service, teaching or educational activity, and legal practice. Art 260 covers illegal acquisition, possession, production or transport of narcotics (now including cannabis); Art 265¹ covers cultivation of narcotic plants; Art 273 covers personal use or keeping of small quantities (historically — partly voided by the 2017 Constitutional Court 'Shanidze' ruling that decriminalized cannabis consumption, then restructured in 2025). Small-quantity acquisition or possession is administrative under the Code of Administrative Offences Art 45¹ (a first offence is typically administrative; a repeat may become criminal). The 2017–18 liberalization of cannabis USE was largely reversed for possession and supply in July 2025 — the stale 'Georgia decriminalized cannabis' framing no longer holds.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Georgia (Council of Europe member; death penalty abolished), the current (2025) law is hard. July 2025 amendments repealed Art 273¹ and extended Art 260 (narcotics) to cover cannabis, sharply re-criminalizing drug offences: illegal purchase or possession of more than 5 g of dried marijuana carries up to 6 years; 70–250 g dried carries 5–8 years; production or transport of those amounts carries 6–9 years; and selling ANY amount of ANY drug now carries 12 years to life imprisonment. Additional sanctions include up to a 5-year disqualification from driving, public service, teaching or educational activity, and legal practice. Art 260 covers illegal acquisition, possession, production or transport of narcotics (now including cannabis); Art 265¹ covers cultivation of narcotic plants; Art 273 covers personal use or keeping of small quantities (historically — partly voided by the 2017 Constitutional Court 'Shanidze' ruling that decriminalized cannabis consumption, then restructured in 2025). Small-quantity acquisition or possession is administrative under the Code of Administrative Offences Art 45¹ (a first offence is typically administrative; a repeat may become criminal). The 2017–18 liberalization of cannabis USE was largely reversed for possession and supply in July 2025 — the stale 'Georgia decriminalized cannabis' framing no longer holds. Cannabis private-property use was decriminalized in 2017–18, but possession over 5 g was re-criminalized in July 2025 (up to 6 years) and selling any amount carries 12 years to life. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Armenia

Legal status: Not confirmed — status not individually verified; confirm with Armenia's authorities (New Criminal Code Arts 393/394/402) / your embassy
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not named in the cited Armenian sources (New Criminal Code, in force 1 July 2022, Arts 393/394/402; Law on Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances) — do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Armenia (Council of Europe member; death penalty abolished 2003), drug offences fall under the NEW Criminal Code adopted on 15 June 2022 and in force since 1 July 2022 — pre-2022 article numbers are obsolete. Arts 393 and 394 cover illicit trafficking and circulation of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and precursors (sale and production), and Art 402 is a separate drug-circulation offence. Trafficking scales by quantity (roughly 5–15 years), rising to life imprisonment for the gravest aggravated, organized, online or minor-involving forms. The 2024–25 amendments toughened these: committing the act through information or communication technologies (online sale) is an aggravating circumstance (Part 2 of Arts 393/394/402), and committing it with the participation of a minor is particularly aggravating (Part 3 of Arts 393/394). Possession without intent to distribute is a lower criminal tier (about 1–3 years for minor possession); Armenia does NOT have clean statutory personal-use decriminalization — use and possession remain criminal at a lower tier (the 2003 reform cut user sentences but raised fines).
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Armenia (Council of Europe member; death penalty abolished 2003), drug offences fall under the NEW Criminal Code adopted on 15 June 2022 and in force since 1 July 2022 — pre-2022 article numbers are obsolete. Arts 393 and 394 cover illicit trafficking and circulation of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and precursors (sale and production), and Art 402 is a separate drug-circulation offence. Trafficking scales by quantity (roughly 5–15 years), rising to life imprisonment for the gravest aggravated, organized, online or minor-involving forms. The 2024–25 amendments toughened these: committing the act through information or communication technologies (online sale) is an aggravating circumstance (Part 2 of Arts 393/394/402), and committing it with the participation of a minor is particularly aggravating (Part 3 of Arts 393/394). Possession without intent to distribute is a lower criminal tier (about 1–3 years for minor possession); Armenia does NOT have clean statutory personal-use decriminalization — use and possession remain criminal at a lower tier (the 2003 reform cut user sentences but raised fines). Cannabis is controlled under the same Arts 393/394 framework; although cannabis grows wild and most users use cannabis or hashish, no legal cannabis regime is asserted. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Montenegro

Legal status: Not confirmed — status not individually verified; confirm with Montenegro's authorities (Criminal Code Art 300) / your embassy
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not named in the cited Montenegrin sources (Criminal Code, Official Gazette 70/2003 consolidated through 110/2023, Art 300) — do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Montenegro (Council of Europe member; death penalty abolished), drugs fall under a single consolidated offence — Criminal Code Art 300 (unauthorised production, possession and distribution of narcotics). Production and distribution or trafficking carry roughly 2–15 years (reported by the US State Department INCSR; the exact per-paragraph Art 300(1)–(5) ranges are not individually pinned in the cited sources). Art 300(6) — unlawfully making, acquiring, possessing, transporting or supplying equipment, material or substances knowing they are intended for narcotics production — carries 6 months–5 years. Addiction-driven offenders may receive mandatory treatment (a security measure, maximum 3 years) alongside or in lieu of imprisonment. There is NO fixed statutory gram threshold for the personal-use versus supply line — possession is handled within Art 300, with treatment diversion available. Foreigners face expulsion (1–10 years or permanent).
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Montenegro (Council of Europe member; death penalty abolished), drugs fall under a single consolidated offence — Criminal Code Art 300 (unauthorised production, possession and distribution of narcotics). Production and distribution or trafficking carry roughly 2–15 years (reported by the US State Department INCSR; the exact per-paragraph Art 300(1)–(5) ranges are not individually pinned in the cited sources). Art 300(6) — unlawfully making, acquiring, possessing, transporting or supplying equipment, material or substances knowing they are intended for narcotics production — carries 6 months–5 years. Addiction-driven offenders may receive mandatory treatment (a security measure, maximum 3 years) alongside or in lieu of imprisonment. There is NO fixed statutory gram threshold for the personal-use versus supply line — possession is handled within Art 300, with treatment diversion available. Foreigners face expulsion (1–10 years or permanent). Cannabis is controlled under the same Art 300 framework, with no fixed cannabis quantity and no legal recreational or medical regime asserted. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Kazakhstan

Legal status: Not confirmed — status not individually verified; confirm with Kazakhstan's authorities (Criminal Code, Code No. 226-V of 3 July 2014; precise drug-offence article reportedly ~Arts 296/297) / your embassy
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not named in the cited Kazakhstani source (Criminal Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Code No. 226-V of 3 July 2014) — do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Kazakhstan, drug offences fall under the Criminal Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan (Code No. 226-V of 3 July 2014). Possession of narcotic drugs for personal use without intent to supply is criminal but lower-tier — typically a fine, correctional labour, community service, or short-term arrest (up to about 40 days). Possession of large amounts, or possession or production with intent to supply, is punished far more heavily — roughly 5–8 years, rising to about 6–10 years or more for large quantities and aggravated or organized forms. The precise drug-offence article numbers are Not confirmed — reportedly around Arts 296/297 of the 2014 Code, but the exact article is not individually pinned in the cited source; verify with Kazakhstan's authorities. Kazakhstan abolished the ultimate criminal penalty in 2021 by ratifying the Second Optional Protocol to the ICCPR, so no drug offence is punishable by it — the maximum drug penalty is imprisonment.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Kazakhstan, drug offences fall under the Criminal Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan (Code No. 226-V of 3 July 2014). Possession of narcotic drugs for personal use without intent to supply is criminal but lower-tier — typically a fine, correctional labour, community service, or short-term arrest (up to about 40 days). Possession of large amounts, or possession or production with intent to supply, is punished far more heavily — roughly 5–8 years, rising to about 6–10 years or more for large quantities and aggravated or organized forms. The precise drug-offence article numbers are Not confirmed — reportedly around Arts 296/297 of the 2014 Code, but the exact article is not individually pinned in the cited source; verify with Kazakhstan's authorities. Kazakhstan abolished the ultimate criminal penalty in 2021 by ratifying the Second Optional Protocol to the ICCPR, so no drug offence is punishable by it — the maximum drug penalty is imprisonment. Cannabis is controlled under the same Criminal Code framework, with no legal recreational or medical regime asserted. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Cuba

Legal status: Controlled — cathinone (khat's natural principal alkaloid) is a 1971 Convention SCHEDULE I psychotropic and is scheduled as a 1971-party obligation, though khat has no local tradition. Mechanism: 1971 Sch-I transposition, named. As the parent compound it is DISTINCT from the khat PLANT (Catha edulis, effectively unregulated in practice) and from the synthetic cathinones (mephedrone etc., caught by generic trafficking provisions) that derive from it; cathinone is the named Sch-I alkaloid, cathine the milder metabolite (1971 Schedule III). Capital-on-paper — the Penal Code permits death for aggravated trafficking (de facto moratorium since 2003).
Consequences if caught: Controlled substance: aggravated trafficking of the alkaloid is capital-on-paper (moratorium in practice), but cathinone is practically absent from Cuba. High risk in theory.
If prescribed / medical: 1971 Schedule I substance with no accepted medical use and no lawful prescription route for the isolated alkaloid.
Documentation: No licit personal-import route for a controlled substance.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Guyana

Legal status: Not confirmed — status not individually verified; confirm with Guyana's authorities (Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (Control) Act, Cap 10:10, ss.4–5) / your embassy
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not named in the cited Guyanese source (Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (Control) Act, Cap 10:10, Act No. 2 of 1988, as amended through 2021) — do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Guyana, drugs fall under the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (Control) Act, Cap 10:10 (Act No. 2 of 1988, as amended through 2021). Possession (s.4) carries a fine of not less than G$30,000 or three times the market value of the narcotic, together with imprisonment of 3–5 years. Trafficking (s.5) is punished more heavily; the exact statutory maximum for trafficking is not pinned in the cited source and is not assumed here — verify the s.5 penalty. A 2021 reform — the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (Control) (Amendment) Act No. 2 of 2021, in force 2022 — removed custodial sentences for small cannabis quantities: possession of up to 15 g of cannabis now draws mandatory counselling, and up to 30 g draws community service of up to 6 months, rather than imprisonment. Larger amounts and all trafficking remain criminal.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Guyana, drugs fall under the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (Control) Act, Cap 10:10 (Act No. 2 of 1988, as amended through 2021). Possession (s.4) carries a fine of not less than G$30,000 or three times the market value of the narcotic, together with imprisonment of 3–5 years. Trafficking (s.5) is punished more heavily; the exact statutory maximum for trafficking is not pinned in the cited source and is not assumed here — verify the s.5 penalty. A 2021 reform — the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (Control) (Amendment) Act No. 2 of 2021, in force 2022 — removed custodial sentences for small cannabis quantities: possession of up to 15 g of cannabis now draws mandatory counselling, and up to 30 g draws community service of up to 6 months, rather than imprisonment. Larger amounts and all trafficking remain criminal. Cannabis remains controlled, but the 2021 amendment removed custodial penalties for small quantities (up to 15 g → counselling; up to 30 g → community service ≤6 months); trafficking and larger amounts remain criminal. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Bahamas

Legal status: Not confirmed — status not individually verified; confirm with the Bahamas' authorities (Dangerous Drugs Act, Ch. 228, ss.22/29) / your embassy
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not named in the cited Bahamian source (Dangerous Drugs Act, Ch. 228) — do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In the Bahamas, drugs fall under the Dangerous Drugs Act, Ch. 228. Possession with intent to supply (s.22) carries a fine of up to B$500,000 or imprisonment of up to 30 years, or both; being found with two or more packets of cannabis raises a statutory presumption of intent to supply (s.22(3)). Trafficking and importation (s.29) bring forfeiture of the drugs (and associated property) to the Crown together with a fine and/or imprisonment. Simple possession is also an offence; enforcement is strict and applies equally to visitors.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In the Bahamas, drugs fall under the Dangerous Drugs Act, Ch. 228. Possession with intent to supply (s.22) carries a fine of up to B$500,000 or imprisonment of up to 30 years, or both; being found with two or more packets of cannabis raises a statutory presumption of intent to supply (s.22(3)). Trafficking and importation (s.29) bring forfeiture of the drugs (and associated property) to the Crown together with a fine and/or imprisonment. Simple possession is also an offence; enforcement is strict and applies equally to visitors. Cannabis is controlled under the same Dangerous Drugs Act; being found with two or more packets raises a presumption of intent to supply. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Lebanon

Legal status: Not confirmed — status not individually verified; confirm with Lebanon's authorities (Act No. 673 of 16 March 1998, 'Act 673/1998') / your embassy
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not named in the cited Lebanese source (Act No. 673 of 16 March 1998 on Narcotic Drugs, Psychotropic Substances and Precursors, 'Act 673/1998') — do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Lebanon, drugs fall under Act No. 673 of 16 March 1998 on Narcotic Drugs, Psychotropic Substances and Precursors ('Act 673/1998'). Drug trafficking carries life imprisonment — the statutory maximum. Use or possession for personal use is punished more lightly, up to about 6 months' imprisonment plus a fine, and Act 673/1998 (arts 182–190) establishes a divert-to-treatment route: prosecution can be suspended while the user completes State-provided treatment through a specialised committee, with the case dropped on successful completion. Enforcement in practice is uneven, and the treatment-diversion mechanism has been only partly implemented.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Lebanon, drugs fall under Act No. 673 of 16 March 1998 on Narcotic Drugs, Psychotropic Substances and Precursors ('Act 673/1998'). Drug trafficking carries life imprisonment — the statutory maximum. Use or possession for personal use is punished more lightly, up to about 6 months' imprisonment plus a fine, and Act 673/1998 (arts 182–190) establishes a divert-to-treatment route: prosecution can be suspended while the user completes State-provided treatment through a specialised committee, with the case dropped on successful completion. Enforcement in practice is uneven, and the treatment-diversion mechanism has been only partly implemented. Cannabis is controlled under the same Act 673/1998 framework, with no legal recreational or medical regime asserted here. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Tunisia

Legal status: Not confirmed — status not individually verified; confirm with Tunisia's authorities (Law No. 92-52 of 18 May 1992, 'Law 52' / 'Law 92-52') / your embassy
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not named in the cited Tunisian source (Law No. 92-52 of 18 May 1992 on Narcotics, 'Law 52' / 'Law 92-52', as amended April 2017) — do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Tunisia, drugs fall under Law No. 92-52 of 18 May 1992 on Narcotics ('Law 52' / 'Law 92-52'), as amended in April 2017. Use or possession for personal use carries 1–5 years' imprisonment plus a fine of 1,000–3,000 dinars; the April 2017 reform removed the mandatory-minimum sentence for a first offence and gave judges sentencing discretion for first and second offences (previously a near-automatic minimum applied). Cultivation or distribution carries 6–10 years plus a fine of 5,000–10,000 TND. Offences linked to organized gangs or smuggling carry 20 years to life imprisonment plus a fine of 100,000–1,000,000 TND.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Tunisia, drugs fall under Law No. 92-52 of 18 May 1992 on Narcotics ('Law 52' / 'Law 92-52'), as amended in April 2017. Use or possession for personal use carries 1–5 years' imprisonment plus a fine of 1,000–3,000 dinars; the April 2017 reform removed the mandatory-minimum sentence for a first offence and gave judges sentencing discretion for first and second offences (previously a near-automatic minimum applied). Cultivation or distribution carries 6–10 years plus a fine of 5,000–10,000 TND. Offences linked to organized gangs or smuggling carry 20 years to life imprisonment plus a fine of 100,000–1,000,000 TND. Cannabis is controlled under the same Law 92-52 framework, with no legal recreational or medical regime asserted. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Cyprus

Legal status: Not confirmed — the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Law of 1977 (Law No. 29(I)/1977, as amended) is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for cathinone in Cyprus is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Cyprus's drug schedule; the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Law of 1977 (Law No. 29(I)/1977, as amended) is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Cyprus, drugs fall under the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Law of 1977 (Law No. 29(I)/1977), as amended, which sorts controlled substances into Classes A, B and C. Personal possession is a criminal offence — punishable by up to 12 years for a Class A drug, up to 8 years for Class B, and up to 4 years for Class C — though small-cannabis first offences in practice draw fines of about €400–1,000. Since 2003, possession at or above set quantities — three or more cannabis plants, 30 g or more of cannabis, or 10 g or more of prepared cocaine or opium — raises a presumption of intent to supply. Trafficking of a Class A or Class B drug is punishable by up to life imprisonment (a maximum not yet imposed in practice), and Class C trafficking by up to 8 years.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Cyprus, drugs fall under the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Law of 1977 (Law No. 29(I)/1977), as amended, which sorts controlled substances into Classes A, B and C. Personal possession is a criminal offence — punishable by up to 12 years for a Class A drug, up to 8 years for Class B, and up to 4 years for Class C — though small-cannabis first offences in practice draw fines of about €400–1,000. Since 2003, possession at or above set quantities — three or more cannabis plants, 30 g or more of cannabis, or 10 g or more of prepared cocaine or opium — raises a presumption of intent to supply. Trafficking of a Class A or Class B drug is punishable by up to life imprisonment (a maximum not yet imposed in practice), and Class C trafficking by up to 8 years. Cannabis is a Class B drug; recreational use is illegal and only a limited medical-cannabis framework exists. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Iceland

Legal status: Not confirmed — the Narcotics Act No. 65/1974 (Act on Habit-Forming and Narcotic Substances) is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for cathinone in Iceland is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Iceland's drug schedule; the Narcotics Act No. 65/1974 (Act on Habit-Forming and Narcotic Substances) is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Iceland, drugs fall under the Narcotics Act No. 65/1974 (the Act on Habit-Forming and Narcotic Substances). Consumption itself is not criminalised, but possession is — personal possession draws a progressive fine. Import, export, sale, production and distribution carry up to 6 years under the Narcotics Act, rising to up to 12 years under Article 173a of the General Penal Code (the maximum was raised from 10 to 12 years in 2001).
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Iceland, drugs fall under the Narcotics Act No. 65/1974 (the Act on Habit-Forming and Narcotic Substances). Consumption itself is not criminalised, but possession is — personal possession draws a progressive fine. Import, export, sale, production and distribution carry up to 6 years under the Narcotics Act, rising to up to 12 years under Article 173a of the General Penal Code (the maximum was raised from 10 to 12 years in 2001). Cannabis is controlled under the same Narcotics Act framework, with no legal recreational regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Luxembourg

