Is Cannabis / THC legal in United Kingdom?

Also known as: weed, marijuana

Legal status

Controlled as a Class B drug. Part II of Schedule 2 to the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 names it at paragraph 1(a) in the entry «Cannabis and cannabis resin», entered on 26 January 2009 by the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (Amendment) Order 2008, S.I. 2008/3130, whose explanatory note says it reclassifies cannabis and cannabis resin from Class C to Class B; section 37(1) defines cannabis as any plant of the genus Cannabis or any part of it, except mature stalk, fibre from it and seed, and section 2(1)(b) of the Act provides that «the expressions “Class A drug”, “Class B drug” and “Class C drug” mean any of the substances and products for the time being specified respectively in Part I, Part II and Part III of that Schedule». Schedule 2 was read as in force on 2 October 2026 in the legislation.gov.uk revised text, which records no known outstanding effects and incorporates S.I. 2024/1361, in force 15 January 2025; Schedule 2 moves by Order in Council under section 2(2), so this does not rule out a later amendment.

Consequences if caught

Capital exposure: none. No provision of the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971, of the Customs and Excise Management Act 1979 or of the Psychoactive Substances Act 2016 provides a death sentence; the highest punishment in Schedule 4 to the 1971 Act is imprisonment for life. Cannabinol and the cannabinol derivatives, which include THC, are separate Part II entries. This row is Class B, so the Class B drug involved column of Schedule 4 to the 1971 Act governs. Possession, section 5(2), carries on indictment «5 years or a fine, or both.» Tried summarily, Class B possession carries «3 months or £2,500, or both.» Possession with intent to supply, section 5(3), supplying or offering to supply, section 4(3), and production, section 4(2), each carry on indictment «14 years or a fine, or both.» Part I of Schedule 2, paragraph 6, adds to Class A «Any preparation designed for administration by injection which includes a substance or product for the time being specified in any of paragraphs 1 to 3 of Part II of this Schedule.» As the text reads, a preparation of this row designed for administration by injection is therefore a Class A drug, and the Class A column applies to it: «7 years or a fine, or both.» for possession and «Life or a fine, or both.» for supply, production and possession with intent, on indictment. This cell makes no claim about which products are so designed. Sale has no offence of its own: selling is supplying under section 4(3), and trafficking is not a separate offence in the Act, being concerned in another person's supply falling under section 4(3)(b) and (c). Importation and exportation are prohibited by section 3(1) and prosecuted as customs offences under sections 50(3), 68(2) and 170(2) of the Customs and Excise Management Act 1979, which Schedule 1 to that Act punishes for this class «to a penalty of any amount, or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 14 years, or to both». Cultivating any plant of the genus Cannabis is the separate section 6(2) offence, «14 years or a fine, or both.» on indictment. Use is not itself an offence: the Act reaches the user through possession, and its only offence of use is smoking or otherwise using prepared opium under section 9. An occupier who knowingly permits production or supply on premises commits the section 8 offence, also 14 years on indictment. The Act sets no quantity threshold and no statutory presumption of intent to supply; on indictment the fine has no stated maximum and runs with imprisonment or alone, because every band reads «or a fine, or both». Possession of this row is also eligible for a penalty notice for disorder in England and Wales: the table in section 1 of the Criminal Justice and Police Act 2001 lists section 5(2) possession so far as relating to cannabinol, cannabinol derivatives and cannabis, under the description «Possession of cannabis etc». Section 2(1) of that Act lets a constable give the notice only to «a person aged 18 or over», and the penalty is £90: S.I. 2009/83 put the entry in Part 1 of the Schedule to the Penalties for Disorderly Behaviour (Amount of Penalty) Order 2002 under the heading «Offences attracting penalty of £80 for persons aged 16 or over, and £40 for persons under 16», and S.I. 2013/1579 substituted £90 for £80; legislation.gov.uk holds the 2002 Order only as made, so the figure is read from those two amending Orders. Section 118(3) of the Police, Crime, Sentencing and Courts Act 2022 would omit Chapter 1 of Part 1 of the 2001 Act, the penalty notice scheme, but legislation.gov.uk marks it «This version of this provision is prospective.», so the penalty notice stands on 2 October 2026. Section 28 gives a defence of lack of knowledge; under section 28(3) a belief that it was a different controlled drug is no defence unless, had it been that drug, no offence would have been committed. The Psychoactive Substances Act 2016 does not reach it: section 2(1) of that Act confines a psychoactive substance to one that «is not an exempted substance (see section 3).» and Schedule 1 exempts «Controlled drugs (within the meaning of the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971).» The 1971 Act is therefore read first and governs alone.