Legal status: Not confirmed — the Narcotics Law of 1973 (as amended by the Law of 10 July 2023) is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for cathinone in Luxembourg is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Luxembourg's drug schedule; the Narcotics Law of 1973 (as amended by the Law of 10 July 2023) is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Luxembourg, drugs fall under the Narcotics Law of 1973, amended by the Law of 10 July 2023. For drugs other than cannabis, possession remains criminal under the 1973 law — minor possession draws imprisonment of 8 days to 6 months plus fines — and trafficking and large-scale supply carry heavier penalties under the separate provisions of that law.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Luxembourg, drugs fall under the Narcotics Law of 1973, amended by the Law of 10 July 2023. For drugs other than cannabis, possession remains criminal under the 1973 law — minor possession draws imprisonment of 8 days to 6 months plus fines — and trafficking and large-scale supply carry heavier penalties under the separate provisions of that law. For cannabis specifically, the Law of 10 July 2023 legalised home cultivation of up to four plants per household and private consumption at home for adults; public possession of 3 g or less draws a €145 administrative fine with no criminal record. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Malta

Legal status: Not confirmed — the Dangerous Drugs Ordinance (Cap. 101) is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for cathinone in Malta is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Malta's drug schedule; the Dangerous Drugs Ordinance (Cap. 101) is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Malta, drugs fall under the Dangerous Drugs Ordinance (Cap. 101), with personal-use reform under the Drug Dependence (Treatment not Imprisonment) Act 2015. For drugs other than cannabis, small-quantity personal possession is depenalised — handled by a fine before the Commissioner of Justice — under the 2015 Act, rather than imprisonment. Trafficking is punished by 6 months to 10 years in the Court of Magistrates, or up to life imprisonment (4–30 years plus a fine at the court's discretion) in the Criminal Court.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Malta, drugs fall under the Dangerous Drugs Ordinance (Cap. 101), with personal-use reform under the Drug Dependence (Treatment not Imprisonment) Act 2015. For drugs other than cannabis, small-quantity personal possession is depenalised — handled by a fine before the Commissioner of Justice — under the 2015 Act, rather than imprisonment. Trafficking is punished by 6 months to 10 years in the Court of Magistrates, or up to life imprisonment (4–30 years plus a fine at the court's discretion) in the Criminal Court. For cannabis specifically, since December 2021 — the first EU state to do so — adults may carry up to 7 g, grow up to 4 plants per household, and obtain cannabis through non-profit Cannabis Harm Reduction Associations (under the ARUC Act, Cap. 628); possession of 7–28 g is a €50–100 fine with no criminal record. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

El Salvador

Legal status: Not confirmed — the Ley Reguladora de las Actividades Relativas a las Drogas (2003) is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for cathinone in El Salvador is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against El Salvador's drug schedule; the Ley Reguladora de las Actividades Relativas a las Drogas (2003) is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In El Salvador, drugs fall under the Ley Reguladora de las Actividades Relativas a las Drogas (2003). Possession (Art. 34) is divided from trafficking by a 2-gram line: possession of under 2 g carries 1–3 years; 2 g or more carries 3–6 years; and possession of any quantity with a trafficking purpose carries 6–10 years. There is no personal-use exemption. Cultivation (Art. 31) carries 5–15 years, and trafficking (Art. 33) carries 10–15 years, increased by one third for international trafficking.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In El Salvador, drugs fall under the Ley Reguladora de las Actividades Relativas a las Drogas (2003). Possession (Art. 34) is divided from trafficking by a 2-gram line: possession of under 2 g carries 1–3 years; 2 g or more carries 3–6 years; and possession of any quantity with a trafficking purpose carries 6–10 years. There is no personal-use exemption. Cultivation (Art. 31) carries 5–15 years, and trafficking (Art. 33) carries 10–15 years, increased by one third for international trafficking. Cannabis is controlled under the same statute, with no personal-use exemption and no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Honduras

Legal status: Not confirmed — the Código Penal (Decreto 130-2017) and the Ley sobre el Uso Indebido y Tráfico Ilícito de Drogas y Sustancias Psicotrópicas (Decreto 126/89) is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for cathinone in Honduras is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Honduras's drug schedule; the Código Penal (Decreto 130-2017) and the Ley sobre el Uso Indebido y Tráfico Ilícito de Drogas y Sustancias Psicotrópicas (Decreto 126/89) is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Honduras, drugs fall under the Código Penal (Decreto 130-2017, in force 10 November 2019) and the Ley sobre el Uso Indebido y Tráfico Ilícito de Drogas y Sustancias Psicotrópicas (Decreto 126/89). Trafficking (Penal Code Art. 311) carries 4–7 years for drugs not causing grave harm and 7–10 years otherwise; aggravated trafficking — for example involving minors or organised groups — carries 10–15 years (Art. 312). Personal-use possession (1989 law, Art. 26) draws up to 30 days in a rehabilitation centre plus a fine; the personal-use-versus-trafficking line is determined by the judge case by case, not by a statutory gram threshold.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Honduras, drugs fall under the Código Penal (Decreto 130-2017, in force 10 November 2019) and the Ley sobre el Uso Indebido y Tráfico Ilícito de Drogas y Sustancias Psicotrópicas (Decreto 126/89). Trafficking (Penal Code Art. 311) carries 4–7 years for drugs not causing grave harm and 7–10 years otherwise; aggravated trafficking — for example involving minors or organised groups — carries 10–15 years (Art. 312). Personal-use possession (1989 law, Art. 26) draws up to 30 days in a rehabilitation centre plus a fine; the personal-use-versus-trafficking line is determined by the judge case by case, not by a statutory gram threshold. Cannabis is controlled under the same framework, with no statutory personal-use gram threshold and no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Maldives

Legal status: Controlled — cathinone (khat's natural principal alkaloid) is a 1971 Convention SCHEDULE I psychotropic and falls within the schedules of the Drugs Act (Law 17/2011), which incorporate the 1971 psychotropics. Mechanism: 1971 Sch-I transposition, named. As the parent compound it is DISTINCT from the khat PLANT (Catha edulis, not separately named) and from the synthetic cathinones (mephedrone etc.) that derive from it; cathinone is the named Sch-I alkaloid, cathine the milder metabolite (1971 Schedule III). Capital reach is left to confirmation — the Act sets penalties by schedule/quantity and capital reach to cathinone is not confirmable (executions under long moratorium).
Consequences if caught: Controlled substance: penalties set by schedule/quantity for the alkaloid; capital exposure for cathinone unconfirmable. High risk.
If prescribed / medical: 1971 Schedule I substance with no accepted medical use and no lawful prescription route for the isolated alkaloid.
Documentation: No licit personal-import route for a controlled substance.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Afghanistan

Legal status: Not confirmed — the Law on Campaign Against Intoxicants, Drugs and their Control (with the 2005 Counter-Narcotics Law) is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for cathinone in Afghanistan is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Afghanistan's drug schedule; the Law on Campaign Against Intoxicants, Drugs and their Control (with the 2005 Counter-Narcotics Law) is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Afghanistan, drugs fall under the Law on Campaign Against Intoxicants, Drugs and their Control (with the 2005 Counter-Narcotics Law). Trafficking penalties are graduated by weight: trafficking heroin, morphine or cocaine caps at 20 years (Art. 42), and the largest quantities reach life imprisonment — the named statute's drug-trafficking ceiling is imprisonment. Drug use carries roughly a short prison term (about 3 months). Enforcement since 2021 under the de facto authorities is opaque and may diverge from the statute on the books; any sanction beyond what the named statute provides is not confirmed here — verify against current practice.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Afghanistan, drugs fall under the Law on Campaign Against Intoxicants, Drugs and their Control (with the 2005 Counter-Narcotics Law). Trafficking penalties are graduated by weight: trafficking heroin, morphine or cocaine caps at 20 years (Art. 42), and the largest quantities reach life imprisonment — the named statute's drug-trafficking ceiling is imprisonment. Drug use carries roughly a short prison term (about 3 months). Enforcement since 2021 under the de facto authorities is opaque and may diverge from the statute on the books; any sanction beyond what the named statute provides is not confirmed here — verify against current practice. Cannabis is controlled under the same framework; cultivation and trafficking are prohibited, with penalties graduated by weight up to imprisonment. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Belarus

Legal status: Not confirmed — the Criminal Code (Article 328) and Decree No. 6 of 2014 is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for cathinone in Belarus is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Belarus's drug schedule; the Criminal Code (Article 328) and Decree No. 6 of 2014 is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Belarus, drugs fall under Criminal Code Article 328 (and Decree No. 6 of 2014). Possession without intent to distribute (Part 1) carries restriction of liberty of up to 5 years or imprisonment of 2–5 years. Distribution (Part 2) carries 3–8 years; aggravated distribution (Part 3) 6–15 years; an organised group or laboratory (Part 4) 10–20 years; and where the offence negligently causes a person's death (Part 5) 20–25 years. The maximum penalty for drug offences is imprisonment (up to 25 years); the separate provisions for the gravest non-drug crimes do not extend to drug offences.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Belarus, drugs fall under Criminal Code Article 328 (and Decree No. 6 of 2014). Possession without intent to distribute (Part 1) carries restriction of liberty of up to 5 years or imprisonment of 2–5 years. Distribution (Part 2) carries 3–8 years; aggravated distribution (Part 3) 6–15 years; an organised group or laboratory (Part 4) 10–20 years; and where the offence negligently causes a person's death (Part 5) 20–25 years. The maximum penalty for drug offences is imprisonment (up to 25 years); the separate provisions for the gravest non-drug crimes do not extend to drug offences. Cannabis is controlled under the same Article 328 framework, with no soft/hard distinction and no legal recreational regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Kyrgyzstan

Legal status: Not confirmed — the Criminal Code (No. 127 of 28 October 2021) is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for cathinone in Kyrgyzstan is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Kyrgyzstan's drug schedule; the Criminal Code (No. 127 of 28 October 2021) is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Kyrgyzstan, drugs fall under the Criminal Code (No. 127 of 28 October 2021). Illegal production of narcotics for the purpose of sale is Article 282; possession above threshold quantities carries a fine or up to 5 years' imprisonment, while small-quantity personal possession is handled administratively under the Code of Offences with no criminal record. The drug-law ceiling is imprisonment. The precise possession article number under the current 2021 Code and the exact threshold quantities are not confirmed here (figures reported under the prior Code — around more than 1 g of heroin or more than 3 g of hashish — should not be assumed to be the current-Code thresholds); verify against the current schedule.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Kyrgyzstan, drugs fall under the Criminal Code (No. 127 of 28 October 2021). Illegal production of narcotics for the purpose of sale is Article 282; possession above threshold quantities carries a fine or up to 5 years' imprisonment, while small-quantity personal possession is handled administratively under the Code of Offences with no criminal record. The drug-law ceiling is imprisonment. The precise possession article number under the current 2021 Code and the exact threshold quantities are not confirmed here (figures reported under the prior Code — around more than 1 g of heroin or more than 3 g of hashish — should not be assumed to be the current-Code thresholds); verify against the current schedule. Cannabis is controlled under the same Criminal Code framework, with administrative handling of small personal-possession quantities and criminal liability above threshold; no legal recreational regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Uzbekistan

Legal status: Not confirmed — the Criminal Code (Articles 270–276) and the Law on Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for cathinone in Uzbekistan is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Uzbekistan's drug schedule; the Criminal Code (Articles 270–276) and the Law on Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Uzbekistan, drugs fall under the Criminal Code (Articles 270–276) and the Law on Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances. Illegal handling of narcotics carries up to 5 years; aggravated forms (committed by a group, or involving large amounts) 5–10 years; and an organised group 10–20 years. The drug-law ceiling is imprisonment. The precise possession-versus-trafficking sub-article and any gram thresholds are not confirmed here; verify against the current schedule.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Uzbekistan, drugs fall under the Criminal Code (Articles 270–276) and the Law on Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances. Illegal handling of narcotics carries up to 5 years; aggravated forms (committed by a group, or involving large amounts) 5–10 years; and an organised group 10–20 years. The drug-law ceiling is imprisonment. The precise possession-versus-trafficking sub-article and any gram thresholds are not confirmed here; verify against the current schedule. Cannabis is controlled under the same framework, with penalties graduated by aggravation up to imprisonment; no legal recreational regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Tanzania

Legal status: Not confirmed — the Drug Control and Enforcement Act No. 5 of 2015 (as amended by Act No. 15 of 2017) is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for cathinone in Tanzania is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Tanzania's drug schedule; the Drug Control and Enforcement Act No. 5 of 2015 (as amended by Act No. 15 of 2017) is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Tanzania, drugs fall under the Drug Control and Enforcement Act No. 5 of 2015 (as amended by Act No. 15 of 2017). Trafficking (s.15) carries life imprisonment; cultivation (s.11) carries not less than 30 years; and small-quantity possession (s.17) and use carry imprisonment (use roughly 5–10 years). The maximum penalty for drug offences is life imprisonment; the country's separate provisions for the gravest non-drug crimes do not extend to drug offences.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Tanzania, drugs fall under the Drug Control and Enforcement Act No. 5 of 2015 (as amended by Act No. 15 of 2017). Trafficking (s.15) carries life imprisonment; cultivation (s.11) carries not less than 30 years; and small-quantity possession (s.17) and use carry imprisonment (use roughly 5–10 years). The maximum penalty for drug offences is life imprisonment; the country's separate provisions for the gravest non-drug crimes do not extend to drug offences. Cannabis is controlled under the same Act; cultivation, trafficking and possession are offences, with penalties up to life imprisonment. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Azerbaijan

Legal status: Not confirmed — the Criminal Code (adopted 30 December 1999, in force 1 September 2000) is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for cathinone in Azerbaijan is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Azerbaijan's drug schedule; the Criminal Code (adopted 30 December 1999, in force 1 September 2000) is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Azerbaijan, drugs fall under the Criminal Code (adopted 30 December 1999, in force 1 September 2000). Illegal acquisition and possession of narcotic or psychotropic substances without intent to sell is the lower tier (Art. 234), while illegal manufacture, production, sale and trafficking (Art. 235), cultivation (Art. 237) and related conduct (Art. 240) escalate with quantity and aggravating factors, the Code's punishment ceiling being life imprisonment. Penalties were tightened by 2022 amendments to Articles 235, 237 and 240.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Azerbaijan, drugs fall under the Criminal Code (adopted 30 December 1999, in force 1 September 2000). Illegal acquisition and possession of narcotic or psychotropic substances without intent to sell is the lower tier (Art. 234), while illegal manufacture, production, sale and trafficking (Art. 235), cultivation (Art. 237) and related conduct (Art. 240) escalate with quantity and aggravating factors, the Code's punishment ceiling being life imprisonment. Penalties were tightened by 2022 amendments to Articles 235, 237 and 240. Cannabis is controlled under the same Criminal Code framework, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Mongolia

Legal status: Not confirmed — the Criminal Code of Mongolia (revised, in force 1 July 2017) is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for cathinone in Mongolia is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Mongolia's drug schedule; the Criminal Code of Mongolia (revised, in force 1 July 2017) is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Mongolia, drugs fall under the Criminal Code of Mongolia (revised, in force 1 July 2017). The core offences are drug trafficking — the illegal manufacture, sale or distribution of drugs — and drug possession; trafficking carries imprisonment up to life, while use or possession of small amounts carries lesser imprisonment. Mongolia's drug law does not provide a life-or-higher term for simple use; trafficking is the serious tier.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Mongolia, drugs fall under the Criminal Code of Mongolia (revised, in force 1 July 2017). The core offences are drug trafficking — the illegal manufacture, sale or distribution of drugs — and drug possession; trafficking carries imprisonment up to life, while use or possession of small amounts carries lesser imprisonment. Mongolia's drug law does not provide a life-or-higher term for simple use; trafficking is the serious tier. Cannabis is controlled under the same Criminal Code framework, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Moldova

Legal status: Not confirmed — the Criminal Code (Law No. 985/2002) is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for cathinone in Moldova is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Moldova's drug schedule; the Criminal Code (Law No. 985/2002) is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Moldova, drugs fall under the Criminal Code (Law No. 985/2002). Illegal circulation of narcotic or psychotropic substances not for the purpose of sale (Art. 217) is the lower, personal-use tier, while illegal circulation for the purpose of sale — trafficking (Art. 217-1) — together with precursor offences (Art. 217-2) and theft or extortion of drugs (Art. 217-4) carry heavier penalties, trafficking escalating to life imprisonment in aggravated cases.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Moldova, drugs fall under the Criminal Code (Law No. 985/2002). Illegal circulation of narcotic or psychotropic substances not for the purpose of sale (Art. 217) is the lower, personal-use tier, while illegal circulation for the purpose of sale — trafficking (Art. 217-1) — together with precursor offences (Art. 217-2) and theft or extortion of drugs (Art. 217-4) carry heavier penalties, trafficking escalating to life imprisonment in aggravated cases. Cannabis is controlled under the same Criminal Code framework, with no legal recreational regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Turkmenistan

Legal status: Not confirmed — the Criminal Code (No. 222-1 of 1997, as amended) is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for cathinone in Turkmenistan is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Turkmenistan's drug schedule; the Criminal Code (No. 222-1 of 1997, as amended) is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Turkmenistan, drugs fall under the Criminal Code (No. 222-1 of 1997, as amended). The illegal manufacture, processing, acquisition, storage, transport or transfer of narcotic or psychotropic substances for the purpose of sale (Art. 292) and related articles are the trafficking offences: production, storage or transport for sale carries 3–10 years, escalating to 12–20 years with confiscation for large-quantity, official-position or otherwise aggravated cases, while use or possession carries up to 5 years.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Turkmenistan, drugs fall under the Criminal Code (No. 222-1 of 1997, as amended). The illegal manufacture, processing, acquisition, storage, transport or transfer of narcotic or psychotropic substances for the purpose of sale (Art. 292) and related articles are the trafficking offences: production, storage or transport for sale carries 3–10 years, escalating to 12–20 years with confiscation for large-quantity, official-position or otherwise aggravated cases, while use or possession carries up to 5 years. Cannabis is controlled under the same Criminal Code framework, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Senegal

Legal status: Not confirmed — the Code des Drogues (Loi No. 97-18 of 1997, amended by Loi Latif Guèye No. 2007-31 of 27 December 2007) is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for cathinone in Senegal is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Senegal's drug schedule; the Code des Drogues (Loi No. 97-18 of 1997, amended by Loi Latif Guèye No. 2007-31 of 27 December 2007) is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Senegal, drugs fall under the Code des Drogues (Loi No. 97-18 of 1997, amended by the 'Loi Latif Guèye' No. 2007-31 of 27 December 2007). For Tableau I high-risk drugs, cultivation, production or manufacture (Art. 95) and international import, export or transport (Art. 96) carry 5–10 years and a fine equal to triple the value of the drugs seized; offer, sale, distribution, brokerage, transport, purchase, possession or use of Tableau I drugs (Art. 97) carries 5–10 years and a 2,000,000–10,000,000 franc fine — raised by the 2007 amendment to fixed-term hard labour of 10–20 years for aggravated offering or sale. Facilitating others' use (Art. 98) carries 2–5 years, and personal-use possession or purchase (Art. 109) two months to one year.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Senegal, drugs fall under the Code des Drogues (Loi No. 97-18 of 1997, amended by the 'Loi Latif Guèye' No. 2007-31 of 27 December 2007). For Tableau I high-risk drugs, cultivation, production or manufacture (Art. 95) and international import, export or transport (Art. 96) carry 5–10 years and a fine equal to triple the value of the drugs seized; offer, sale, distribution, brokerage, transport, purchase, possession or use of Tableau I drugs (Art. 97) carries 5–10 years and a 2,000,000–10,000,000 franc fine — raised by the 2007 amendment to fixed-term hard labour of 10–20 years for aggravated offering or sale. Facilitating others' use (Art. 98) carries 2–5 years, and personal-use possession or purchase (Art. 109) two months to one year. Cannabis (chanvre indien) is a Tableau I drug under the same Code des Drogues, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Nicaragua

Legal status: Not confirmed — the Penal Code (Law No. 641) and the Law for the Prevention, Investigation and Prosecution of Organized Crime (Law No. 735, 2010) is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for cathinone in Nicaragua is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Nicaragua's drug schedule; the Penal Code (Law No. 641) and the Law for the Prevention, Investigation and Prosecution of Organized Crime (Law No. 735, 2010) is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Nicaragua, drugs fall under the Penal Code (Law No. 641) and the Law for the Prevention, Investigation and Prosecution of Organized Crime (Law No. 735, 2010). Trafficking carries 15–30 years, served without early release; cultivation, sowing or harvesting carries 3–12 years; extraction, production or manufacture 6–20 years; and storage 3–12 years. A statutory 'minimum dose' personal-use threshold exists — for example 1 g of cocaine or crack and 10 g of cannabis — and possession above that threshold, or with distribution indicators, elevates the offence to trafficking.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Nicaragua, drugs fall under the Penal Code (Law No. 641) and the Law for the Prevention, Investigation and Prosecution of Organized Crime (Law No. 735, 2010). Trafficking carries 15–30 years, served without early release; cultivation, sowing or harvesting carries 3–12 years; extraction, production or manufacture 6–20 years; and storage 3–12 years. A statutory 'minimum dose' personal-use threshold exists — for example 1 g of cocaine or crack and 10 g of cannabis — and possession above that threshold, or with distribution indicators, elevates the offence to trafficking. Cannabis is controlled under the same framework, with a 10 g 'minimum dose' personal-use threshold and no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Uganda

Legal status: Not confirmed — the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (Control) Act, 2016 (Act No. 3 of 2016) is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for cathinone in Uganda is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Uganda's drug schedule; the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (Control) Act, 2016 (Act No. 3 of 2016) is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Uganda, drugs fall under the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (Control) Act, 2016 (Act No. 3 of 2016). Possession (s.4) carries imprisonment — substantial fixed terms up to around 25 years depending on the substance and quantity — while trafficking, smuggling and dealing (s.5 and related provisions) carry up to life imprisonment. The maximum penalty for drug offences is imprisonment; the separate provisions for the gravest non-drug crimes do not extend to drug offences. A later 2023 consolidation/amendment of the drug law has been reported; this entry states the 2016 Act as in force and any subsequent amendment should be confirmed.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Uganda, drugs fall under the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (Control) Act, 2016 (Act No. 3 of 2016). Possession (s.4) carries imprisonment — substantial fixed terms up to around 25 years depending on the substance and quantity — while trafficking, smuggling and dealing (s.5 and related provisions) carry up to life imprisonment. The maximum penalty for drug offences is imprisonment; the separate provisions for the gravest non-drug crimes do not extend to drug offences. A later 2023 consolidation/amendment of the drug law has been reported; this entry states the 2016 Act as in force and any subsequent amendment should be confirmed. Cannabis is controlled under the same Act, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Zimbabwe

Legal status: Not confirmed — the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23] and the Dangerous Drugs Act [Chapter 15:02] is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for cathinone in Zimbabwe is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Zimbabwe's drug schedule; the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23] and the Dangerous Drugs Act [Chapter 15:02] is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Zimbabwe, drugs fall under the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23] (dangerous-drugs provisions, s.155 onward), together with the Dangerous Drugs Act [Chapter 15:02]. Use, possession or cultivation for one's own use carries a fine and/or imprisonment of up to 5 years, while dealing and trafficking carry long fixed-term imprisonment that rises with quantity and aggravation. The maximum penalty for drug offences is imprisonment; the separate provisions for the gravest non-drug crimes do not extend to drug offences.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Zimbabwe, drugs fall under the Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act [Chapter 9:23] (dangerous-drugs provisions, s.155 onward), together with the Dangerous Drugs Act [Chapter 15:02]. Use, possession or cultivation for one's own use carries a fine and/or imprisonment of up to 5 years, while dealing and trafficking carry long fixed-term imprisonment that rises with quantity and aggravation. The maximum penalty for drug offences is imprisonment; the separate provisions for the gravest non-drug crimes do not extend to drug offences. Cannabis is controlled under the same framework, with no legal recreational regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Ethiopia

Legal status: Not confirmed — the Criminal Code of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (Proclamation No. 414/2004) is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for cathinone in Ethiopia is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Ethiopia's drug schedule; the Criminal Code of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (Proclamation No. 414/2004) is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Ethiopia, drugs fall under the Criminal Code of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (Proclamation No. 414/2004). Trafficking in narcotic or psychotropic substances (Art. 525) carries rigorous imprisonment of 5–15 years plus a fine, while lesser dealing sub-articles carry rigorous imprisonment in the 5–7 year range. The maximum penalty for drug offences is imprisonment; the separate provisions for the gravest non-drug crimes do not extend to drug offences.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Ethiopia, drugs fall under the Criminal Code of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (Proclamation No. 414/2004). Trafficking in narcotic or psychotropic substances (Art. 525) carries rigorous imprisonment of 5–15 years plus a fine, while lesser dealing sub-articles carry rigorous imprisonment in the 5–7 year range. The maximum penalty for drug offences is imprisonment; the separate provisions for the gravest non-drug crimes do not extend to drug offences. Khat (chat) is lawful and culturally significant in Ethiopia and is not a prohibited substance under the Criminal Code. Cannabis, by contrast, is controlled under the same Criminal Code, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Algeria

Legal status: Not confirmed — Law No. 04-18 of 25 December 2004 (as amended by Law No. 23-05 of 7 May 2023) is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for cathinone in Algeria is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Algeria's drug schedule; Law No. 04-18 of 25 December 2004 (as amended by Law No. 23-05 of 7 May 2023) is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Algeria, drugs fall under Law No. 04-18 of 25 December 2004 on the prevention and suppression of the illicit use and trafficking of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances, as amended by Law No. 23-05 of 7 May 2023. Trafficking — production, manufacture, sale or transport with intent — carries imprisonment of 10–20 years plus a fine of DZD 5,000,000–50,000,000, rising to 20–30 years where committed by a public official or a health professional or in aggravated circumstances; personal-use possession carries lesser imprisonment and/or a fine. The maximum penalty for drug offences is imprisonment; the separate provisions for the gravest non-drug crimes do not extend to drug offences.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Algeria, drugs fall under Law No. 04-18 of 25 December 2004 on the prevention and suppression of the illicit use and trafficking of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances, as amended by Law No. 23-05 of 7 May 2023. Trafficking — production, manufacture, sale or transport with intent — carries imprisonment of 10–20 years plus a fine of DZD 5,000,000–50,000,000, rising to 20–30 years where committed by a public official or a health professional or in aggravated circumstances; personal-use possession carries lesser imprisonment and/or a fine. The maximum penalty for drug offences is imprisonment; the separate provisions for the gravest non-drug crimes do not extend to drug offences. (Reported/unverified: human-rights reporting in 2025 referred to legislative efforts to expand the death penalty to certain drug offences; this is a reported proposal and is NOT reflected as enacted in the statute cited here — confirm against the current law.) Cannabis is controlled under the same statute, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Tajikistan

Legal status: Not confirmed — the Criminal Code of the Republic of Tajikistan (1998, as amended to 2020) is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for cathinone in Tajikistan is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Tajikistan's drug schedule; the Criminal Code of the Republic of Tajikistan (1998, as amended to 2020) is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Tajikistan, drugs fall under the Criminal Code of the Republic of Tajikistan (1998, as amended to 2020). Illegal trafficking and related narcotics offences are the serious tier; the ceiling for drug offences is imprisonment. The maximum penalty for drug offences is imprisonment; the separate provisions for the gravest non-drug crimes do not extend to drug offences. The precise current-code possession and trafficking terms should be confirmed against the current schedule.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Tajikistan, drugs fall under the Criminal Code of the Republic of Tajikistan (1998, as amended to 2020). Illegal trafficking and related narcotics offences are the serious tier; the ceiling for drug offences is imprisonment. The maximum penalty for drug offences is imprisonment; the separate provisions for the gravest non-drug crimes do not extend to drug offences. The precise current-code possession and trafficking terms should be confirmed against the current schedule. (Historical note: older texts of the Code listed narcotics trafficking among capital offences; the current consolidated Code does not — it restricts the death penalty to a narrow set of grave non-drug crimes, and a moratorium has been in force since 2004.) Cannabis is controlled under the same Code, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Papua New Guinea

Legal status: Not confirmed — the Controlled Substances Act 2021 is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for cathinone in Papua New Guinea is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Papua New Guinea's drug schedule; the Controlled Substances Act 2021 is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Papua New Guinea, drugs fall under the Controlled Substances Act 2021, which replaced the Dangerous Drugs Act 1952 (whose penalties had been capped at around two years). The 2021 Act substantially increased the penalties for possession, dealing and trafficking, modelled on the imprisonment-based regimes of comparable Pacific and Commonwealth jurisdictions; Papua New Guinea repealed the death penalty in 2022, so the ceiling for all offences, drug offences included, is imprisonment. The maximum penalty for drug offences is imprisonment. The precise penalty quantities and section numbers under the 2021 Act are not pinned in this cell and should be confirmed against the current statute.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Papua New Guinea, drugs fall under the Controlled Substances Act 2021, which replaced the Dangerous Drugs Act 1952 (whose penalties had been capped at around two years). The 2021 Act substantially increased the penalties for possession, dealing and trafficking, modelled on the imprisonment-based regimes of comparable Pacific and Commonwealth jurisdictions; Papua New Guinea repealed the death penalty in 2022, so the ceiling for all offences, drug offences included, is imprisonment. The maximum penalty for drug offences is imprisonment. The precise penalty quantities and section numbers under the 2021 Act are not pinned in this cell and should be confirmed against the current statute. Cannabis is controlled under the same Act, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Angola

Legal status: Not confirmed — Lei n.º 3/99 (Lei sobre o Tráfico e Consumo de Estupefacientes, Substâncias Psicotrópicas e Precursores) is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for cathinone in Angola is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Angola's drug schedule; Lei n.º 3/99 (Lei sobre o Tráfico e Consumo de Estupefacientes, Substâncias Psicotrópicas e Precursores) is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Angola, drugs fall under Lei n.º 3/99 (Lei sobre o Tráfico e Consumo de Estupefacientes, Substâncias Psicotrópicas e Precursores), a six-table Portuguese-model statute. The cultivation, production, manufacture, trade, distribution, import, export, transport and possession of Table substances are prohibited; trafficking carries lengthy imprisonment, with severe cases reaching the 10–25 year range characteristic of this statutory model. The precise trafficking-article number is not separately pinned here — verify the exact article and term against the current statute. The maximum penalty for drug offences is imprisonment.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Angola, drugs fall under Lei n.º 3/99 (Lei sobre o Tráfico e Consumo de Estupefacientes, Substâncias Psicotrópicas e Precursores), a six-table Portuguese-model statute. The cultivation, production, manufacture, trade, distribution, import, export, transport and possession of Table substances are prohibited; trafficking carries lengthy imprisonment, with severe cases reaching the 10–25 year range characteristic of this statutory model. The precise trafficking-article number is not separately pinned here — verify the exact article and term against the current statute. The maximum penalty for drug offences is imprisonment. Cannabis (liamba) is a controlled drug under the same statute, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Côte d'Ivoire

Legal status: Not confirmed — Loi n° 2022-407 du 13 juin 2022 (lutte contre le trafic et l'usage illicites des stupéfiants, des substances psychotropes et leurs précurseurs) is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for cathinone in Côte d'Ivoire is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Côte d'Ivoire's drug schedule; Loi n° 2022-407 du 13 juin 2022 (lutte contre le trafic et l'usage illicites des stupéfiants, des substances psychotropes et leurs précurseurs) is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Côte d'Ivoire, drugs fall under Loi n° 2022-407 du 13 juin 2022 (lutte contre le trafic et l'usage illicites des stupéfiants, des substances psychotropes et leurs précurseurs), a four-table system that repealed Loi 88-686 of 1988. Trafficking-type offences — cultivation, production, manufacture, import, export, transport and the offer, sale or distribution of Table I high-risk drugs — carry imprisonment of 5 to 10 years plus fines; supplying drugs to a minor carries 5 to 10 years; and personal use carries 1 to 3 months. Penalties are doubled in aggravated cases (violence or a weapon, or commission by a public official). The maximum penalty for drug offences is imprisonment.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Côte d'Ivoire, drugs fall under Loi n° 2022-407 du 13 juin 2022 (lutte contre le trafic et l'usage illicites des stupéfiants, des substances psychotropes et leurs précurseurs), a four-table system that repealed Loi 88-686 of 1988. Trafficking-type offences — cultivation, production, manufacture, import, export, transport and the offer, sale or distribution of Table I high-risk drugs — carry imprisonment of 5 to 10 years plus fines; supplying drugs to a minor carries 5 to 10 years; and personal use carries 1 to 3 months. Penalties are doubled in aggravated cases (violence or a weapon, or commission by a public official). The maximum penalty for drug offences is imprisonment. Cannabis is a Table I high-risk drug under the same statute, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Rwanda

Legal status: Not confirmed — Law n° 03/2012 of 15/02/2012 (governing narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and precursors) together with the Penal Code (Law n° 68/2018) is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for cathinone in Rwanda is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Rwanda's drug schedule; Law n° 03/2012 of 15/02/2012 (governing narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and precursors) together with the Penal Code (Law n° 68/2018) is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Rwanda, drugs fall under Law n° 03/2012 of 15/02/2012 governing narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and precursors, together with the Penal Code (Law n° 68/2018, Official Gazette 27/09/2018). The unlawful manufacture, transformation, import, transport, sale or distribution of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances is the serious tier, while use and possession sit at lower tiers; the 2018 Penal Code substantially raised drug-offence penalties, serious trafficking reaching long fixed-term to life imprisonment. The exact current Penal Code article year-terms are not separately pinned here — verify against the current Penal Code. The maximum penalty for drug offences is imprisonment.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Rwanda, drugs fall under Law n° 03/2012 of 15/02/2012 governing narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and precursors, together with the Penal Code (Law n° 68/2018, Official Gazette 27/09/2018). The unlawful manufacture, transformation, import, transport, sale or distribution of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances is the serious tier, while use and possession sit at lower tiers; the 2018 Penal Code substantially raised drug-offence penalties, serious trafficking reaching long fixed-term to life imprisonment. The exact current Penal Code article year-terms are not separately pinned here — verify against the current Penal Code. The maximum penalty for drug offences is imprisonment. Cannabis is controlled under the same framework, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Mozambique

Legal status: Not confirmed — Lei n.º 3/97 (combate ao tráfico e consumo de estupefacientes e substâncias psicotrópicas) is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for cathinone in Mozambique is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Mozambique's drug schedule; Lei n.º 3/97 (combate ao tráfico e consumo de estupefacientes e substâncias psicotrópicas) is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Mozambique, drugs fall under Lei n.º 3/97 (combate ao tráfico e consumo de estupefacientes e substâncias psicotrópicas), a six-table Portuguese-model statute. Trafficking, manufacture, import, export and distribution of controlled substances carry lengthy imprisonment, the ceiling being life imprisonment for the gravest cases. The precise trafficking-article number and terms are not separately pinned here — verify the exact article and term against the current statute. The maximum penalty for drug offences is imprisonment.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Mozambique, drugs fall under Lei n.º 3/97 (combate ao tráfico e consumo de estupefacientes e substâncias psicotrópicas), a six-table Portuguese-model statute. Trafficking, manufacture, import, export and distribution of controlled substances carry lengthy imprisonment, the ceiling being life imprisonment for the gravest cases. The precise trafficking-article number and terms are not separately pinned here — verify the exact article and term against the current statute. The maximum penalty for drug offences is imprisonment. Cannabis is a controlled drug under the same statute, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Mauritius