If prescribed or medical

In England, Wales and Scotland the Misuse of Drugs Regulations 2001 place it in Schedule 1, in the entry «Cannabis (not being the substance specified in paragraph 5 of Part 1 of Schedule 4) and cannabis resin». The patient possession authority in regulation 10(2) reaches only «a person may have in his possession any drug specified in Schedule 2, 3 or Part I of Schedule 4 for administration for medical, dental or veterinary purposes in accordance with the directions of a practitioner», so a Schedule 1 drug has no prescription route; apart from the regulation 6 authorities for police, customs officers, carriers and forensic laboratories acting in their duties, production, supply and possession are lawful only under a Home Office licence under regulation 5. But paragraph 6 of Schedule 1 says «But paragraphs 1 to 5 do not include a cannabis-based product for medicinal use in humans.», and Schedule 2 lists the entry «Cannabis-based product for medicinal use in humans», so a cannabis-based medicine is prescribable under Schedule 2; Part I, paragraph 5 of Schedule 4 holds the licensed mouth spray of cannabis extract approved by the MHRA on 16 June 2010. On Northern Ireland the sources point two ways, and both are quoted. legislation.gov.uk tags every provision of the 2001 Regulations with the extent E+W+S+N.I. 45 such tags in its XML, while the Regulations themselves carry no extent clause; against that tag, their amending Regulations of 2023 and 2024 each state «These Regulations extend to England and Wales and Scotland.», and the 2026 temporary class drug order applies the two codes separately, saying «The Misuse of Drugs Regulations 2001 apply to the substances and products listed in the Schedule to this Order as if those substances and products were specified in Schedule 1 to those Regulations.» and «The Misuse of Drugs Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2002 apply to the substances and products listed in the Schedule to this Order as if those substances and products were specified in Schedule 1 to those Regulations.» Northern Ireland has its own Misuse of Drugs Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2002, S.R. 2002 No. 1. The legislation.gov.uk text of those Regulations states «There are outstanding changes not yet made by the legislation.gov.uk editorial team to The Misuse of Drugs Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2002.», so the Northern Ireland schedule for this row is not given here.

Documentation

The Home Office page Take medicine in or out of the UK, read at https://www.gov.uk/travelling-controlled-drugs on 2 October 2026, states «You cannot bring schedule 1 drugs into the UK without a licence. Licences for schedule 1 drugs are limited to research or other special purposes.» and «You cannot use a Schengen Certificate to bring schedule 1 drugs into the UK.» No prescription, letter or certificate makes carrying it lawful. That bar covers ordinary cannabis. A cannabis-based product for medicinal use, being in Schedule 2, follows the prescribed medicine route instead: The Home Office page Take medicine in or out of the UK, read at https://www.gov.uk/travelling-controlled-drugs on 2 October 2026, says «You must carry medicine containing a controlled drug with you in your hand luggage when entering or leaving the UK.» A visitor who is not resident needs a letter of proof that the medicine was prescribed for them, giving the traveller's name, travel dates, the medicines with quantity, dose and strength, and the prescriber's signature, and the page adds «You can only bring up to 3 months supply of your medicine with you.» and «If you bring more than 3 months supply with you, or get more medicine posted to you, it will be taken away.» A UK resident prescribed medicine abroad must contact the Drug and Firearms Licensing Unit, and a personal licence above three months is available only in exceptional circumstances. That three month allowance is Home Office practice: the statutory exceptions to the import prohibition in regulation 4 of the 2001 Regulations cover only Part II of Schedule 4 and Schedule 5.

Drug laws and enforcement change and vary within a country. This is not legal advice. Always confirm with United Kingdom’s embassy or official drug authority before traveling; penalties can be severe, including imprisonment.