Legal status: Not confirmed — the Dangerous Drugs Act 2000 (Act No. 41 of 2000, as amended) is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for cathinone in Mauritius is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Mauritius's drug schedule; the Dangerous Drugs Act 2000 (Act No. 41 of 2000, as amended) is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Mauritius, drugs fall under the Dangerous Drugs Act 2000 (Act No. 41 of 2000), as amended, a three-schedule system (Schedules I, II and III). Drug-dealing and trafficking offences (s.30 and s.29) carry a fine together with penal servitude (imprisonment); for a person averred to be a drug trafficker where the street value of the drugs exceeds one million rupees, the penalty is a fine of up to 2,000,000 rupees together with penal servitude for a term of up to 60 years. The maximum penalty for drug offences is imprisonment (penal servitude).
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Mauritius, drugs fall under the Dangerous Drugs Act 2000 (Act No. 41 of 2000), as amended, a three-schedule system (Schedules I, II and III). Drug-dealing and trafficking offences (s.30 and s.29) carry a fine together with penal servitude (imprisonment); for a person averred to be a drug trafficker where the street value of the drugs exceeds one million rupees, the penalty is a fine of up to 2,000,000 rupees together with penal servitude for a term of up to 60 years. The maximum penalty for drug offences is imprisonment (penal servitude). Cannabis is a controlled drug under the same Act, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Bhutan

Legal status: Not confirmed — the Narcotic Drugs, Psychotropic Substances and Substance Abuse Act of Bhutan 2015 (as amended 2018) is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for cathinone in Bhutan is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Bhutan's drug schedule; the Narcotic Drugs, Psychotropic Substances and Substance Abuse Act of Bhutan 2015 (as amended 2018) is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Bhutan, drugs fall under the Narcotic Drugs, Psychotropic Substances and Substance Abuse Act of Bhutan 2015 (as amended 2018), a six-schedule system. Illegal possession (s.137) and illicit trafficking (s.139 — possessing, importing, exporting, storing, selling, purchasing, transporting, distributing or supplying Schedule I/II substances) are graded by quantity against the Schedule VII thresholds, with penalties set by reference to the sentencing tiers (felony degrees) of the Penal Code of Bhutan and ranging up to long fixed-term imprisonment. The exact year-terms keyed to those Penal Code felony-degree tiers are not separately pinned here — verify against the current Act and Penal Code. The maximum penalty for drug offences is imprisonment.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Bhutan, drugs fall under the Narcotic Drugs, Psychotropic Substances and Substance Abuse Act of Bhutan 2015 (as amended 2018), a six-schedule system. Illegal possession (s.137) and illicit trafficking (s.139 — possessing, importing, exporting, storing, selling, purchasing, transporting, distributing or supplying Schedule I/II substances) are graded by quantity against the Schedule VII thresholds, with penalties set by reference to the sentencing tiers (felony degrees) of the Penal Code of Bhutan and ranging up to long fixed-term imprisonment. The exact year-terms keyed to those Penal Code felony-degree tiers are not separately pinned here — verify against the current Act and Penal Code. The maximum penalty for drug offences is imprisonment. Cannabis is a controlled drug under the same Act, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Botswana

Legal status: Not confirmed — the Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 2018 is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for cathinone in Botswana is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Botswana's drug schedule; the Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 2018 is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Botswana, drugs fall under the Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 2018. Trafficking (s.5) carries imprisonment of up to 25 years together with a fine of up to P500,000, and cultivation (s.6) up to 20 years; the precise quantity bands are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. Botswana retains and uses the death penalty for the gravest non-drug crimes (murder, treason, piracy under the Penal Code); it does NOT extend to drug offences — the maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. A 2024 government white paper reportedly recommended introducing a death penalty for drug trafficking; this was a recommendation only and has NOT been enacted; verify against the current statute. botswanalaws.com is a lead for the consolidated text only, never a cited source.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Botswana, drugs fall under the Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 2018. Trafficking (s.5) carries imprisonment of up to 25 years together with a fine of up to P500,000, and cultivation (s.6) up to 20 years; the precise quantity bands are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. Botswana retains and uses the death penalty for the gravest non-drug crimes (murder, treason, piracy under the Penal Code); it does NOT extend to drug offences — the maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. A 2024 government white paper reportedly recommended introducing a death penalty for drug trafficking; this was a recommendation only and has NOT been enacted; verify against the current statute. botswanalaws.com is a lead for the consolidated text only, never a cited source. Cannabis is a controlled drug under the same Act, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Zambia

Legal status: Not confirmed — the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act No. 35 of 2021 is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for cathinone in Zambia is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Zambia's drug schedule; the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act No. 35 of 2021 is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Zambia, drugs fall under the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act No. 35 of 2021, which repealed the former Cap. 96 of 1993. Possession carries up to 15 years and trafficking up to 25 years; the precise quantity bands are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. Zambia retains the death penalty for murder and treason only and is abolitionist in practice (commutations in 2022); it does NOT extend to drug offences — the maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Zambia, drugs fall under the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act No. 35 of 2021, which repealed the former Cap. 96 of 1993. Possession carries up to 15 years and trafficking up to 25 years; the precise quantity bands are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. Zambia retains the death penalty for murder and treason only and is abolitionist in practice (commutations in 2022); it does NOT extend to drug offences — the maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. Cannabis is a controlled drug under the same Act, with no legal recreational regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Cameroon

Legal status: Not confirmed — Loi n° 97/19 du 7 août 1997 is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for cathinone in Cameroon is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Cameroon's drug schedule; Loi n° 97/19 du 7 août 1997 is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Cameroon, drugs fall under Loi n° 97/19 du 7 août 1997. Trafficking offences (Sections 91–95) carry imprisonment of 10 to 20 years together with a fine of up to 250,000,000 FCFA; cannabis, heroin and cocaine are high-risk drugs. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. Cameroon retains the death penalty for terrorism and murder and is abolitionist in practice (no executions since 1997); the drug statute does NOT provide a death penalty — the maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. droitcamerounais.info and vertic.org are leads for the consolidated text only, never cited sources.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Cameroon, drugs fall under Loi n° 97/19 du 7 août 1997. Trafficking offences (Sections 91–95) carry imprisonment of 10 to 20 years together with a fine of up to 250,000,000 FCFA; cannabis, heroin and cocaine are high-risk drugs. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. Cameroon retains the death penalty for terrorism and murder and is abolitionist in practice (no executions since 1997); the drug statute does NOT provide a death penalty — the maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. droitcamerounais.info and vertic.org are leads for the consolidated text only, never cited sources. Cannabis is a high-risk drug under the same statute, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Fiji

Legal status: Not confirmed — the Illicit Drugs Control Act 2004 is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for cathinone in Fiji is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Fiji's drug schedule; the Illicit Drugs Control Act 2004 is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Fiji, drugs fall under the Illicit Drugs Control Act 2004. The unlawful import, export, manufacture, possession, supply or trafficking of illicit drugs (s.4) carries a fine of up to FJ$1,000,000 together with imprisonment up to life. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is life imprisonment. A March 2026 proposal to reintroduce the death penalty amid trafficking concerns was reported; it has NOT been enacted; verify against the current statute.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Fiji, drugs fall under the Illicit Drugs Control Act 2004. The unlawful import, export, manufacture, possession, supply or trafficking of illicit drugs (s.4) carries a fine of up to FJ$1,000,000 together with imprisonment up to life. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is life imprisonment. A March 2026 proposal to reintroduce the death penalty amid trafficking concerns was reported; it has NOT been enacted; verify against the current statute. Cannabis is an illicit drug under the same Act, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Liechtenstein

Legal status: Not confirmed — the Betäubungsmittelgesetz of 20 April 1983 is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for cathinone in Liechtenstein is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Liechtenstein's drug schedule; the Betäubungsmittelgesetz of 20 April 1983 is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Liechtenstein, drugs fall under the Betäubungsmittelgesetz of 20 April 1983, which follows the Austrian/Swiss model. Trafficking and the unlawful supply of narcotic drugs carry imprisonment; cannabis containing more than 1% THC is prohibited. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Liechtenstein, drugs fall under the Betäubungsmittelgesetz of 20 April 1983, which follows the Austrian/Swiss model. Trafficking and the unlawful supply of narcotic drugs carry imprisonment; cannabis containing more than 1% THC is prohibited. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. Cannabis containing more than 1% THC is prohibited under the same Act, with no legal recreational regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Macau

Legal status: Not confirmed — Law No. 17/2009 (amended by Law No. 10/2016, in force 28 January 2017) is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for cathinone in Macau is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Macau's drug schedule; Law No. 17/2009 (amended by Law No. 10/2016, in force 28 January 2017) is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Macau, drugs fall under Law No. 17/2009 (amended by Law No. 10/2016, in force 28 January 2017). Trafficking (Art. 8) carries imprisonment of 3 to 15 years. Macau's criminal-law system is separate from mainland China's under the Basic Law; its maximum penalty for any offence is imprisonment (capped at 30 years, with no life term). A 2023/2024 proposal to raise the minimum trafficking penalty from 3 to 5 years was reported; confirm whether it has been enacted against the current statute.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Macau, drugs fall under Law No. 17/2009 (amended by Law No. 10/2016, in force 28 January 2017). Trafficking (Art. 8) carries imprisonment of 3 to 15 years. Macau's criminal-law system is separate from mainland China's under the Basic Law; its maximum penalty for any offence is imprisonment (capped at 30 years, with no life term). A 2023/2024 proposal to raise the minimum trafficking penalty from 3 to 5 years was reported; confirm whether it has been enacted against the current statute. Cannabis is a controlled drug under the same Law, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Namibia

Legal status: Not confirmed — the Abuse of Dependence-Producing Substances and Rehabilitation Centres Act 41 of 1971 is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for cathinone in Namibia is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Namibia's drug schedule; the Abuse of Dependence-Producing Substances and Rehabilitation Centres Act 41 of 1971 is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Namibia, drugs fall under the Abuse of Dependence-Producing Substances and Rehabilitation Centres Act 41 of 1971. Dealing in a dangerous dependence-producing drug (s.2) and possession (s.3) carry imprisonment together with a fine — case law has seen sentences of around 12 years for cocaine dealing, and cannabis possession or dealing draws fines and imprisonment of up to about 10 years; the precise trafficking-quantity bands are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Namibia, drugs fall under the Abuse of Dependence-Producing Substances and Rehabilitation Centres Act 41 of 1971. Dealing in a dangerous dependence-producing drug (s.2) and possession (s.3) carry imprisonment together with a fine — case law has seen sentences of around 12 years for cocaine dealing, and cannabis possession or dealing draws fines and imprisonment of up to about 10 years; the precise trafficking-quantity bands are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. Cannabis is a prohibited dependence-producing drug under the same Act, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Madagascar

Legal status: Not confirmed — Loi n° 97-039 sur le contrôle des stupéfiants, des substances psychotropes et des précurseurs is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for cathinone in Madagascar is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Madagascar's drug schedule; Loi n° 97-039 sur le contrôle des stupéfiants, des substances psychotropes et des précurseurs is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Madagascar, drugs fall under Loi n° 97-039 sur le contrôle des stupéfiants, des substances psychotropes et des précurseurs, which classifies drugs across a six-table/high-risk model. Trafficking in a high-risk (Tableau I) drug carries imprisonment; the precise article and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Madagascar, drugs fall under Loi n° 97-039 sur le contrôle des stupéfiants, des substances psychotropes et des précurseurs, which classifies drugs across a six-table/high-risk model. Trafficking in a high-risk (Tableau I) drug carries imprisonment; the precise article and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. Cannabis is a controlled drug under the same law, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Burkina Faso

Legal status: Not confirmed — Burkina Faso's national drug code (loi sur les stupéfiants) is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for cathinone in Burkina Faso is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Burkina Faso's drug schedule; Burkina Faso's national drug code (loi sur les stupéfiants) is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Burkina Faso, drugs fall under the national drug code (loi sur les stupéfiants). Drug use is punishable by 1 to 6 months' imprisonment, and trafficking or import carries imprisonment; the precise trafficking article and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Burkina Faso, drugs fall under the national drug code (loi sur les stupéfiants). Drug use is punishable by 1 to 6 months' imprisonment, and trafficking or import carries imprisonment; the precise trafficking article and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. Cannabis is a controlled drug under the same law, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Benin

Legal status: Not confirmed — the Code des Drogues is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for cathinone in Benin is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Benin's drug schedule; the Code des Drogues is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Benin, drugs fall under the Code des Drogues. Cannabis, heroin and cocaine are classified as drogues à haut risque, and any export regardless of quantity is treated as trafficking; trafficking in a high-risk drug carries imprisonment; the precise article and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Benin, drugs fall under the Code des Drogues. Cannabis, heroin and cocaine are classified as drogues à haut risque, and any export regardless of quantity is treated as trafficking; trafficking in a high-risk drug carries imprisonment; the precise article and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. Cannabis is a drogue à haut risque under the same Code, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Mali

Legal status: Not confirmed — Mali's national drug law (loi portant répression du trafic et de l'usage illicite des stupéfiants) is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for cathinone in Mali is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Mali's drug schedule; Mali's national drug law (loi portant répression du trafic et de l'usage illicite des stupéfiants) is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Mali, drugs fall under the national drug law (loi portant répression du trafic et de l'usage illicite des stupéfiants). Trafficking carries imprisonment; the precise article and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. A primary statute portal for the current Malian drug law was not located; this cell is sourced via the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) and the Library of Congress pending a primary portal.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Mali, drugs fall under the national drug law (loi portant répression du trafic et de l'usage illicite des stupéfiants). Trafficking carries imprisonment; the precise article and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. A primary statute portal for the current Malian drug law was not located; this cell is sourced via the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) and the Library of Congress pending a primary portal. Cannabis is a controlled drug under the same law, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Togo

Legal status: Not confirmed — the Code des Drogues (loi sur les stupéfiants) is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for cathinone in Togo is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Togo's drug schedule; the Code des Drogues (loi sur les stupéfiants) is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Togo, drugs fall under the Code des Drogues (loi sur les stupéfiants). Trafficking carries imprisonment; the precise article and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Togo, drugs fall under the Code des Drogues (loi sur les stupéfiants). Trafficking carries imprisonment; the precise article and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. Cannabis is a controlled drug under the same law, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

DR Congo

Legal status: Not confirmed — the Ordonnance of 1903 on chanvre (approved by the Décret of 10 March 1917) is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for cathinone in the DR Congo is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against the DR Congo's drug schedule; the Ordonnance of 1903 on chanvre (approved by the Décret of 10 March 1917) is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In the Democratic Republic of the Congo, drugs fall under the Ordonnance of 1903 on chanvre (approved by the Décret of 10 March 1917), which prohibits the cultivation, sale, transport, possession and consumption of drugs. Trafficking offences carry 5 to 20 years' servitude pénale principale under Congolese penal doctrine; the precise trafficking article is left to confirmation against the current statute (the 1903/1917 ordinance is old and not granular). The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. The Democratic Republic of the Congo retains the death penalty for the gravest non-drug crimes, but its drug legislation does not provide a death penalty — the maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment (servitude pénale).
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In the Democratic Republic of the Congo, drugs fall under the Ordonnance of 1903 on chanvre (approved by the Décret of 10 March 1917), which prohibits the cultivation, sale, transport, possession and consumption of drugs. Trafficking offences carry 5 to 20 years' servitude pénale principale under Congolese penal doctrine; the precise trafficking article is left to confirmation against the current statute (the 1903/1917 ordinance is old and not granular). The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. The Democratic Republic of the Congo retains the death penalty for the gravest non-drug crimes, but its drug legislation does not provide a death penalty — the maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment (servitude pénale). Cannabis (chanvre) is the drug specifically prohibited by the same Ordonnance, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Malawi

Legal status: Not confirmed — the Dangerous Drugs Act (Cap. 35:02) is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for cathinone in Malawi is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Malawi's drug schedule; the Dangerous Drugs Act (Cap. 35:02) is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Malawi, drugs fall under the Dangerous Drugs Act (Cap. 35:02). Trafficking and the unlawful possession or supply of dangerous drugs carry imprisonment; the precise penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Malawi, drugs fall under the Dangerous Drugs Act (Cap. 35:02). Trafficking and the unlawful possession or supply of dangerous drugs carry imprisonment; the precise penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. Cannabis is a controlled drug under the same Act, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Lesotho

Legal status: Not confirmed — the Drugs of Abuse Act No. 6 of 2008 is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for cathinone in Lesotho is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Lesotho's drug schedule; the Drugs of Abuse Act No. 6 of 2008 is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Lesotho, drugs fall under the Drugs of Abuse Act No. 6 of 2008. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise article and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. Lesotho retains the death penalty for the gravest non-drug crimes and is abolitionist in practice; its drug legislation does not provide a death penalty — the maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Lesotho, drugs fall under the Drugs of Abuse Act No. 6 of 2008. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise article and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. Lesotho retains the death penalty for the gravest non-drug crimes and is abolitionist in practice; its drug legislation does not provide a death penalty — the maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. Cannabis is a controlled drug under the same Act, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Eswatini

Legal status: Not confirmed — the Opium and Habit-Forming Drugs Act (with Pharmacy Act provisions) is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for cathinone in Eswatini is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Eswatini's drug schedule; the Opium and Habit-Forming Drugs Act (with Pharmacy Act provisions) is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Eswatini, drugs fall under the Opium and Habit-Forming Drugs Act together with provisions of the Pharmacy Act. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise statute and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current law. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. Eswatini retains the death penalty for the gravest non-drug crimes and is abolitionist in practice (no executions in decades); its drug legislation does not provide a death penalty — the maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Eswatini, drugs fall under the Opium and Habit-Forming Drugs Act together with provisions of the Pharmacy Act. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise statute and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current law. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. Eswatini retains the death penalty for the gravest non-drug crimes and is abolitionist in practice (no executions in decades); its drug legislation does not provide a death penalty — the maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. Cannabis is a controlled drug under the same law, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Mauritania

Legal status: Not confirmed — Mauritania's national drug control statute (within a sharia-influenced criminal law) is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for cathinone in Mauritania is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Mauritania's drug schedule; Mauritania's national drug control statute (within a sharia-influenced criminal law) is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Mauritania, drugs fall under the national drug control statute within a sharia-influenced criminal law. Trafficking carries imprisonment; the precise article and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty asserted for a drug offence under the named drug law is imprisonment. Not confirmed — Mauritania's criminal law is sharia-influenced and reportedly permits the death penalty for some trafficking offences, but a specific drug death-penalty statute article is not confirmed here. The country has observed a de facto execution moratorium since 1987. Verify against the current statute.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Mauritania, drugs fall under the national drug control statute within a sharia-influenced criminal law. Trafficking carries imprisonment; the precise article and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty asserted for a drug offence under the named drug law is imprisonment. Not confirmed — Mauritania's criminal law is sharia-influenced and reportedly permits the death penalty for some trafficking offences, but a specific drug death-penalty statute article is not confirmed here. The country has observed a de facto execution moratorium since 1987. Verify against the current statute. Cannabis is a controlled drug under the same law, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Sierra Leone

Legal status: Not confirmed — the National Drugs Control Act 2008 is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for cathinone in Sierra Leone is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Sierra Leone's drug schedule; the National Drugs Control Act 2008 is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Sierra Leone, drugs fall under the National Drugs Control Act 2008, which schedules drugs as Prohibited, High-Risk and Risk drugs. Trafficking carries imprisonment; the precise penalty bands are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Sierra Leone, drugs fall under the National Drugs Control Act 2008, which schedules drugs as Prohibited, High-Risk and Risk drugs. Trafficking carries imprisonment; the precise penalty bands are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. Cannabis is a controlled drug under the same Act, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Seychelles

Legal status: Not confirmed — the Misuse of Drugs Act 2016 is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for cathinone in Seychelles is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Seychelles' drug schedule; the Misuse of Drugs Act 2016 is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Seychelles, drugs fall under the Misuse of Drugs Act 2016. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine, with aggravated trafficking punishable by up to life imprisonment; the precise terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Seychelles, drugs fall under the Misuse of Drugs Act 2016. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine, with aggravated trafficking punishable by up to life imprisonment; the precise terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. Cannabis is a controlled drug under the same Act, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Cabo Verde

Legal status: Not confirmed — Lei n.º 78/IV/93 (the drug law) is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for cathinone in Cabo Verde is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Cabo Verde's drug schedule; Lei n.º 78/IV/93 (the drug law) is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Cabo Verde, drugs fall under Lei n.º 78/IV/93, which follows the Lusophone six-table model. Trafficking carries imprisonment; the precise article and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. A primary statute portal for the current Cabo Verdean drug law was not located; this cell is sourced via the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) and the Library of Congress pending a primary portal.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Cabo Verde, drugs fall under Lei n.º 78/IV/93, which follows the Lusophone six-table model. Trafficking carries imprisonment; the precise article and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. A primary statute portal for the current Cabo Verdean drug law was not located; this cell is sourced via the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) and the Library of Congress pending a primary portal. Cannabis is a controlled drug under the same law, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Gambia

Legal status: Not confirmed — the Drug Control Act 2014 (as amended) is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for cathinone in the Gambia is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against the Gambia's drug schedule; the Drug Control Act 2014 (as amended) is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In the Gambia, drugs fall under the Drug Control Act 2014 (as amended). Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise article and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. A primary statute portal for the current Gambian drug law was not located; this cell is sourced via the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) and the Library of Congress pending a primary portal.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In the Gambia, drugs fall under the Drug Control Act 2014 (as amended). Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise article and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. A primary statute portal for the current Gambian drug law was not located; this cell is sourced via the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) and the Library of Congress pending a primary portal. Cannabis is a controlled drug under the same Act, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Belize

Legal status: Not confirmed — the Misuse of Drugs Act (Cap. 103) is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for cathinone in Belize is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Belize's drug schedule; the Misuse of Drugs Act (Cap. 103) is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Belize, drugs fall under the Misuse of Drugs Act (Cap. 103). Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise article and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Belize, drugs fall under the Misuse of Drugs Act (Cap. 103). Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise article and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. Cannabis is a controlled drug under the same Act (small-quantity possession has been decriminalised, but supply and trafficking remain offences), with no legal commercial recreational regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Kosovo

Legal status: Not confirmed — the Criminal Code of Kosovo (narcotics articles) together with the Law on Narcotic Drugs, Psychotropic Substances and Precursors is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for cathinone in Kosovo is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Kosovo's drug schedule; the Criminal Code of Kosovo (narcotics articles) together with the Law on Narcotic Drugs, Psychotropic Substances and Precursors is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Kosovo, drugs fall under the Criminal Code of Kosovo (narcotics articles) together with the Law on Narcotic Drugs, Psychotropic Substances and Precursors. Trafficking carries imprisonment; the precise article and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Kosovo, drugs fall under the Criminal Code of Kosovo (narcotics articles) together with the Law on Narcotic Drugs, Psychotropic Substances and Precursors. Trafficking carries imprisonment; the precise article and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. Cannabis is a controlled drug under the same framework, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Timor-Leste

Legal status: Not confirmed — the Penal Code of Timor-Leste (drug-trafficking articles) is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for cathinone in Timor-Leste is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Timor-Leste's drug schedule; the Penal Code of Timor-Leste (drug-trafficking articles) is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Timor-Leste, drug trafficking falls under the Penal Code of Timor-Leste (drug-trafficking articles), backed by the country's adhesion to the UN 1988 Convention. Trafficking carries imprisonment; the Penal Code's maximum term is 30 years, with no life imprisonment; the precise drug-trafficking article and penalty bands are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Timor-Leste, drug trafficking falls under the Penal Code of Timor-Leste (drug-trafficking articles), backed by the country's adhesion to the UN 1988 Convention. Trafficking carries imprisonment; the Penal Code's maximum term is 30 years, with no life imprisonment; the precise drug-trafficking article and penalty bands are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. Cannabis is a controlled drug under the same framework, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Eritrea

Legal status: Not confirmed — the Penal Code of Eritrea 2015 (drug-control provisions) is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for cathinone in Eritrea is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Eritrea's drug schedule; the Penal Code of Eritrea 2015 (drug-control provisions) is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Eritrea, drugs fall under the Penal Code of Eritrea 2015 (drug-control provisions), which grades drug trafficking by scale: small-scale trafficking carries 3 to 5 years, a commercial quantity 5 to 7 years, a large commercial quantity 7 to 10 years, and supply to a minor 16 to 19 years; personal-use possession is a lesser offence; the precise article is left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. Eritrea retains the death penalty for the gravest non-drug crimes, but its Penal Code drug provisions do not provide a death penalty — the maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Eritrea, drugs fall under the Penal Code of Eritrea 2015 (drug-control provisions), which grades drug trafficking by scale: small-scale trafficking carries 3 to 5 years, a commercial quantity 5 to 7 years, a large commercial quantity 7 to 10 years, and supply to a minor 16 to 19 years; personal-use possession is a lesser offence; the precise article is left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. Eritrea retains the death penalty for the gravest non-drug crimes, but its Penal Code drug provisions do not provide a death penalty — the maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. Cannabis is a controlled drug under the same Penal Code, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Somalia

Legal status: Not confirmed — the Somali Penal Code of 1964 (unrevised) is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for cathinone in Somalia is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Somalia's drug schedule; the Somali Penal Code of 1964 (unrevised) is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Somalia, drug offences fall under the Somali Penal Code of 1964 (unrevised); Somalia has ratified the UN narcotic conventions but has no modern codified drug-control statute with quantified penalties, so the precise penalty is not cleanly pinned. The maximum penalty asserted under the named (dated) Penal Code is imprisonment; the specific penalty is left to confirmation against the current statute. Not confirmed — Somalia carries out executions for the gravest non-drug crimes, but no codified drug-death-penalty statute article is confirmed here; the 1964 Penal Code governs drug offences and its specific penalties are not confirmed. Verify against the current statute.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Somalia, drug offences fall under the Somali Penal Code of 1964 (unrevised); Somalia has ratified the UN narcotic conventions but has no modern codified drug-control statute with quantified penalties, so the precise penalty is not cleanly pinned. The maximum penalty asserted under the named (dated) Penal Code is imprisonment; the specific penalty is left to confirmation against the current statute. Not confirmed — Somalia carries out executions for the gravest non-drug crimes, but no codified drug-death-penalty statute article is confirmed here; the 1964 Penal Code governs drug offences and its specific penalties are not confirmed. Verify against the current statute. Cannabis is a controlled drug under the same dated Penal Code, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Congo

Legal status: Not confirmed — the Republic of the Congo's Penal Code drug provisions (national drug law) is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for cathinone in the Republic of the Congo is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against the Republic of the Congo's drug schedule; the Republic of the Congo's Penal Code drug provisions (national drug law) is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In the Republic of the Congo (Congo-Brazzaville), drugs fall under the Penal Code drug provisions / national drug law. Trafficking carries imprisonment; the precise article and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In the Republic of the Congo (Congo-Brazzaville), drugs fall under the Penal Code drug provisions / national drug law. Trafficking carries imprisonment; the precise article and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. Cannabis is a controlled drug under the same law, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Burundi

Legal status: Not confirmed — Burundi's Penal Code 2009 drug provisions (loi sur les stupéfiants) is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for cathinone in Burundi is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Burundi's drug schedule; Burundi's Penal Code 2009 drug provisions (loi sur les stupéfiants) is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Burundi, drugs fall under the Penal Code 2009 drug provisions (loi sur les stupéfiants). Trafficking carries imprisonment; the precise article and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Burundi, drugs fall under the Penal Code 2009 drug provisions (loi sur les stupéfiants). Trafficking carries imprisonment; the precise article and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. Cannabis is a controlled drug under the same law, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Djibouti

Legal status: Not confirmed — Djibouti's national drug law (Penal Code drug provisions) is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for cathinone in Djibouti is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Djibouti's drug schedule; Djibouti's national drug law (Penal Code drug provisions) is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Djibouti, drugs fall under the national drug law (Penal Code drug provisions). Trafficking carries imprisonment; the precise article and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Djibouti, drugs fall under the national drug law (Penal Code drug provisions). Trafficking carries imprisonment; the precise article and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. Cannabis is a controlled drug under the same law, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Gabon

Legal status: Not confirmed — Gabon's Penal Code drug provisions (loi sur les stupéfiants) is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for cathinone in Gabon is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Gabon's drug schedule; Gabon's Penal Code drug provisions (loi sur les stupéfiants) is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Gabon, drugs fall under the Penal Code drug provisions (loi sur les stupéfiants). Trafficking carries imprisonment; the precise article and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Gabon, drugs fall under the Penal Code drug provisions (loi sur les stupéfiants). Trafficking carries imprisonment; the precise article and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. Cannabis is a controlled drug under the same law, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Guinea

Legal status: Not confirmed — Guinea's drug-control law (Loi L/2016/035/AN; Loi sur le contrôle des drogues) is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for cathinone in Guinea is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Guinea's drug schedule; Guinea's drug-control law (Loi L/2016/035/AN; Loi sur le contrôle des drogues) is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Guinea, drugs fall under the national drug-control law (Loi L/2016/035/AN; Loi sur le contrôle des drogues). Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise article and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. A primary statute portal for the current Guinean drug law was not located; this cell is sourced via the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) and the Library of Congress pending a primary portal.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Guinea, drugs fall under the national drug-control law (Loi L/2016/035/AN; Loi sur le contrôle des drogues). Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise article and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. A primary statute portal for the current Guinean drug law was not located; this cell is sourced via the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) and the Library of Congress pending a primary portal. Cannabis is a controlled drug under the same law, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Niger

Legal status: Not confirmed — Niger's drug law (Loi n° 99-42 du 23 septembre 1999 sur la lutte contre la drogue) is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for cathinone in Niger is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Niger's drug schedule; Niger's drug law (Loi n° 99-42 du 23 septembre 1999 sur la lutte contre la drogue) is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Niger, drugs fall under Loi n° 99-42 du 23 septembre 1999 sur la lutte contre la drogue. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise article and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. A primary statute portal for the current Nigerien drug law was not located; this cell is sourced via the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) and the Library of Congress pending a primary portal.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Niger, drugs fall under Loi n° 99-42 du 23 septembre 1999 sur la lutte contre la drogue. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise article and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. A primary statute portal for the current Nigerien drug law was not located; this cell is sourced via the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) and the Library of Congress pending a primary portal. Cannabis is a controlled drug under the same law, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Chad

Legal status: Not confirmed — Chad's drug law (Loi n° 31/PR/2018 / Penal Code drug provisions) is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for cathinone in Chad is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Chad's drug schedule; Chad's drug law (Loi n° 31/PR/2018 / Penal Code drug provisions) is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Chad, drugs fall under Loi n° 31/PR/2018 together with the Penal Code drug provisions. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise article and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. A primary statute portal for the current Chadian drug law was not located; this cell is sourced via the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) and the Library of Congress pending a primary portal.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Chad, drugs fall under Loi n° 31/PR/2018 together with the Penal Code drug provisions. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise article and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. A primary statute portal for the current Chadian drug law was not located; this cell is sourced via the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) and the Library of Congress pending a primary portal. Cannabis is a controlled drug under the same law, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Central African Republic

Legal status: Not confirmed — the Central African Republic's Penal Code drug provisions (national drug law) is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for cathinone in the Central African Republic is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against the Central African Republic's drug schedule; the Central African Republic's Penal Code drug provisions (national drug law) is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In the Central African Republic, drugs fall under the Penal Code drug provisions / national drug law. Trafficking carries imprisonment; the precise article and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. A primary statute portal for the current Central African drug law was not located; this cell is sourced via the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) and the Library of Congress pending a primary portal.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In the Central African Republic, drugs fall under the Penal Code drug provisions / national drug law. Trafficking carries imprisonment; the precise article and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. A primary statute portal for the current Central African drug law was not located; this cell is sourced via the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) and the Library of Congress pending a primary portal. Cannabis is a controlled drug under the same law, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Liberia

Legal status: Not confirmed — the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act 2014 (as amended in 2022) is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for cathinone in Liberia is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Liberia's drug schedule; the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act 2014 (as amended in 2022) is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Liberia, drugs fall under the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act 2014, as amended in 2022 to reclassify drug offences as a first-degree felony. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. Liberia retains the death penalty in law for the gravest non-drug crimes (it has not carried out an execution in decades and has acceded to the Second Optional Protocol to the ICCPR), but its drug legislation does not provide a death penalty — the maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Liberia, drugs fall under the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act 2014, as amended in 2022 to reclassify drug offences as a first-degree felony. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. Liberia retains the death penalty in law for the gravest non-drug crimes (it has not carried out an execution in decades and has acceded to the Second Optional Protocol to the ICCPR), but its drug legislation does not provide a death penalty — the maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. Cannabis is a controlled drug under the same Act, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Equatorial Guinea

Legal status: Not confirmed — Equatorial Guinea's Penal Code 2022 drug provisions (national drug law) is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for cathinone in Equatorial Guinea is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Equatorial Guinea's drug schedule; Equatorial Guinea's Penal Code 2022 drug provisions (national drug law) is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Equatorial Guinea, drugs fall under the Penal Code 2022 drug provisions / national drug law. Trafficking carries imprisonment; the precise article and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. A primary statute portal for the current Equatoguinean drug law was not located; this cell is sourced via the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) and the Library of Congress pending a primary portal.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Equatorial Guinea, drugs fall under the Penal Code 2022 drug provisions / national drug law. Trafficking carries imprisonment; the precise article and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. A primary statute portal for the current Equatoguinean drug law was not located; this cell is sourced via the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) and the Library of Congress pending a primary portal. Cannabis is a controlled drug under the same law, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Guinea-Bissau

Legal status: Not confirmed — Guinea-Bissau's drug-control law (Lei n.º 7/2008) is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for cathinone in Guinea-Bissau is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Guinea-Bissau's drug schedule; Guinea-Bissau's drug-control law (Lei n.º 7/2008) is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Guinea-Bissau, drugs fall under Lei n.º 7/2008 (the national drug-control law); the country is a known trans-shipment state. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise article and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. A primary statute portal for the current Bissau-Guinean drug law was not located; this cell is sourced via the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) and the Library of Congress pending a primary portal.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Guinea-Bissau, drugs fall under Lei n.º 7/2008 (the national drug-control law); the country is a known trans-shipment state. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise article and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. A primary statute portal for the current Bissau-Guinean drug law was not located; this cell is sourced via the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) and the Library of Congress pending a primary portal. Cannabis is a controlled drug under the same law, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Comoros

Legal status: Not confirmed — Comoros' national drug law (Penal Code drug provisions) is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for cathinone in Comoros is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Comoros' drug schedule; Comoros' national drug law (Penal Code drug provisions) is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Comoros, drugs fall under the Penal Code drug provisions / national drug law. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise article and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. A primary statute portal for the current Comorian drug law was not located; this cell is sourced via the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) and the Library of Congress pending a primary portal.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Comoros, drugs fall under the Penal Code drug provisions / national drug law. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise article and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. A primary statute portal for the current Comorian drug law was not located; this cell is sourced via the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) and the Library of Congress pending a primary portal. Cannabis is a controlled drug under the same law, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

South Sudan

Legal status: Not confirmed — the Penal Code Act, 2008 (South Sudan) is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for cathinone in South Sudan is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against South Sudan's drug schedule; the Penal Code Act, 2008 (South Sudan) is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In South Sudan, drugs fall under the Penal Code Act, 2008. Under the Penal Code Act 2008, high-level/aggravated drug trafficking is a capital offence — the Penal Code enumerates the offences punishable by death, which include high-level drug trafficking alongside murder, treason and terrorism resulting in death; lower-level drug offences and personal-use possession carry imprisonment and/or a fine. South Sudan actively carries out executions (140+ between 2011 and 2018, with 300+ reported on death row), and a death sentence must be confirmed by the President and the Supreme Court. The specific Penal Code article for the drug capital provision is left to confirmation against the current Penal Code; the capital-for-high-level-trafficking assertion itself stands.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In South Sudan, drugs fall under the Penal Code Act, 2008. Under the Penal Code Act 2008, high-level/aggravated drug trafficking is a capital offence — the Penal Code enumerates the offences punishable by death, which include high-level drug trafficking alongside murder, treason and terrorism resulting in death; lower-level drug offences and personal-use possession carry imprisonment and/or a fine. South Sudan actively carries out executions (140+ between 2011 and 2018, with 300+ reported on death row), and a death sentence must be confirmed by the President and the Supreme Court. The specific Penal Code article for the drug capital provision is left to confirmation against the current Penal Code; the capital-for-high-level-trafficking assertion itself stands. Cannabis is a controlled drug under the same Penal Code, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Vanuatu

Legal status: Not confirmed — the Dangerous Drugs Act (Cap. 12) (Vanuatu) is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for cathinone in Vanuatu is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Vanuatu's drug schedule; the Dangerous Drugs Act (Cap. 12) (Vanuatu) is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Vanuatu, drugs fall under the Dangerous Drugs Act (Cap. 12). Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. A primary statute portal for the current Ni-Vanuatu drug law was not located; this cell is sourced via the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) and the Library of Congress pending a primary portal.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Vanuatu, drugs fall under the Dangerous Drugs Act (Cap. 12). Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. A primary statute portal for the current Ni-Vanuatu drug law was not located; this cell is sourced via the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) and the Library of Congress pending a primary portal. Cannabis is a controlled drug under the same Act, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Samoa

Legal status: Not confirmed — the Narcotics Act 1967 (Samoa) is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for cathinone in Samoa is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Samoa's drug schedule; the Narcotics Act 1967 (Samoa) is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Samoa, drugs fall under the Narcotics Act 1967. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. A primary statute portal for the current Samoan drug law was not located; this cell is sourced via the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) and the Library of Congress pending a primary portal.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Samoa, drugs fall under the Narcotics Act 1967. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. A primary statute portal for the current Samoan drug law was not located; this cell is sourced via the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) and the Library of Congress pending a primary portal. Cannabis is a controlled drug under the same Act, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Solomon Islands

Legal status: Not confirmed — the Dangerous Drugs Act (Cap. 98) (Solomon Islands) is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for cathinone in Solomon Islands is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Solomon Islands' drug schedule; the Dangerous Drugs Act (Cap. 98) (Solomon Islands) is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Solomon Islands, drugs fall under the Dangerous Drugs Act (Cap. 98). Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. A primary statute portal for the current Solomon Islands drug law was not located; this cell is sourced via the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) and the Library of Congress pending a primary portal.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Solomon Islands, drugs fall under the Dangerous Drugs Act (Cap. 98). Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. A primary statute portal for the current Solomon Islands drug law was not located; this cell is sourced via the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) and the Library of Congress pending a primary portal. Cannabis is a controlled drug under the same Act, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Andorra

Legal status: Not confirmed — Andorra's Penal Code (Codi Penal) drug-trafficking provisions is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for cathinone in Andorra is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Andorra's drug schedule; Andorra's Penal Code (Codi Penal) drug-trafficking provisions is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Andorra, drugs fall under the Penal Code (Codi Penal) drug-trafficking provisions. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise article and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. A primary statute portal for the current Andorran drug law was not located; this cell is sourced via the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) and the Library of Congress pending a primary portal.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Andorra, drugs fall under the Penal Code (Codi Penal) drug-trafficking provisions. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise article and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. A primary statute portal for the current Andorran drug law was not located; this cell is sourced via the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) and the Library of Congress pending a primary portal. Cannabis is a controlled drug under the same Penal Code provisions, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Monaco

Legal status: Not confirmed — Monaco's drug law (Penal Code / Loi sur les stupéfiants) is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for cathinone in Monaco is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Monaco's drug schedule; Monaco's drug law (Penal Code / Loi sur les stupéfiants) is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Monaco, drugs fall under the Penal Code together with the Loi sur les stupéfiants. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise article and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. A primary statute portal for the current Monégasque drug law was not located; this cell is sourced via the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) and the Library of Congress pending a primary portal.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Monaco, drugs fall under the Penal Code together with the Loi sur les stupéfiants. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise article and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. A primary statute portal for the current Monégasque drug law was not located; this cell is sourced via the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) and the Library of Congress pending a primary portal. Cannabis is a controlled drug under the same law, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

San Marino

Legal status: Not confirmed — San Marino's Penal Code drug provisions is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for cathinone in San Marino is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against San Marino's drug schedule; San Marino's Penal Code drug provisions is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In San Marino, drugs fall under the Penal Code drug provisions. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise article and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. A primary statute portal for the current Sammarinese drug law was not located; this cell is sourced via the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) and the Library of Congress pending a primary portal.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In San Marino, drugs fall under the Penal Code drug provisions. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise article and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. A primary statute portal for the current Sammarinese drug law was not located; this cell is sourced via the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) and the Library of Congress pending a primary portal. Cannabis is controlled under the same provisions, with a regulated medical-cannabis regime permitted while recreational supply remains prohibited. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Cook Islands

Legal status: Not confirmed — the Cook Islands' Narcotics and Misuse of Drugs Act 2004 is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for cathinone in the Cook Islands is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against the Cook Islands' drug schedule; the Cook Islands' Narcotics and Misuse of Drugs Act 2004 is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In the Cook Islands, drugs fall under the Narcotics and Misuse of Drugs Act 2004. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise section and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. This cell is sourced via the Pacific Islands Legal Information Institute (paclii.org) with UNODC (unodc.org/cld) and Library of Congress corroboration.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In the Cook Islands, drugs fall under the Narcotics and Misuse of Drugs Act 2004. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise section and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. This cell is sourced via the Pacific Islands Legal Information Institute (paclii.org) with UNODC (unodc.org/cld) and Library of Congress corroboration. Cannabis is a controlled drug under the same Act, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Nauru

Legal status: Not confirmed — Nauru's drug law (Illicit Drugs Control Act 2004 / Crimes Act 2016 drug provisions) is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for cathinone in Nauru is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Nauru's drug schedule; Nauru's drug law (Illicit Drugs Control Act 2004 / Crimes Act 2016 drug provisions) is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Nauru, drugs fall under the Illicit Drugs Control Act 2004 together with the Crimes Act 2016 drug provisions. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise section and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. This cell is sourced via the Pacific Islands Legal Information Institute (paclii.org) with UNODC (unodc.org/cld) and Library of Congress corroboration.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Nauru, drugs fall under the Illicit Drugs Control Act 2004 together with the Crimes Act 2016 drug provisions. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise section and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. This cell is sourced via the Pacific Islands Legal Information Institute (paclii.org) with UNODC (unodc.org/cld) and Library of Congress corroboration. Cannabis is a controlled drug under the same law, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Palau

Legal status: Not confirmed — Palau's National Code Title 34 (Crimes) controlled-substances provisions is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for cathinone in Palau is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Palau's drug schedule; Palau's National Code Title 34 (Crimes) controlled-substances provisions is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Palau, drugs fall under the National Code Title 34 (Crimes) controlled-substances provisions. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise section and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. This cell is sourced via the Pacific Islands Legal Information Institute (paclii.org) with UNODC (unodc.org/cld) and Library of Congress corroboration.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Palau, drugs fall under the National Code Title 34 (Crimes) controlled-substances provisions. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise section and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. This cell is sourced via the Pacific Islands Legal Information Institute (paclii.org) with UNODC (unodc.org/cld) and Library of Congress corroboration. Cannabis is a controlled drug under the same Title 34 provisions, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Tonga

Legal status: Not confirmed — Tonga's Illicit Drugs Control Act (as amended in 2020 and 2021) is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for cathinone in Tonga is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Tonga's drug schedule; Tonga's Illicit Drugs Control Act (as amended in 2020 and 2021) is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Tonga, drugs fall under the Illicit Drugs Control Act, as amended in 2020 and 2021. The 2020 amendment toughened penalties (modelled on New Zealand's drug law); trafficking and serious offences carry up to life imprisonment, and the precise article and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment (up to life). Tonga retains the death penalty in law for murder and treason under the Criminal Offences Act (abolitionist in practice — no execution since 1982), but its drug legislation does NOT provide a death penalty: a 2021 bill to extend the death penalty to serious drug trafficking was debated and REJECTED by the Legislative Assembly (the death-penalty provisions were withdrawn before the Illicit Drugs Control Bill passed 19–0), and a 2004 proposal to add the death penalty for drug possession was likewise defeated. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment (up to life).
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Tonga, drugs fall under the Illicit Drugs Control Act, as amended in 2020 and 2021. The 2020 amendment toughened penalties (modelled on New Zealand's drug law); trafficking and serious offences carry up to life imprisonment, and the precise article and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment (up to life). Tonga retains the death penalty in law for murder and treason under the Criminal Offences Act (abolitionist in practice — no execution since 1982), but its drug legislation does NOT provide a death penalty: a 2021 bill to extend the death penalty to serious drug trafficking was debated and REJECTED by the Legislative Assembly (the death-penalty provisions were withdrawn before the Illicit Drugs Control Bill passed 19–0), and a 2004 proposal to add the death penalty for drug possession was likewise defeated. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment (up to life). [reported, NOT enacted] A 2021 private member's bill proposed a mandatory death sentence for trafficking 5 kg or more of a Class A drug; it was rejected and is NOT law. Verify against the current statute. Cannabis is a controlled drug under the same Act, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

· Updated 2026-07-14

Kiribati

Legal status: Not confirmed — Kiribati's Penal Code / drug-control provisions is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for cathinone in Kiribati is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Kiribati's drug schedule; Kiribati's Penal Code / drug-control provisions is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Kiribati, drugs fall under the Penal Code / drug-control provisions. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise section and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. This cell is sourced via the Pacific Islands Legal Information Institute (paclii.org) with UNODC (unodc.org/cld) and Library of Congress corroboration.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Kiribati, drugs fall under the Penal Code / drug-control provisions. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise section and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. This cell is sourced via the Pacific Islands Legal Information Institute (paclii.org) with UNODC (unodc.org/cld) and Library of Congress corroboration. Cannabis is a controlled drug under the same provisions, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Tuvalu

Legal status: Not confirmed — Tuvalu's Penal Code / drug-control provisions is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for cathinone in Tuvalu is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Tuvalu's drug schedule; Tuvalu's Penal Code / drug-control provisions is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Tuvalu, drugs fall under the Penal Code / drug-control provisions. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise section and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. This cell is sourced via the Pacific Islands Legal Information Institute (paclii.org) with UNODC (unodc.org/cld) and Library of Congress corroboration.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Tuvalu, drugs fall under the Penal Code / drug-control provisions. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise section and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. This cell is sourced via the Pacific Islands Legal Information Institute (paclii.org) with UNODC (unodc.org/cld) and Library of Congress corroboration. Cannabis is a controlled drug under the same provisions, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Marshall Islands

Legal status: Not confirmed — the Marshall Islands Revised Code (Title 25 / controlled-substances provisions) is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for cathinone in the Marshall Islands is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against the Marshall Islands' drug schedule; the Marshall Islands Revised Code (Title 25 / controlled-substances provisions) is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In the Marshall Islands, drugs fall under the Revised Code, Title 25 (controlled-substances provisions). Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise section and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. This cell is sourced via the Pacific Islands Legal Information Institute (paclii.org) with UNODC (unodc.org/cld) and Library of Congress corroboration.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In the Marshall Islands, drugs fall under the Revised Code, Title 25 (controlled-substances provisions). Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise section and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. This cell is sourced via the Pacific Islands Legal Information Institute (paclii.org) with UNODC (unodc.org/cld) and Library of Congress corroboration. Cannabis is a controlled drug under the same Code, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Micronesia

Legal status: Not confirmed — the FSM Code Title 11 (Crimes) / controlled-substances provisions is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for cathinone in Micronesia is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Micronesia's drug schedule; the FSM Code Title 11 (Crimes) / controlled-substances provisions is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Micronesia (the Federated States of Micronesia), drugs fall under the FSM Code, Title 11 (Crimes) / controlled-substances provisions. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise section and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. This cell is sourced via the Pacific Islands Legal Information Institute (paclii.org) with UNODC (unodc.org/cld) and Library of Congress corroboration.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Micronesia (the Federated States of Micronesia), drugs fall under the FSM Code, Title 11 (Crimes) / controlled-substances provisions. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise section and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. This cell is sourced via the Pacific Islands Legal Information Institute (paclii.org) with UNODC (unodc.org/cld) and Library of Congress corroboration. Cannabis is a controlled drug under the same Code, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Suriname

Legal status: Not confirmed — Suriname's drug law (Penal Code / Opium Act — Wet Verdovende Middelen — drug provisions) is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for cathinone in Suriname is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Suriname's drug schedule; Suriname's drug law (Penal Code / Opium Act — Wet Verdovende Middelen — drug provisions) is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Suriname, drugs fall under the Penal Code together with the Opium Act (Wet Verdovende Middelen) drug provisions. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise article and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. A primary statute portal for the current Surinamese drug law was not located; this cell is sourced via the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) and the Library of Congress pending a primary portal.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Suriname, drugs fall under the Penal Code together with the Opium Act (Wet Verdovende Middelen) drug provisions. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise article and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. A primary statute portal for the current Surinamese drug law was not located; this cell is sourced via the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) and the Library of Congress pending a primary portal. Cannabis is a controlled drug under the same law, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

North Korea

Legal status: Not confirmed — the DPRK Criminal Code (2013 revision and later amendments) is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for cathinone in North Korea is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against North Korea's drug schedule; the DPRK Criminal Code (2013 revision and later amendments) is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In North Korea, drugs fall under the Criminal Code of the DPRK (2013 revision and later amendments). The 2013 penal code revision designated illegal drug production a capital offence, and serious drug trafficking and smuggling are treated as grave crimes that can carry the death penalty; lower-level offences carry imprisonment or corrective labour. North Korea is among the small group of states with believed or confirmed drug-related executions in recent years (per the Harm Reduction International Global Overview); independent verification is constrained by extreme state opacity, and the specific Criminal Code article is left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for the gravest drug offences is death. A primary statute portal for DPRK law was not located; this cell is sourced via the Library of Congress Global Legal Monitor (loc.gov) and the UNODC legal database, with Harm Reduction International as a corroborating record.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In North Korea, drugs fall under the Criminal Code of the DPRK (2013 revision and later amendments). The 2013 penal code revision designated illegal drug production a capital offence, and serious drug trafficking and smuggling are treated as grave crimes that can carry the death penalty; lower-level offences carry imprisonment or corrective labour. North Korea is among the small group of states with believed or confirmed drug-related executions in recent years (per the Harm Reduction International Global Overview); independent verification is constrained by extreme state opacity, and the specific Criminal Code article is left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for the gravest drug offences is death. A primary statute portal for DPRK law was not located; this cell is sourced via the Library of Congress Global Legal Monitor (loc.gov) and the UNODC legal database, with Harm Reduction International as a corroborating record. Cannabis is a controlled drug under the same Criminal Code, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

State of Palestine

Legal status: Illegal — cathinone (khat's natural principal alkaloid) is a 1971 Convention SCHEDULE I psychotropic and is caught by the applicable narcotics law (the PA aligns with Israeli control, under which cathinone/cathine are prohibited). Mechanism: 1971 Sch-I transposition, named. As the parent compound it is DISTINCT from the khat PLANT (Catha edulis, not traditionally consumed) and from the synthetic cathinones (mephedrone etc.) that derive from it; cathinone is the named Sch-I alkaloid, cathine the milder metabolite (1971 Schedule III). No realistic capital exposure — the alkaloid sits below any tier.
Consequences if caught: Controlled substance: treated as a scheduled psychotropic drawing imprisonment-level exposure for the alkaloid.
If prescribed / medical: 1971 Schedule I substance with no accepted medical use and no lawful prescription route for the isolated alkaloid.
Documentation: No licit personal-import route for a controlled substance.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Antigua and Barbuda

Legal status: Not confirmed — Antigua and Barbuda's Misuse of Drugs Act is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for cathinone in Antigua and Barbuda is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Antigua and Barbuda's drug schedule; Antigua and Barbuda's Misuse of Drugs Act is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Antigua and Barbuda, drugs fall under Antigua and Barbuda's Misuse of Drugs Act. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise section and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. Antigua and Barbuda retains the death penalty in law for murder (abolitionist in practice — no execution in over a decade), but its drug legislation does not provide a death penalty — the maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. A primary statute portal was not located; this cell is sourced via the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) and the Library of Congress pending a primary portal.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Antigua and Barbuda, drugs fall under Antigua and Barbuda's Misuse of Drugs Act. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise section and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. Antigua and Barbuda retains the death penalty in law for murder (abolitionist in practice — no execution in over a decade), but its drug legislation does not provide a death penalty — the maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. A primary statute portal was not located; this cell is sourced via the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) and the Library of Congress pending a primary portal. Cannabis is a controlled drug under the same Act, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Barbados

Legal status: Not confirmed — Barbados's Drug Abuse (Prevention and Control) Act is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for cathinone in Barbados is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Barbados's drug schedule; Barbados's Drug Abuse (Prevention and Control) Act is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Barbados, drugs fall under Barbados's Drug Abuse (Prevention and Control) Act. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise section and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. Barbados retains the death penalty in law for murder (the mandatory death penalty was struck down in 2018; abolitionist in practice), but its drug legislation does not provide a death penalty — the maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. A primary statute portal was not located; this cell is sourced via the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) and the Library of Congress pending a primary portal.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Barbados, drugs fall under Barbados's Drug Abuse (Prevention and Control) Act. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise section and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. Barbados retains the death penalty in law for murder (the mandatory death penalty was struck down in 2018; abolitionist in practice), but its drug legislation does not provide a death penalty — the maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. A primary statute portal was not located; this cell is sourced via the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) and the Library of Congress pending a primary portal. Cannabis is a controlled drug under the same Act, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Dominica

Legal status: Not confirmed — Dominica's Drugs (Prevention of Misuse) Act is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for cathinone in Dominica is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Dominica's drug schedule; Dominica's Drugs (Prevention of Misuse) Act is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Dominica, drugs fall under Dominica's Drugs (Prevention of Misuse) Act. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise section and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. Dominica retains the death penalty in law for murder (abolitionist in practice), but its drug legislation does not provide a death penalty — the maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. A primary statute portal was not located; this cell is sourced via the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) and the Library of Congress pending a primary portal.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Dominica, drugs fall under Dominica's Drugs (Prevention of Misuse) Act. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise section and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. Dominica retains the death penalty in law for murder (abolitionist in practice), but its drug legislation does not provide a death penalty — the maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. A primary statute portal was not located; this cell is sourced via the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) and the Library of Congress pending a primary portal. Cannabis is a controlled drug under the same Act, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Grenada

Legal status: Not confirmed — Grenada's Drug Abuse (Prevention and Control) Act is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for cathinone in Grenada is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Grenada's drug schedule; Grenada's Drug Abuse (Prevention and Control) Act is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Grenada, drugs fall under Grenada's Drug Abuse (Prevention and Control) Act. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise section and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. Grenada retains the death penalty in law for murder (abolitionist in practice — no execution since 1978), but its drug legislation does not provide a death penalty — the maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. A primary statute portal was not located; this cell is sourced via the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) and the Library of Congress pending a primary portal.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Grenada, drugs fall under Grenada's Drug Abuse (Prevention and Control) Act. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise section and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. Grenada retains the death penalty in law for murder (abolitionist in practice — no execution since 1978), but its drug legislation does not provide a death penalty — the maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. A primary statute portal was not located; this cell is sourced via the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) and the Library of Congress pending a primary portal. Cannabis is a controlled drug under the same Act, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Saint Kitts and Nevis

Legal status: Not confirmed — Saint Kitts and Nevis's Drugs (Prevention and Abatement of the Misuse and Abuse) Act is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for cathinone in Saint Kitts and Nevis is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Saint Kitts and Nevis's drug schedule; Saint Kitts and Nevis's Drugs (Prevention and Abatement of the Misuse and Abuse) Act is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Saint Kitts and Nevis, drugs fall under Saint Kitts and Nevis's Drugs (Prevention and Abatement of the Misuse and Abuse) Act. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise section and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. Saint Kitts and Nevis retains the death penalty in law for murder (abolitionist in practice), but its drug legislation does not provide a death penalty — the maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. A primary statute portal was not located; this cell is sourced via the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) and the Library of Congress pending a primary portal.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Saint Kitts and Nevis, drugs fall under Saint Kitts and Nevis's Drugs (Prevention and Abatement of the Misuse and Abuse) Act. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise section and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. Saint Kitts and Nevis retains the death penalty in law for murder (abolitionist in practice), but its drug legislation does not provide a death penalty — the maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. A primary statute portal was not located; this cell is sourced via the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) and the Library of Congress pending a primary portal. Cannabis is a controlled drug under the same Act, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Saint Lucia

Legal status: Not confirmed — Saint Lucia's Drugs (Prevention of Misuse) Act is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for cathinone in Saint Lucia is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Saint Lucia's drug schedule; Saint Lucia's Drugs (Prevention of Misuse) Act is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Saint Lucia, drugs fall under Saint Lucia's Drugs (Prevention of Misuse) Act. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise section and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. Saint Lucia retains the death penalty in law for murder (abolitionist in practice), but its drug legislation does not provide a death penalty — the maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. A primary statute portal was not located; this cell is sourced via the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) and the Library of Congress pending a primary portal.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Saint Lucia, drugs fall under Saint Lucia's Drugs (Prevention of Misuse) Act. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise section and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. Saint Lucia retains the death penalty in law for murder (abolitionist in practice), but its drug legislation does not provide a death penalty — the maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. A primary statute portal was not located; this cell is sourced via the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) and the Library of Congress pending a primary portal. Cannabis is a controlled drug under the same Act, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

Legal status: Not confirmed — Saint Vincent and the Grenadines' Drugs (Prevention of Misuse) Act is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for cathinone in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Saint Vincent and the Grenadines's drug schedule; Saint Vincent and the Grenadines' Drugs (Prevention of Misuse) Act is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, drugs fall under Saint Vincent and the Grenadines' Drugs (Prevention of Misuse) Act. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise section and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. Saint Vincent and the Grenadines retains the death penalty in law for murder (abolitionist in practice), but its drug legislation does not provide a death penalty — the maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. A primary statute portal was not located; this cell is sourced via the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) and the Library of Congress pending a primary portal.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, drugs fall under Saint Vincent and the Grenadines' Drugs (Prevention of Misuse) Act. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise section and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. Saint Vincent and the Grenadines retains the death penalty in law for murder (abolitionist in practice), but its drug legislation does not provide a death penalty — the maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. A primary statute portal was not located; this cell is sourced via the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) and the Library of Congress pending a primary portal. Cannabis is a controlled drug under the same Act, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Haiti

Legal status: Not confirmed — Haiti's drug-control law / Penal Code drug provisions is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for cathinone in Haiti is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Haiti's drug schedule; Haiti's drug-control law / Penal Code drug provisions is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Haiti, drugs fall under Haiti's drug-control law / Penal Code drug provisions. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise article and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. A primary statute portal was not located; this cell is sourced via the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) and the Library of Congress pending a primary portal.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Haiti, drugs fall under Haiti's drug-control law / Penal Code drug provisions. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise article and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. A primary statute portal was not located; this cell is sourced via the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) and the Library of Congress pending a primary portal. Cannabis is a controlled drug under the same law, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Sao Tome and Principe

Legal status: Not confirmed — Sao Tome and Principe's Lusophone Penal Code / drug-control law is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for cathinone in Sao Tome and Principe is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Sao Tome and Principe's drug schedule; Sao Tome and Principe's Lusophone Penal Code / drug-control law is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Sao Tome and Principe, drugs fall under Sao Tome and Principe's Lusophone Penal Code / drug-control law. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise article and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. A primary statute portal was not located; this cell is sourced via the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) and the Library of Congress pending a primary portal.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Sao Tome and Principe, drugs fall under Sao Tome and Principe's Lusophone Penal Code / drug-control law. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise article and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. A primary statute portal was not located; this cell is sourced via the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) and the Library of Congress pending a primary portal. Cannabis is a controlled drug under the same law, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Holy See

Legal status: Not confirmed — Vatican City State criminal law (Law No. CCXCVII and related) is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for cathinone in the Holy See is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against the Holy See's drug schedule; Vatican City State criminal law (Law No. CCXCVII and related) is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In the Holy See, drugs fall under Vatican City State criminal law (Law No. CCXCVII and related). Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise article and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. Vatican City is a very small jurisdiction with minimal independent drug caselaw; this cell asserts controlled status conservatively, and the precise provision and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current law. A primary statute portal was not located; this cell is sourced via the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) and the Library of Congress pending a primary portal.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In the Holy See, drugs fall under Vatican City State criminal law (Law No. CCXCVII and related). Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise article and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. Vatican City is a very small jurisdiction with minimal independent drug caselaw; this cell asserts controlled status conservatively, and the precise provision and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current law. A primary statute portal was not located; this cell is sourced via the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) and the Library of Congress pending a primary portal. Cannabis is a controlled drug under the same law, with no legal recreational or medical regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Puerto Rico (US)

Legal status: Not confirmed — Puerto Rico's Controlled Substances Act (Ley de Sustancias Controladas de Puerto Rico, 24 LPRA) is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for cathinone in Puerto Rico is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Puerto Rico's drug schedule; Puerto Rico's Controlled Substances Act (Ley de Sustancias Controladas de Puerto Rico, 24 LPRA) is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Puerto Rico, drugs fall under the Controlled Substances Act of Puerto Rico (Ley de Sustancias Controladas de Puerto Rico, 24 LPRA) — the territory's own statute, distinct from the US federal Controlled Substances Act. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise article and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. This cell is sourced via the Library of Congress and the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) pending a clean territory-primary statute portal.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Puerto Rico, drugs fall under the Controlled Substances Act of Puerto Rico (Ley de Sustancias Controladas de Puerto Rico, 24 LPRA) — the territory's own statute, distinct from the US federal Controlled Substances Act. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise article and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. This cell is sourced via the Library of Congress and the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) pending a clean territory-primary statute portal. Cannabis is controlled under the same Act with a regulated medical-cannabis exception: medical cannabis is legal for registered patients under Puerto Rico's 2015 medical-cannabis law, while recreational use, sale and cultivation remain prohibited. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Guam (US)

Legal status: Not confirmed — Guam's Uniform Controlled Substances Act (9 GCA Chapter 67) is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for cathinone in Guam is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Guam's drug schedule; Guam's Uniform Controlled Substances Act (9 GCA Chapter 67) is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Guam, drugs fall under the Guam Uniform Controlled Substances Act (9 GCA Chapter 67) — the territory's own statute. Trafficking and unlicensed supply carry imprisonment together with a fine; the precise section and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. This cell is sourced via the Guam Compiler of Laws (guamcourts.gov) with Library of Congress corroboration.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Guam, drugs fall under the Guam Uniform Controlled Substances Act (9 GCA Chapter 67) — the territory's own statute. Trafficking and unlicensed supply carry imprisonment together with a fine; the precise section and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. This cell is sourced via the Guam Compiler of Laws (guamcourts.gov) with Library of Congress corroboration. Cannabis is treated differently from other controlled drugs: it is legal for adults 21 and over under the Guam Cannabis Industry Act of 2019, alongside the medical-cannabis programme (Public Law 34-80), with a regulated retail market; sale outside the licensed system remains an offence. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

U.S. Virgin Islands (US)

Legal status: Not confirmed — the U.S. Virgin Islands Code (Title 19) controlled-substances provisions is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for cathinone in the U.S. Virgin Islands is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against the U.S. Virgin Islands' drug schedule; the U.S. Virgin Islands Code (Title 19) controlled-substances provisions is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In the U.S. Virgin Islands, drugs fall under the Virgin Islands Code (Title 19) controlled-substances provisions — the territory's own statute. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise section and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. This cell is sourced via the Library of Congress and the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) pending a clean territory-primary statute portal.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In the U.S. Virgin Islands, drugs fall under the Virgin Islands Code (Title 19) controlled-substances provisions — the territory's own statute. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise section and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. This cell is sourced via the Library of Congress and the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) pending a clean territory-primary statute portal. Cannabis is treated differently from other controlled drugs: medical cannabis is legal under the Virgin Islands Medical Cannabis Patient Care Act (2019) and personal-possession of small amounts has been decriminalized, while non-medical sale and cultivation remain prohibited. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Northern Mariana Islands (US)

Legal status: Not confirmed — the Northern Mariana Islands' Commonwealth controlled-substances code is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for cathinone in the Northern Mariana Islands is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against the Northern Mariana Islands' drug schedule; the Northern Mariana Islands' Commonwealth controlled-substances code is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In the Northern Mariana Islands, drugs fall under the Commonwealth's own controlled-substances code. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise section and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. This cell is sourced via the Library of Congress and the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) pending a clean territory-primary statute portal.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In the Northern Mariana Islands, drugs fall under the Commonwealth's own controlled-substances code. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise section and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. This cell is sourced via the Library of Congress and the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) pending a clean territory-primary statute portal. Cannabis is treated differently from other controlled drugs: it is legal for adults 21 and over under the Taulamwaar Sensible CNMI Cannabis Act of 2018, which authorizes personal possession, cultivation and a regulated adult-use market; no separate medical-cannabis programme is authorized, and sale outside the licensed system remains an offence. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

American Samoa (US)

Legal status: Not confirmed — the American Samoa Code Annotated (Title 13) controlled-substances provisions is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for cathinone in American Samoa is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against American Samoa's drug schedule; the American Samoa Code Annotated (Title 13) controlled-substances provisions is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In American Samoa, drugs fall under the American Samoa Code Annotated (Title 13) controlled-substances provisions — the territory's own statute, among the harshest of any US jurisdiction. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise section and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. This cell is sourced via the Library of Congress and the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) pending a clean territory-primary statute portal.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In American Samoa, drugs fall under the American Samoa Code Annotated (Title 13) controlled-substances provisions — the territory's own statute, among the harshest of any US jurisdiction. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise section and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. This cell is sourced via the Library of Congress and the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) pending a clean territory-primary statute portal. Cannabis is a controlled drug under the same Title 13 provisions, fully prohibited with no medical or recreational regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Bermuda (UK)

Legal status: Not confirmed — Bermuda's Misuse of Drugs Act 1972 (as amended) is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for cathinone in Bermuda is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Bermuda's drug schedule; Bermuda's Misuse of Drugs Act 1972 (as amended) is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Bermuda, drugs fall under the Misuse of Drugs Act 1972 (as amended) — Bermuda's own statute. Supply, cultivation and trafficking carry imprisonment together with a fine; the precise section and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. This cell is sourced via the Bermuda statute portal (bpa.bm) with Library of Congress corroboration.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Bermuda, drugs fall under the Misuse of Drugs Act 1972 (as amended) — Bermuda's own statute. Supply, cultivation and trafficking carry imprisonment together with a fine; the precise section and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. This cell is sourced via the Bermuda statute portal (bpa.bm) with Library of Congress corroboration. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Cayman Islands (UK)

Legal status: Not confirmed — the Cayman Islands' Misuse of Drugs Act (2026 Revision) is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for cathinone in the Cayman Islands is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against the Cayman Islands' drug schedule; the Cayman Islands' Misuse of Drugs Act (2026 Revision) is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In the Cayman Islands, drugs fall under the Misuse of Drugs Act (2026 Revision) — the territory's own statute, enforced with a zero-tolerance import policy. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise section and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. This cell is sourced via the Cayman Islands legislation portal (legislation.gov.ky) with Library of Congress corroboration.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In the Cayman Islands, drugs fall under the Misuse of Drugs Act (2026 Revision) — the territory's own statute, enforced with a zero-tolerance import policy. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise section and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. This cell is sourced via the Cayman Islands legislation portal (legislation.gov.ky) with Library of Congress corroboration. Cannabis is treated differently from other controlled drugs: medical cannabis and CBD products are permitted only on local prescription (since 2017), while recreational cannabis is fully prohibited under zero-tolerance enforcement — possession carries a fine up to CI$3,000 and up to 3 years' imprisonment, and importation a fine up to CI$20,000 and up to 7 years on first conviction. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Gibraltar (UK)

Legal status: Not confirmed — Gibraltar's Crimes Act 2011 (drug offences) is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for cathinone in Gibraltar is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Gibraltar's drug schedule; Gibraltar's Crimes Act 2011 (drug offences) is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Gibraltar, drugs fall under the Crimes Act 2011 (drug offences) — Gibraltar's own statute. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise section and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. This cell is sourced via the Gibraltar Laws portal (gibraltarlaws.gov.gi) with Library of Congress corroboration.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Gibraltar, drugs fall under the Crimes Act 2011 (drug offences) — Gibraltar's own statute. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise section and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. This cell is sourced via the Gibraltar Laws portal (gibraltarlaws.gov.gi) with Library of Congress corroboration. Cannabis is treated differently from other controlled drugs: recreational cannabis is illegal, while medical cannabis has been permitted since October 2019 under prescription; sale and cultivation outside the medical framework remain prohibited. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

British Virgin Islands (UK)

Legal status: Not confirmed — the British Virgin Islands' Drugs (Prevention of Misuse) Act is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for cathinone in the British Virgin Islands is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against the British Virgin Islands' drug schedule; the British Virgin Islands' Drugs (Prevention of Misuse) Act is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In the British Virgin Islands, drugs fall under the Drugs (Prevention of Misuse) Act — the territory's own statute. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise section and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. This cell is sourced via the BVI Financial Services Commission legislation portal (bvifsc.vg) with Library of Congress corroboration.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In the British Virgin Islands, drugs fall under the Drugs (Prevention of Misuse) Act — the territory's own statute. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise section and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. This cell is sourced via the BVI Financial Services Commission legislation portal (bvifsc.vg) with Library of Congress corroboration. Cannabis is treated differently from other controlled drugs: the Cannabis Licensing Act 2020 establishes a regulated cannabis-licensing framework (medical, research and religious use), while unlicensed recreational possession, sale and cultivation remain restricted. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Turks and Caicos Islands (UK)

Legal status: Not confirmed — the Turks and Caicos Islands' Control of Drugs Ordinance is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for cathinone in the Turks and Caicos Islands is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against the Turks and Caicos Islands' drug schedule; the Turks and Caicos Islands' Control of Drugs Ordinance is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In the Turks and Caicos Islands, drugs fall under the Control of Drugs Ordinance — the territory's own statute. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise section and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. This cell is sourced via the Library of Congress and the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) pending a clean territory-primary statute portal.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In the Turks and Caicos Islands, drugs fall under the Control of Drugs Ordinance — the territory's own statute. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise section and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. This cell is sourced via the Library of Congress and the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) pending a clean territory-primary statute portal. Cannabis and cannabis resin are Class B controlled drugs (Part II) under the same Ordinance, fully prohibited with no medical or recreational regime. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Jersey (UK Crown Dependency)

Legal status: Not confirmed — the Misuse of Drugs (Jersey) Law 1978 is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for cathinone in Jersey is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Jersey's drug schedule; the Misuse of Drugs (Jersey) Law 1978 is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Jersey, drugs fall under the Misuse of Drugs (Jersey) Law 1978 — the Bailiwick's own statute, built on the UK-model Class A/B/C system. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise article and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. This cell is sourced via the Jersey Legal Information Board (jerseylaw.je) with Library of Congress corroboration.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Jersey, drugs fall under the Misuse of Drugs (Jersey) Law 1978 — the Bailiwick's own statute, built on the UK-model Class A/B/C system. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise article and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. This cell is sourced via the Jersey Legal Information Board (jerseylaw.je) with Library of Congress corroboration. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Guernsey (UK Crown Dependency)

Legal status: Not confirmed — the Misuse of Drugs (Bailiwick of Guernsey) Law 1974 is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for cathinone in Guernsey is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Guernsey's drug schedule; the Misuse of Drugs (Bailiwick of Guernsey) Law 1974 is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Guernsey, drugs fall under the Misuse of Drugs (Bailiwick of Guernsey) Law 1974 — the Bailiwick's own statute, built on the UK-model Class A/B/C system. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise article and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. This cell is sourced via Guernsey Legal Resources (guernseylegalresources.gg) with Library of Congress corroboration.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Guernsey, drugs fall under the Misuse of Drugs (Bailiwick of Guernsey) Law 1974 — the Bailiwick's own statute, built on the UK-model Class A/B/C system. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise article and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. This cell is sourced via Guernsey Legal Resources (guernseylegalresources.gg) with Library of Congress corroboration. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Isle of Man (UK Crown Dependency)

Legal status: Not confirmed — the Isle of Man's Misuse of Drugs Act is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for cathinone in the Isle of Man is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against the Isle of Man's drug schedule; the Isle of Man's Misuse of Drugs Act is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In the Isle of Man, drugs fall under the Island's own Misuse of Drugs Act, which replicates the UK Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (Schedule 2 Classes A/B/C, administered by the Island's own ACMD). Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise section and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. This cell is sourced via the Isle of Man Government legislation portal (gov.im) with Library of Congress corroboration.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In the Isle of Man, drugs fall under the Island's own Misuse of Drugs Act, which replicates the UK Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (Schedule 2 Classes A/B/C, administered by the Island's own ACMD). Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise section and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. This cell is sourced via the Isle of Man Government legislation portal (gov.im) with Library of Congress corroboration. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Montserrat (UK)

Legal status: Not confirmed — Montserrat's Drugs (Prevention of Misuse) Act is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for cathinone in Montserrat is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Montserrat's drug schedule; Montserrat's Drugs (Prevention of Misuse) Act is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Montserrat, drugs fall under the Drugs (Prevention of Misuse) Act/Ordinance — a UK-model statute. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise section and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. This cell is sourced via the Library of Congress and the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) pending a clean territory-primary statute portal.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Montserrat, drugs fall under the Drugs (Prevention of Misuse) Act/Ordinance — a UK-model statute. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise section and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. This cell is sourced via the Library of Congress and the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) pending a clean territory-primary statute portal. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Anguilla (UK)

Legal status: Not confirmed — the Misuse of Drugs Act (Anguilla) is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for cathinone in Anguilla is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Anguilla's drug schedule; the Misuse of Drugs Act (Anguilla) is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Anguilla, drugs fall under the Misuse of Drugs Act (Anguilla) — a UK-model statute. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise section and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. This cell is sourced via the Library of Congress and the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) pending a clean territory-primary statute portal.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Anguilla, drugs fall under the Misuse of Drugs Act (Anguilla) — a UK-model statute. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise section and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current statute. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. This cell is sourced via the Library of Congress and the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) pending a clean territory-primary statute portal. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Aruba (Netherlands)

Legal status: Not confirmed — Aruba's Criminal Code and narcotics (opium) ordinance is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for cathinone in Aruba is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Aruba's drug schedule; Aruba's Criminal Code and narcotics (opium) ordinance is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Aruba, drugs fall under Aruba's own Criminal Code and narcotics (opium) ordinance — Aruba has been an autonomous country within the Kingdom of the Netherlands since 1986 and, unlike the European Netherlands, operates NO coffeeshop tolerance. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise provision and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current law. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. This cell is sourced via the Library of Congress and the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) pending a clean territory-primary statute portal.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Aruba, drugs fall under Aruba's own Criminal Code and narcotics (opium) ordinance — Aruba has been an autonomous country within the Kingdom of the Netherlands since 1986 and, unlike the European Netherlands, operates NO coffeeshop tolerance. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise provision and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current law. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. This cell is sourced via the Library of Congress and the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) pending a clean territory-primary statute portal. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Curaçao (Netherlands)

Legal status: Not confirmed — Curaçao's Opium Ordinance is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for cathinone in Curaçao is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Curaçao's drug schedule; Curaçao's Opium Ordinance is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Curaçao, drugs fall under Curaçao's own Opium Ordinance — distinct from the European Netherlands' tolerance regime. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine, and cocaine/heroin/MDMA offences draw severe sentences; the precise provision and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current ordinance. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. This cell is sourced via the Library of Congress and the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) pending a clean territory-primary statute portal.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Curaçao, drugs fall under Curaçao's own Opium Ordinance — distinct from the European Netherlands' tolerance regime. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine, and cocaine/heroin/MDMA offences draw severe sentences; the precise provision and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current ordinance. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. This cell is sourced via the Library of Congress and the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) pending a clean territory-primary statute portal. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Sint Maarten (Netherlands)

Legal status: Not confirmed — Sint Maarten's Opium National Ordinance of 1960 is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for cathinone in Sint Maarten is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Sint Maarten's drug schedule; Sint Maarten's Opium National Ordinance of 1960 is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Sint Maarten, drugs fall under the Opium National Ordinance of 1960, covering both hard and soft drugs. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise provision and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current ordinance. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. This cell is sourced via the Library of Congress and the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) pending a clean territory-primary statute portal.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Sint Maarten, drugs fall under the Opium National Ordinance of 1960, covering both hard and soft drugs. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise provision and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current ordinance. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. This cell is sourced via the Library of Congress and the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) pending a clean territory-primary statute portal. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

French Polynesia (France)

Legal status: Not confirmed — the French Code de la santé publique (narcotics provisions) as applied in French Polynesia is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for cathinone in French Polynesia is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against French Polynesia's drug schedule; the French Code de la santé publique (narcotics provisions) as applied in French Polynesia is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In French Polynesia, drugs fall under the French Code de la santé publique (narcotics provisions) as applied in the territory (with local island variation in enforcement). Trafficking carries up to 30 years' imprisonment and a fine up to EUR 150,000 under the French penalty structure; the precise classification is left to confirmation against the current Code. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. This cell is sourced via Légifrance (legifrance.gouv.fr) and the Library of Congress with UNODC corroboration.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In French Polynesia, drugs fall under the French Code de la santé publique (narcotics provisions) as applied in the territory (with local island variation in enforcement). Trafficking carries up to 30 years' imprisonment and a fine up to EUR 150,000 under the French penalty structure; the precise classification is left to confirmation against the current Code. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. This cell is sourced via Légifrance (legifrance.gouv.fr) and the Library of Congress with UNODC corroboration. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

New Caledonia (France)

Legal status: Not confirmed — the French Code de la santé publique (narcotics provisions) as applied in New Caledonia is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for cathinone in New Caledonia is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against New Caledonia's drug schedule; the French Code de la santé publique (narcotics provisions) as applied in New Caledonia is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In New Caledonia, drugs fall under the French Code de la santé publique (narcotics provisions) as applied in the territory. Trafficking carries up to 30 years' imprisonment and a fine up to EUR 150,000 under the French penalty structure; the precise classification is left to confirmation against the current Code. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. This cell is sourced via the Library of Congress and the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) pending a clean territory-primary statute portal.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In New Caledonia, drugs fall under the French Code de la santé publique (narcotics provisions) as applied in the territory. Trafficking carries up to 30 years' imprisonment and a fine up to EUR 150,000 under the French penalty structure; the precise classification is left to confirmation against the current Code. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. This cell is sourced via the Library of Congress and the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) pending a clean territory-primary statute portal. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Caribbean Netherlands (BES)

Legal status: Not confirmed — the BES narcotics law (the old-Antillean Opium Ordinance applied through the WvS-BES penal framework) is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for cathinone in the Caribbean Netherlands (BES) is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against the Caribbean Netherlands' drug schedule; the BES narcotics law (the old-Antillean Opium Ordinance applied through the WvS-BES penal framework) is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In the Caribbean Netherlands (Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba — the BES islands), drugs fall under the old-Antillean narcotics law applied through the WvS-BES penal framework, NOT the European Netherlands' Opium-Act tolerance — penalties are HARSHER than in the European Netherlands. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise instrument and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current law. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. This cell is sourced via the Library of Congress and the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) pending a clean territory-primary statute portal.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In the Caribbean Netherlands (Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba — the BES islands), drugs fall under the old-Antillean narcotics law applied through the WvS-BES penal framework, NOT the European Netherlands' Opium-Act tolerance — penalties are HARSHER than in the European Netherlands. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise instrument and penalty terms are left to confirmation against the current law. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. This cell is sourced via the Library of Congress and the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) pending a clean territory-primary statute portal. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Aceh (Indonesia)

Legal status: Controlled — cathinone (katinona; khat's natural principal alkaloid) is a 1971 Convention SCHEDULE I psychotropic and is a Golongan I narcotic under the NATIONAL Law 35/2009, which governs narcotics in Aceh. Mechanism: 1971 Sch-I transposition, named (national law). As the parent compound it is DISTINCT from the khat PLANT (Catha edulis, not named) and from the synthetic cathinones (mephedrone etc., Golongan I) that derive from it; cathinone is the named Golongan-I alkaloid, cathine the milder metabolite (1971 Schedule III). The Aceh Qanun Jinayat (Sharia) covers only khamr, gambling and khalwat — NOT narcotics — so capital exposure runs through the same national arts. 113-114 as the rest of Indonesia.
Consequences if caught: Golongan I under national law: large-quantity trafficking/manufacture of the alkaloid is capital (arts. 113-114); Sharia caning applies to alcohol, not cathinone. Extreme risk.
If prescribed / medical: 1971 Schedule I / Golongan-I narcotic with no accepted medical use and no lawful prescription route for the isolated alkaloid.
Documentation: No licit personal-carry or import route; Golongan I trafficking of the alkaloid carries death exposure.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Faroe Islands (Denmark)

Legal status: Not confirmed — the Faroe Islands' own narcotics-control framework is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for cathinone in the Faroe Islands is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against the Faroe Islands' drug schedule; the Faroe Islands' own narcotics-control framework is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In the Faroe Islands, drugs fall under the Faroe Islands' own narcotics-control and customs-enforcement framework — the Faroes self-govern health and justice and operate a drug-control regime distinct from Denmark. The specific consolidating statute is left to confirmation against current Faroese law. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. This cell is sourced via the Faroese Government portal (government.fo) and the Library of Congress with UNODC corroboration.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In the Faroe Islands, drugs fall under the Faroe Islands' own narcotics-control and customs-enforcement framework — the Faroes self-govern health and justice and operate a drug-control regime distinct from Denmark. The specific consolidating statute is left to confirmation against current Faroese law. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. This cell is sourced via the Faroese Government portal (government.fo) and the Library of Congress with UNODC corroboration. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Falkland Islands (UK)

Legal status: Not confirmed — the Falkland Islands' own misuse-of-drugs / crimes ordinance framework is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for cathinone in the Falkland Islands is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against the Falkland Islands' drug schedule; the Falkland Islands' own misuse-of-drugs / crimes ordinance framework is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In the Falkland Islands, drugs fall under the Islands' own misuse-of-drugs / crimes ordinance framework, built on the UK model. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise ordinance and penalty terms are left to confirmation against current Falkland Islands law. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. This cell is sourced via the Library of Congress and the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) pending a clean territory-primary statute portal.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In the Falkland Islands, drugs fall under the Islands' own misuse-of-drugs / crimes ordinance framework, built on the UK model. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise ordinance and penalty terms are left to confirmation against current Falkland Islands law. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. This cell is sourced via the Library of Congress and the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) pending a clean territory-primary statute portal. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Saint Helena (UK)

Legal status: Not confirmed — Saint Helena's misuse-of-drugs ordinance is the governing drug law; the specific scheduling/penalty for cathinone in Saint Helena is not confirmed here. Verify against the current schedule.
Consequences if caught: This specific substance was not individually verified against Saint Helena's drug schedule; Saint Helena's misuse-of-drugs ordinance is the governing law. Do NOT assume it is permitted; verify before travel. In Saint Helena (the territory of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha), drugs fall under Saint Helena's own misuse-of-drugs ordinance, built on the UK model. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise ordinance and penalty terms are left to confirmation against current Saint Helena law. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. This cell is sourced via the Library of Congress and the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) pending a clean territory-primary statute portal.
If prescribed / medical: If a controlled medicine, carry the prescription and confirm with your embassy (see documentation).
Documentation: In Saint Helena (the territory of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha), drugs fall under Saint Helena's own misuse-of-drugs ordinance, built on the UK model. Trafficking carries imprisonment together with a fine; the precise ordinance and penalty terms are left to confirmation against current Saint Helena law. The maximum penalty for a drug offence is imprisonment. This cell is sourced via the Library of Congress and the UNODC legal database (unodc.org/cld) pending a clean territory-primary statute portal. Carry any controlled medicine with its prescription and confirm requirements with your embassy before travel.

Source · Updated 2026-07-14

Last updated: 2026-07-14

Loading international legality & penalties…

Drug laws and enforcement change and vary by country. This is not legal advice. Always confirm with the destination’s embassy or official drug authority before traveling — penalties can be severe, including imprisonment.

Before you travel

Verify current rules with the destination country’s official drug authorityand your own country’s embassy before traveling. Find the destination’s U.S. embassy & official country guidance →
Non-U.S. travelers: check your own government’s travel advisory and embassy.

If you’re detained or arrested abroad

Contact your own country’s embassy or consulatein the destination immediately — notthe destination’s authorities. U.S. citizens: contact the nearest U.S. embassy/consulate and the U.S. State Department at +1-202-501-4444 (from abroad). If a U.S. citizen is arrested or detained abroad →

Images

Visual references coming soon.

If it’s too intense

If an experience becomes overwhelming, the goal is to stay safe and let it pass — most difficult experiences ease as the drug wears off.

Get to a calm, safe space with someone you trust who is sober and can stay with you.
Cool down if you’re overheating — move somewhere cool, remove extra layers, rest. Overheating is especially a risk with stimulants and MDMA.
Sip water to thirst — but don’t over-hydrate. Drinking large amounts of plain water (especially after MDMA) can dangerously dilute your blood sodium (hyponatremia). Electrolytes help more than volume.
Slow your breathing — long, slow exhales help settle a racing heart and anxiety.
A sugary drink, fruit juice, or a snack can ease shakiness and the anxiety that comes with low blood sugar.
Do not take more, and do not add another substance to manage it. Redosing or adding something else (including a sedative like a benzodiazepine) can make things worse, not better.

With stimulants, overheating and a racing heart are the main concerns — get somewhere cool, stop any physical activity, and don't take more.

Call 911 (or Poison Control, 1-800-222-1222) right away for chest pain, a very high body temperature, a seizure, unconsciousness, or severe confusion. These are medical emergencies, not something to wait out.

Source: general harm-reduction guidance from SAMHSA, NIH/NIDA, and MedlinePlus, in our own words. Draft — not yet medically reviewed.

Forensic dossier

Draft · every field is source-cited or marked “Unknown — pending review”

Identity

PubChem CID: 62258PubChem PUG-REST ↗ · retrieved 2026-06-18
IUPAC name: (2S)-2-amino-1-phenylpropan-1-onePubChem PUG-REST ↗ · retrieved 2026-06-18
Molecular formula: C9H11NOPubChem PUG-REST ↗ · retrieved 2026-06-18
SMILES: C[C@@H](C(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1)NPubChem PUG-REST ↗ · retrieved 2026-06-18
InChIKey: PUAQLLVFLMYYJJ-ZETCQYMHSA-NPubChem PUG-REST ↗ · retrieved 2026-06-18
Synonyms / aliases: khat, qat, Cathinone, Norephedrone, d-Cathinone, Catinona, Cathinonum, alpha-Aminopropiophenone, S-(-)-cathinone, (-)-alpha-Aminopropiophenone, Cathinine, 1-propanone, 2-amino-1-phenylPubChem PUG-REST + seed aliases ↗ · retrieved 2026-06-18

Composition

Composition: N/A — single compound (see Identity)

Physical / pill characteristics

Dosage form: Unknown — pending review (no Rx/OTC label; illicit — pill visuals = FIRST-PARTY submissions only, never generated or scraped)
Route: Unknown — pending review
Shape: Unknown — pending review
Color: Unknown — pending review
Imprint: Unknown — pending review
Score: Unknown — pending review

Scheduling & legal status

US schedule: Unknown — pending review
International: Unknown — pending review

Effects, risks & interactions

Effects: Cathinone is the natural stimulant alkaloid found in the leaves of the khat plant — the parent compound from which the synthetic cathinones ("bath salts") are chemically derived. Chewed fresh as khat, a practice traditional for centuries in parts of East Africa and the Arabian Peninsula, it produces a mild, amphetamine-like stimulation: alertness, talkativeness, mild euphoria and appetite suppression. The compound is chemically unstable and breaks down as the leaf dries, which is why khat is chewed fresh.PubChem CID 62258 + NIDA Synthetic Cathinones (khat context) ↗ · retrieved 2026-06-18
Risks: Cathinone's effects and risks are milder than those of the potent synthetics built from it, but its sympathomimetic action still raises heart rate and blood pressure, and heavy, sustained khat use is linked to cardiovascular strain, dental and oral problems, disturbed sleep and mood, and dependence. As a natural product chewed as plant material of relatively consistent, modest potency, it does not carry the unknown-dose danger of the synthetic powders in the same way — but the synthetic cathinones derived from it (mephedrone, MDPV and others) are far more potent and dangerous, which is precisely why cathinone matters as their chemical starting point.PubChem CID 62258 + NIDA Synthetic Cathinones (khat context) ↗ · retrieved 2026-06-18
Interactions: Unknown — pending review

Dosage

Pending medical reviewer

Sources

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